Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „418/.02“

В современном мире все больше людей ведут сидячий образ жизни, который приводит ко многим проблемам, в том числе и к проблемам сердечно-сосудистой системы. Те люди, которые вовремя решают спохватиться, обычно, прибегают к посещению врача, где им ясно дается понять, что дальнейший их образ жизни может лишь усугубить ситуацию, и решением является курс лечения. Но помимо врачебно-таблеточного курса пациенту рекомендуются занятия физическими упражнениями. Встав перед выбором своего «спортивного лечения», человек иногда теряется и не знает, что лучше поможет его проблеме, какой вид двигательной деятельности лучше окажет влияние на сердце. Как пример, в данной статье рассмотрим плавание, как один из самых распространенных видов спорта, ну и конечно же, будет детально рассмотрен вопрос его влияния на сердечно-сосудистую систему человека.

AbstractPurposeThis is a retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of routine use of electronic portal imaging device (EPID) in intensity-modulated radiation therapy for localised prostate cancer.Materials and methodsData from 20 patients with localised prostate cancer treated by radical radiotherapy using intensity-modulated technique in Habib Bourguiba Hospital were analysed to define the action levels for pretreatment planer dose distribution of 100 treatment fields and the set-up errors of 418 portal imaging. Pretreatment planar dose distribution was measured with the EPID. The additional dose from repeated portal imaging was determined with treatment planning system.ResultsFor all 100 fields, the predicted and the measured planar dose distribution agrees well with mean±standard deviation value for γmax=2·31±0·57, γavg=0·36±0·07 and γ%≤1=98·94%±0·71%, respectively. For the evaluation of set-up errors, the mean total errors with 1 SD in the lateral, longitudinal and vertical directions were 0·11±0·44 cm; 0·02±0·37 cm and −0·02±0·21 cm, respectively. The imaging additional dose was evaluated as 1 cGy per monitor unit.ConclusionEPID is a useful tool to verify pretreatment dose distribution and to assess the correct field position without a significant increase in the absorbed dose due to the repetition of portal imaging.

Human milk is recommended as the only alimentary source for the first six months of life. Additionally there is a medical and social need for safe and effective alternative forms of nutrition for infants who cannot be fed with breast milk. Recently the safety and efficacy of some ingredients in infant formulae, such as nucleotides have been discussed. This systematic review analyzed the available evidence to establish the efficacy, safety and dose-response effect of ribonucleotide-supplemented infant formulae (RSIFs). Randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs) comparing RSIFs to formulae without nucleotides or breast milk were considered in this review. Outcome measures were: antibody titres to common paediatric vaccinations, total lymphocytes, lymphocyte subclasses and NK-cells, episodes of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection. Publication quality was determined using Jadad and CONSORT guidelines. Results were combined using a random effects model and reported through standardised mean differences (WMD) or risk ratio (RR). Systematic review and meta-analysis showed that RSIFs were associated with a better antibody response to immunisation with Haemopillus influenzae vaccine [SMD 1·74 (99 %CI 1·43–2·05), P = 0·001], diphtheria toxoid [SMD 0·94 (0·75–1·12), P = 0·001], oral polio vaccine [SMD 0·73 (0·51–0·95), P = 0·001], and fewer episodes of diarrhoea [RR 0·67 (0·58–0·76), P = 0·02]. We did not find a major risk of upper respiratory infections [RR 1·11 (0·90–1·36), P = 0·50]. Available evidence suggests a positive benefit of RSFIs on infant health without any risk. These benefits begin with nucleotide addition of 1·9 mg/418·4 kJ and are maintained or increased with 10·78 mg/418·4 kJ.

Background: A walking school bus (WSB) consists of students and adults walking to and from school and promotes active commuting to school. Self-efficacy (SE) and outcome expectations (OE) are behavioral constructs associated with active commuting to school. The authors sought to assess the impact of a WSB program on child SE, and parent SE, and OE. Methods: The authors conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial of a WSB intervention from 2012 to 2016 among 22 elementary schools serving racially diverse, low-income populations in Houston, TX and Seattle, WA. Surveys collected data from third- to fifth-grade students and their parents, (n = 418) child-parent dyads, before school randomization and at the school year’s end. Child surveys included 16 SE items, while parent surveys included 15 SE items and 14 OE items. Scores were averaged from responses ranging from 1 to 3. The authors compared changes in SE and OE between groups over time and accounted for clustering using linear mixed-effects models. Results: The intervention group had increases in child SE of 0.12 points (P = .03), parent SE of 0.11 points (P = .048), and parent OE of 0.09 points (P = .02) compared to controls over time. Conclusions: As hypothesized, the WSB improved child SE, parent SE, and parent OE related to active commuting to school.

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association between eating behaviours (eating speed and energy intake of main meals) and overweight in pre-school children.DesignCross-sectional study. Data consisted of measurements (height and weight), questionnaire information (eating behaviours of eating speed and overeating) and on-site observation data (meal duration and energy intake of main meals).SettingSeven kindergartens in Beijing, China.SubjectsPre-school children (n 1138; age range 3·1–6·7 years old) from seven kindergartens participated in the study.ResultsThe multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of overweight in participants with parent-reported ‘more than needed food intake’ was 3·02 (95 % CI 2·06, 4·44) compared with the ‘medium food intake’ participants, and higher eating speed was associated with childhood overweight. For the two observed eating behaviours, each 418·7 kJ (100 kcal) increase of lunch energy intake significantly increased the likelihood for overweight by a factor of 1·445, and each 5-min increase in meal duration significantly decreased the likelihood for overweight by a factor of 0·861. Increased portions of rice and cooked dishes were significantly associated with overweight status (OR = 2·274; 95 % CI 1·360, 3·804 and OR = 1·378; 95 % CI 1·010, 1·881, respectively).ConclusionsEating speed and excess energy intake of main meals are associated with overweight in pre-school children.

Reverse logistics has received a lot of attention due to the negative impact it has on the environment and the growing demand for green products. This especially occurred in the fast-moving consumer goods retail sector due to recalls and waste management. This sector significantly contributes to the gross domestic product growth of all countries. This has therefore led to the growing significance of reverse logistics since the fast-moving consumer goods retail sector cannot avoid reverse logistics. The primary objective of this study was for fast-moving consumer goods retailers to prioritize critical success factors for reverse logistics as a source of competitive advantage in the fast-moving consumer goods retailers’ sector. This is because it is essential for the fast-moving consumer goods retail sector to implement critical success factors in reverse logistics that can lead to firm competitiveness. The study employed a positivist research philosophy, where data were collected from 418 fast-moving consumer goods retailers and consumers via SurveyMonkey using two close-ended questionnaires. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and the Analysis of Moment Structures software version 27 were employed to analyze the data. The results offer insight into the critical success factors in reverse logistics that should be carried out to achieve firm competitiveness. Through the implementation of critical success factors, this sector will achieve several goals, such as meeting environmental protocols, decreasing operational costs, cultivating the cumulative value of the brand, and improving customer satisfaction. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-02-018 Full Text: PDF

Background Determining how women make sense of their birth preferences with metaphor analysis will be an important step in determining perceptions about birth options. Objective The aim of this study is to examine the perceptions of women who had cesarean section regarding the concept of “cesarean birth” and “Vaginal birth after cesarean section” with metaphor analysis. Materials and Methods: This study is a qualitative research based on the philosophy of Husserl’s phenomenology, which was carried out between June and November 2022. Within the scope of the research, 50 women who had a cesarean section were interviewed face to face. The metaphor form prepared in line with the international literature was used to determine women’s perceptions of the concept of “Cesarean section” and “Vaginal birth after cesarean section”. Results 25 metaphors for cesarean birth and 28 metaphors for vaginal birth after caesarean section were identified. Considering the common features and analogy aspects of the metaphors obtained, three themes were determined within the scope of cesarean section and vaginal birth after caesarean section. Conclusions This study took a unique approach to revealing women’s birth experiences and perceptions. Vaginal birth after caesarean section is a very valuable birth method for women who have had a cesarean section and are curious about the feeling of vaginal birth. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 02 April’24 Page : 418-428

Lower extremity bypass procedures restore function and prevent amputation in many patients with severe peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The regular postoperative use of aspirin offers the dual benefit of extending bypass patency and patient survival. Previous trials of adjunctive oral anticoagulant therapy with warfarin have infrequently combined warfarin with aspirin. We hypothesized that the addition of oral anticoagulant therapy would further enhance the benefits of aspirin but may increase the risk of clinically important bleeding. Eligible patients ( N = 831) scheduled for elective lower extremity arterial bypass surgery were randomized to receive either warfarin plus aspirin (WA) ( n = 418) or aspirin alone ( n = 413). At monthly intervals, the warfarin dose was adjusted to a target international normalized ratio (INR) of 1.4 to 2.8; both groups received aspirin (325 mg/d). The end point of major hemorrhagic events, defined as intracranial hemorrhage or bleeding that required intervention, is reported, and INR values and compliance with warfarin therapy are presented. Major hemorrhagic events occurred more frequently in the WA group (35 in the WA group vs 15 in the aspirin group; p = .02) during a mean follow-up of 38 months. In the WA group, an intracranial hemorrhage occurred in six patients (two had an INR > 3.0), of whom four died; one subdural hemorrhage occurred in the aspirin group. Transfusions and interventions for bleeding were more frequent in the WA group, as were minor bleeding events. Of the 8,946 INR determinations, 58% were in the target range, whereas a higher value occurred in 10% and a lower value in 32%. Compliance with warfarin was maintained in 65% of the patients after the first year of observation. In patients with elective lower extremity bypass procedures, the postoperative adjunctive use of warfarin with aspirin increased the risk of major hemorrhagic events. Most of these events occurred when the INR was in the target range.

BackgroundSQZ-PBMC-HPV is a therapeutic cancer vaccine created with Cell Squeeze®, a proprietary cell-engineering system. SQZ-PBMC-HPV is a novel cancer vaccine generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) squeezed with HPV16 E6 and E7 antigens, resulting in delivery into the cytosol. The resulting antigen presenting cells (APCs) provide enhanced antigen presentation on MHC-I to potentially elicit robust, antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Importantly, SQZ-PBMC-HPV are neither genetically modified nor immune effector cells.Studies in MHC-I knockout mice demonstrated that activation of antigen specific CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was a direct effect of cytosolic antigen delivery to PBMCs. In the murine TC-1 tumor model, tumor regression correlated with an influx of HPV16-specific CD8+ TILs. In vitro studies with human volunteer PBMCs demonstrated that each subset is capable of inducing CD8+ T cell responses. The Phase 1 study includes a significant biomarker program to investigate whether pharmacodynamic effects observed in non-clinical studies correlate with potential clinical benefit. Immunogenic and pharmacodynamic endpoints include Elispot assays to measure frequency of interferon gamma secreting cells, as well as quantification and characterization of TILs and tumor microenvironment. In addition, various cytokine responses and circulating cell-free HPV16 DNA levels in plasma are measured.MethodsSQZ-PBMC-HPV-101 (NCT04084951) is open for enrollment to HLA A*02+ patients with HPV16+ recurrent, locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors and includes escalation cohorts for monotherapy and in combination with atezolizumab. After initial demonstration of safety, the study assesses dose effect by testing different cell dose levels, the effect of prolonged antigen priming in Cycle 1 [APC administration on Day 1 only compared to Days 1 and 2 (double priming)] and the impact of treatment duration to identify the optimal dose regimen. The cycle length is 3 weeks, and patients will receive SQZ-PBMC-HPV for up to 1 year or until available autologous drug product is exhausted. Atezolizumab will be administered for up to 1 year. Eligible patients including but not limited to anal, cervical and head and neck tumors will undergo a single leukapheresis at the study site. The manufacturing process includes a maturation step and takes less than 24 hours. The vein-to-vein time for the 1st administration is approximately one week. Patients must have a lesion that can be biopsied with acceptable clinical risk and agree to have a fresh biopsy at Screening and on study. A Study Safety Committee is in place. No formal statistical hypothesis testing will be performed.ResultsN/AConclusionsN/ATrial RegistrationNCT04084951Ethics ApprovalThe study is registered on clinicaltrials.gov was approved by the Ethics Board of all institution listed as recruiting.

The use of mobile laser scanning to survey forest ecosystems is a promising, scalable technology to describe the 3D structure of forests at a high resolution. We use a structurally complex, mixed-species Mediterranean forest to test the performance of a mobile Handheld Laser Scanning (HLS) system to estimate tree attributes within a forest patch in central Spain. We describe the different stages of the HLS approach: field position, ground data collection, scanning path design, point cloud processing, alignment between detected trees and measured reference trees, and finally, the assessment of main tree structural attributes diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height considering species and tree size as control factors. We surveyed 418 reference trees to account for omission and commission error rates over a 1 ha plot divided into 16 sections and scanned using two different scanning paths. The HLS-based approach reached a high of 88 and 92% tree detection rate for the best combination of scanning path and point cloud processing modes for the HLS system. The root mean squared errors for DBH estimates varied between species: errors for Pinus pinaster were below 2 cm for Scan 02. Quercus pyrenaica, and Alnus glutinosa showed higher error rates. We observed good agreement between ALS and HLS estimates for tree height, highlighting differences to field measurements. Despite the complexity of the mixed forest area surveyed, our results show that HLS is highly efficient at detecting tree locations, estimating DBH, and supporting tree height measurements as confirmed with airborne laser data used for validation. This study is one of the first HLS-based studies conducted in the Mediterranean mixed forest region, where variability in tree allometries and spacing and the presence of natural regeneration pose challenges for the HLS approach. HLS is a feasible, time-efficient, scalable technology for tree mapping in mixed forests with potential to support forest monitoring programmes such as national forest inventories lacking three-dimensional, remote sensing data to support field measurements.

Purpose To assess disparities in end-of-life care among patients with ovarian cancer. Patients and Methods Using Texas Cancer Registry-Medicare data, we assessed patients with ovarian cancer deceased in 2000 to 2012 with at least 13 months of continuous Medicare coverage before death. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to evaluate end-of-life care, including chemotherapy in the final 14 days of life, intensive care unit (ICU) admission in the final 30 days of life, more than one emergency room (ER) or hospital admission in the final 30 days of life, invasive or life-extending procedures in the final 30 days of life, enrollment in hospice, enrollment in hospice during the final 3 days of life, and enrollment in hospice while not hospitalized. Results A total of 3,666 patients were assessed: 2,819 (77%) were white, 553 (15%) Hispanic, 256 (7%) black, and 38 (1%) other. A total of 2,642 (72%) enrolled in hospice before death, but only 2,344 (64%) died while enrolled. The median hospice enrollment duration was 20 days. In the final 30 days of life, 381 (10%) had more than one ER visit, 505 (14%) more than one hospital admission, 593 (16%) ICU admission, 848 (23%) invasive care, and 418 (11%) life-extending care. In the final 14 days of life, 357 (10%) received chemotherapy. Several outcomes differed for minorities compared with white patients. Hispanic and black patients were less likely to enroll and die in hospice (black odds ratio [OR], 0.66; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.88; P = .004; Hispanic OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.94; P = .01). Hispanic patients were more likely to be admitted to an ICU (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.78; P = .02), and black patients were more likely to have more than one ER visit (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.53 to 3.16; P < .001) and receive a life-extending procedure (OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.49 to 3.04; P < .001). Conclusion We found being a minority was associated with receiving intensive and invasive end-of-life care among patients with ovarian cancer.

Abstract Introduction T follicular helper cells, defined as CD3+CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+PD-1+, support B cell differentiation, proliferation and class switch recombination, through CD40/CD40L interaction and secretion of IL-21. Furthermore, studies in experimental models have brought evidence for the involvement of B cells in TFH development and survival. In mice, cognate B cells participate to TFH stimulation by presenting antigen but also through the ICOS-L/ICOS and CD40/CD40L signaling pathways. As a result, B cell depletion leads to a decrease in TFH within secondary lymphoid organs. B cell depleting therapy such as rituximab (RTX), are increasingly used to treat B cell-mediated auto-immune diseases, notably immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), despite its off-label use. Circulating TFH expansion and the production of CXCL13, a chemokine produced by TFH, are reversed following RTX during various autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and vasculitis. In humans, data concerning the effect RTX on TFH within lymphoid organs are scarce. As both RTX and splenectomy are part of the treatment of ITP, we aimed to assess the effect of B cell depletion on TFH in humans, both in the spleen and in blood. Methods Forty-three primary chronic ITP patients were studied. Blood analyses were performed on 22 patients and the spleens of 23 patients were analyzed. All patients gave an informed consent in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the institutional review board and the ethics committee. Flow cytometry (FCM), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed. Data are given by median [interquartile range]. Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon matched-pairs test or Fisher's exact test were used as appropriate. P<.05 was considered significant. Results When compared to patients not treated with RTX, B cell depletion leads to a decrease in splenic TFH (2% [1.4-3.2] vs. .1% [.05-.23], P=.001). In line with this result, total CD4+ splenic T cells showed a decreased expression of CXCR5 (8.4 fold change (FC) [4.6-13] vs. 1.9 [1.5-5.3], P=.02), CXCL13 (214 FC [57-418] vs. 29 [12-80], P=.02) and IL-21 (13 [7-17] vs. 3.6 [2-5], P=.01) as measured by qPCR. To address whether RTX could directly target TFH, total splenocytes of RTX-untreated patients were cultured with RTX in vitro. B cell percentage diminished by half after18 hours and represented only 10% of the pretreatment percentage at day 3. Conversely, TFH frequency progressively decreased overtime, representing around 60% of TFH before treatment at day 3, thus arguing against a direct effect of RTX on TFH. Circulating TFH were measured in 16 patients, before and 3 months after RTX treatment. A slight but significant decrease in their frequency was observed after treatment, most particularly in responder patients (.1 [.04-.22] vs. .04 [.02-.08], P=.04). Of note, before treatment, circulating TFH percentage tend to be higher in responders when compared to non-responders, suggesting that TFH could represent a predictive response marker. To confirm this result, we measured CXCL13 in the serum of patients, before and after RTX treatment. A slight but significant decrease in CXCL13 after RTX treatment (111 [82-440] vs. 81 ng/mL [31-173], P=.01) was observed. To determine predictive factors of response to RTX, age, sex, disease duration, serum CXCL13 levels and the percentages of TFH and B cell subsets were compared between responders and non-responders. None of these markers was associated with response to RTX. However, TFH percentages before treatment tended to be higher in patients who responded to treatment (.1 [.04-.22] vs. .04 [.03-.11]): 70% of responders displayed a TFH frequency above .04% before treatment whereas only 28% of non-responders did. Conclusion Our data support a direct role of B cells in the survival of TFH within secondary lymphoid organs, particularly in the spleen during ITP. Interestingly, circulating TFH frequency tends to be higher in patients who will respond to RTX compared to non-responders. If confirmed on larger studies, circulating TFH percentage could help to determine whose patients will benefit from RTX treatment. Disclosures Off Label Use: Off label use of Rituxan.

Tertiary pediatric medical centers disproportionately care for low-income, underserved children with significant dental needs. Long wait times for hospital operating room treatment increase tooth loss rather than restoration. Oral sedation has commonly been provided to avoid the long waits for operating room treatment. However, this can be challenging with young, anxious patients. High failure rates and repeat visits for oral sedation have resulted in continued waiting for definitive dental services in the operating room. The Division of Dentistry requested the Department of Anesthesiology to create a general anesthesia program in the dental clinic to increase the use of anesthesia services but align the cost of the anesthetic with the revenue stream. Our aim was to objectively measure the performance of a dental clinic anesthesia service by comparing the percentage of case completions, percentage of complete radiographs, and number of serious adverse events to clinic-based oral sedations. We were also interested in total number of cases completed. We retrospectively studied data regarding an in-office general anesthesia (IOGA) program for dentistry and compared it to oral sedations before and after instituting the IOGA program. Patients received either a general endotracheal anesthetic or nonintubated total intravenous general anesthesia. Successful case completion increased from 88.6% (oral sedation) to 99.5% (IOGA). One hundred percent of IOGA cases had complete radiographs, as opposed to 63.4% for oral sedation. This was an increase from 53.5% from the previous 2 years with oral sedation. Serious adverse event rate was 0% (0/508) for oral sedation and 0.2% (1/418) for IOGA. Comparing 2 years before and after IOGA revealed a decrease in oral sedations from 930 to 508, whereas IOGA increased from 0 to 418 cases. Anesthesia services in dental clinic increased complete dental care and complete radiographs, reduced failed sedations, and were performed safely.

ImportanceLimited evidence is available on the comparative effectiveness of empagliflozin vs alternative second-line glucose-lowering agents in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving routine care who have a broad spectrum of cardiorenal risk.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association of empagliflozin with cardiovascular outcomes relative to liraglutide and sitagliptin, stratified by age, sex, baseline atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), heart failure (HF), and chronic kidney disease (CKD).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective comparative effectiveness cohort study used deidentified Medicare claims data from August 1, 2014, to September 30, 2018, with follow-up from drug initiation until treatment changes, death, or gap in Medicare enrollment (&amp;gt;30 days). Data analysis was performed from October 1, 2021, to April 30, 2022. Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries older than 65 years with T2D were included. A total of 45 788 patients (22 894 propensity score–matched pairs initiating treatment with either empagliflozin or liraglutide) were included in cohort 1, and 45 624 patients (22 812 propensity score–matched pairs initiating treatment with either empagliflozin or sitagliptin) were included in cohort 2.ExposuresEmpagliflozin vs liraglutide (cohort 1) or empagliflozin vs sitagliptin (cohort 2).Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrimary outcomes were (1) modified major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, and all-cause mortality, and (2) hospitalization for heart failure (HHF). Hazard ratios (HRs) and rate differences (RDs) per 1000 person-years were estimated, adjusting for 143 baseline covariates using 1:1 propensity score matching.ResultsAmong 45 788 patients in cohort 1, the mean (SD) age was 71.9 (5.1) years; 23 396 patients (51.1%) were female, 22 392 (48.9%) were male, and 38 049 (83.1%) were White. Among 45 624 patients in cohort 2, the mean (SD) age was 72.1 (5.1) years; 21 418 patients (46.9%) were female, 24 206 (53.1%) were male, and 37 814 (82.9%) were White. Relative to patients initiating liraglutide, those initiating empagliflozin had a similar risk of the modified MACE outcome (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.79-1.03) and a reduced risk of HHF (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.52-0.82). Across subgroups, empagliflozin was associated with a lower risk of the modified MACE outcome in patients with a history of ASCVD (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.71-0.98) and HF (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.60-1.00) compared with liraglutide, and potential heterogeneity in estimates was observed by sex (male: HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.71-1.01]; female: HR, 1.16 [95% CI, 0.94-1.42]; P = .02 for homogeneity). However, reductions in the risk of HHF were observed across most subgroups (eg, ASCVD: HR, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.51-0.85]; HF: HR, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.49-0.88]). Compared with sitagliptin, empagliflozin was associated with reduced risks of the modified MACE outcome (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.60-0.77) and HHF (HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.36-0.56), which were consistent across all subgroups. Absolute benefits of empagliflozin vs sitagliptin were larger in patients with a history of ASCVD (modified MACE: RD, −17.6 [95% CI, −24.9 to −10.4]; HHF: RD, −16.7 [95% CI, −21.7 to −11.9]), HF (modified MACE: RD, −41.1 [95% CI, −59.9 to −22.6]; HHF: RD, −50.4 [95% CI, −67.5 to −33.9]), or CKD (modified MACE: RD, −26.7 [95% CI, −41.3 to −12.3]; HHF: RD, −31.9 [95% CI, −43.5 to −20.8]).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this comparative effectiveness study of older adults, empagliflozin was associated with a lower risk of HHF (relative to both liraglutide and sitagliptin) and the modified MACE outcome (relative to sitagliptin), with larger absolute benefits in patients with established cardiorenal diseases. These findings suggest that older adults with T2D might benefit more from empagliflozin vs liraglutide or sitagliptin with respect to the risk of HHF; with respect to the risk of MACEs, empagliflozin might be preferable to liraglutide only in patients with cardiovascular disease history and to sitagliptin across all patient subgroups.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the direct and indirect relationship between self-leadership strategies and career success, using self-efficacy as a mediator. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative methods approach was used to gather the data, using a sample of 418 registered individuals in sports organizations. Findings The results revealed that there is a significant relationship between self-leadership strategies and self-efficacy, and between self-efficacy and career success. Further, self-efficacy was found to fully mediate the relationship between the self-leadership and career success. Research limitations/implications The paper provides an insight into the direct and indirect relationships between self-leadership and career success. In addition, this paper suggests future directions that researchers can undertake to advance self-leadership in the field of leadership research and the area of sport leadership. Originality/value Self-leadership has become an essential need today for most leadership roles in sport settings. The present study also advances self-leadership research in sport settings.

The paper considers multiple object tracking. Existing methods tend to be either resource-intensive or prone to high object densities errors failing to provide competitive performance at high frame rates without significant tracking disruptions and error accumulation. We formulate the multiple object tracking problem under the assumption of linearity and independence of the movement of objects. The factorization of the posterior distribution of objects' parameters provides proof of the equivalence of the initial problem and the tracking procedure containing two subtasks: track prediction and assignment of measurements and objects. A modification of the assignment cost is introduced to achieve the stability of assignments in challenging scenarios of tracking, such as multiple objects occlusions and missing detections. We consider adding a term that states to re-identification of the candidate by comparing its descriptor with descriptors from the track history. Given that track measurements are not equal in terms of usefulness for re-identification, we introduce the technique of track descriptor pre-filtering based on quality assessment in order to select the most relevant descriptors for re-identification and reduce method algorithmic complexity. Both known quality assessment methods and an alternative detector-based approach are taken into account. Computational experiments were conducted on MOT20-01, MOT20-02 datasets containing CCTVcameras data in order to compare the proposed method with other approaches. The results showed the computational efficiency of the proposed methods and the increased stability of tracking in complex scenarios.

PurposeIncluding the views of service users, carers and clinical staff when prioritising health research can ensure future projects are meaningful and relevant to key stakeholders. One National Health Service Foundation Trust in England, UK undertook a project to identify the top 10 research priorities according to people with experience using or working in services for dementia and older adult mental health. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachService users with dementia and mental health difficulties; informal carers, family and friends of service users; clinical staff working in the Trust. Participants were surveyed for research ideas. Ideas were processed into research questions and checked for evidence. Participants were then asked to prioritise their personal top 10 from a long list of research questions. A shortlist of 26 topics was discussed in a consensus workshop with a sample of participants to decide on the final top 10 research priorities.FindingsA total of 126 participants provided 418 research ideas, leading to 86 unique and unanswered research questions. In total, 58 participants completed interim prioritisation, 11 of whom were invited to the consensus workshop involving service users, carers and clinical staff. The final top 10 priorities were dominated by topics surrounding care, psychosocial support and mental health in dementia.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research from the Trust and collaborating organisations can use these results to develop relevant projects and applications for funding.Originality/valueThis project has demonstrated the possibility of including key stakeholders in older adult mental health research priority setting at the local level.

This article discusses the provisions of the current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan, regulating the field of electronic document management. The article considered the regulatory legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan, regulating the issues of drawing up an electronic document and implementing electronic document management, such as: the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On electronic documents and electronic digital signature" dated January 7, 2003; The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Electronic Document Management"; Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Informatization" dated November 24, 2015 No. 418; Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On informatization" dated December 11, 2003 No. 560; Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 26, 2016 No. 11"On payments and payment systems"; Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated November 1, 2019 No. 578 "On payments and payment systems". When considering the issue of drawing up an electronic document in electronic document management systems, it is clear that the issue of certifying an electronic document with a seal in the necessary cases has not been settled. For a document to be considered signed and certified with a seal, it is necessary that such a signature and seal be included in the electronic document. Today there is a formal obstacle to the electronic document flow of documents, the creation of which is carried out on special paper forms with coats of arms or emblems. This requirement applies to certain types of statutory, financial documents, notarized documents, etc. In connection with the widespread use of information communications, the problem of information security, the existing systems for storing, transferring and processing information, becomes very important for society. Currently, the prevailing epidemiological situation in the country and in the world has significantly accelerated the exchange of data in electronic form in all spheres of society. Almost all activities of the society have switched to the electronic format of information exchange, including entrepreneurship. We hope that in the Republic of Kazakhstan and in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the development of the digital economy model will have a productive effect on the development of entrepreneurship and help overcome the problems existing in business.

Abstract Background: A dose relationship may exist for both antitumor activity and toxicity of docetaxel in breast cancer (BC) patients, while 86% grade 4 neutropenia and 12% febrile neutropenia (FN) were reported when pretreated advanced breast cancer (ABC) patients received 100 mg/m2 docetaxel monotherapy without hematopoietic support. PHEDRA was a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, phase 3 study comparing the efficacy and safety of adding pyrotinib to trastuzumab and docetaxel as neoadjuvant treatment in women with HER2+ early or locally ABC (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03588091). We conducted this exploratory analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of mecapegfilgrastim, a long-acting recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF), as primary prophylaxis for neoadjuvant chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in BC patients. Methods: Patients with HER2-positive early or locally ABC were randomly assigned (1:1) to pyrotinib arm receiving 4 neoadjuvant cycles of docetaxel (100 mg/m2 iv d1 q3w), trastuzumab (8 mg/kg iv, cycle 1 d1, then 6 mg/kg d1 q3w), and pyrotinib (400 mg po qd, d1-21, q3w) or placebo arm with placebo, trastuzumab and docetaxel. Per protocol, patients were required to receive a single, 6-mg fixed dose of mecapegfilgrastim on Day 2 of each cycle. Other G-CSF was permitted if mecapegfilgrastim was unavailable at the local center or patients occurred mecapegfilgrastim intolerance. The incidence of neutropenia, FN, time to first neutropenia onset, duration per neutropenia event and cumulative neutropenia duration during neoadjuvant treatment period; and the incidences of grade 3/4 neutropenia, FN and decreased WBC count in Cycle 1 to 4 (C1-4) were presented. The data cutoff date was April 30, 2021. Results: Between July 23, 2018 and January 8, 2021, 355 patients were randomized (pyrotinib arm, n=178; placebo arm, n=177). Among them, 291 (82.0%) patients received a single, 6-mg fixed dose of mecapegfilgrastim in Cycle 1 and 270 (76.1%) patients received mecapegfilgrastim in each of the 4 cycles. Grade 3/4 neutropenia was reported in 33 (18.5%) patients in the pyrotinib arm and 36 (20.3%) patients in the placebo arm. Five (2.8%) patients in the pyrotinib arm and 2 (1.1%) patients in the placebo arm developed FN (5 FN occurred in C1; 2 FN occurred in C2). Median duration of grade 3/4 neutropenia was 3 days in the pyrotinib group and 3 days in the placebo group. Median cumulative duration of grade 3/4 neutropenia was 4 days and 3 days in the pyrotinib group and the placebo group, respectively. Grade 3/4 neutropenia mainly occurred during the first cycle of treatment for both pyrotinib (13.5%) and placebo arm (15.8%), reduced in the second cycle (5.9% vs 4.0%) and thereafter (C3: 1.8% vs 3.4%; C4: 2.4% vs 1.7%). Similar trends were observed for grade 3/4 WBC count decreased in Cycle 1 to 4. No grade 4 infection occurred. Overview of neutropenia, FN and WBC count decreased was summarized in Table 1. Consistent findings were observed in 291 mecapegfilgrastim treated patients. Conclusion: The exploratory analysis demonstrated 6-mg fixed dose of mecapegfilgrastim was effective when administrated as primary prophylaxis for neoadjuvant chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, which could be considered as a new treatment option for its advantage of once-per-cycle dosing and convenient dose management. Table 1.Overview of neutropenia, febrile neutropenia and WBC count decrease during neoadjuvant treatment period.Docetaxel+Trastuzumab+Pyrotinib(N=178)Docetaxel+Trastuzumab+Placebo (N=177)All randomized patients(N=355)Neutropenia, n (%)Any grade57 (32.0)54 (30.5)111 (31.3)Grade 16 (3.4)5 (2.8)11 (3.1)Grade 218 (10.1)13 (7.3)31 (8.7)Grade 315 (8.4)20 (11.3)35 (9.9)Grade 418 (10.1)16 (9.0)34 (9.6)Median time to first onset (IQR), days7 (6-63)6 (6-49)7 (6-53)Median duration per grade 3 or higher neutropenia, days (range)3 (1-16)3 (2-12)3 (1-16)Median cumulative duration of grade 3 or higher neutropenia, days (range)4 (2-16)3 (2-14)3 (2-16)FN, n (%)5 (2.8)2 (1.1)7 (2.0)Grade 3 or higher neutropenia, n (%) *Cycle 124 (13.5)28 (15.8)52 (14.6)Cycle 210 (5.9)7 (4.0)17 (4.9)Cycle 33 (1.8)6 (3.4)9 (2.6)Cycle 44 (2.4)3 (1.7)7 (2.1)Grade 3 or higher FN, n (%) *Cycle 12 (1.1)2 (1.1)4 (1.1)Cycle 22 (1.2)02 (0.6)Cycle 3000Cycle 4000Grade 3 or higher WBC count decreased, n (%) *Cycle 120 (11.2)20 (11.3)40 (11.3)Cycle 28 (4.7)2 (1.1)10 (2.9)Cycle 32 (1.2)1 (0.6)3 (0.9)Cycle 44 (2.4)2 (1.1)6 (1.8)Note: IQR, interquartile range; FN, febrile neutropenia; WBC, white blood cell.*The denominator indicates number of patients with mecapegfilgrastim for prophylaxis use in this cycle. Citation Format: Min He, Benlong Yang, Jiong Wu, Zhenzhen Liu, Hongjian Yang, Jinhai Tang, Kun Wang, Yunjiang Liu, Haibo Wang, Peifen Fu, Shuqun Zhang, Qiang Liu, Zefei Jiang, Shusen Wang, Jian Huang, Chuan Wang, Shu Wang, Yongsheng Wang, Linlin Zhen, Xiaoyu Zhu, Shulin Liu, Ping Yan, Jianjun Zou. Mecapegfilgrastim for primary prophylaxis of neutropenia in 355 HER2+ breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant docetaxel in combination with trastuzumab and/or pyrotinib: Exploratory analysis from randomized, double-blind, phase 3 PHEDRA study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-18-10.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine macroeconomic factors such as economic growth, inflation, money supply, unemployment rate, and world oil prices as moderating variables on the growth of corporate Islamic bonds (sukuk) in Indonesia. The method of analysis in this research was quantitative causality with an analytical approach. The analysis technique used was a moderation regression model. The sample in this study was the growth of corporate Islamic bonds (sukuk) for the last ten years, from 2013 to 2022, in monthly data. The results showed that the growth of Sukuk was partially affected by the variables of inflation, money supply, and unemployment. However, the GDP variable does not affect the growth of Sukuk. The moderating variable of world oil prices can moderate the variables of GDP, money supply, and unemployment rate on the growth of Sukuk, but does not moderate the variable of inflation on the growth of Sukuk. The results of this study can be used as an academic reference and information for issuers and potential investors in making investment decisions from macroeconomic factors that have been studied such as inflation, money supply, unemployment rate, and world oil prices. Keywords: Gross Domestic Product, Macroeconomics, Unemployment Rate, Corporate Sukuk ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor makroekonomi seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi, inflasi, uang beredar, tingkat pengangguran, dan harga minyak dunia sebagai variabel moderasi pada pertumbuhan obligasi syariah (sukuk) korporasi di Indonesia. Metode analisis pada penelitian ini ialah kuantitatif kausalitas dengan pendekatan analitik. Teknik analisis yang dipakai menggunakan model regresi moderasi. Sampel penelitian ini ialah pertumbuhan obligasi syariah (sukuk) korporasi sepuluh tahun terakhir, dari tahun 2013 sampai dengan 2022 dalam data bulanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan secara parsial variabel inflasi, uang beredar, dan tingkat pengangguran mempengaruhi pertumbuhan sukuk, namun berbeda dengan variabel GDP tidak mempengaruhi pertumbuhan sukuk. Variabel moderasi harga minyak dunia mampu memoderasi variabel GDP, uang beredar, dan tingkat pengangguran pada pertumbuhan sukuk, namun tidak memoderasi variabel inflasi pada pertumbuhan sukuk. Hasil penelitian ini dapat dipakai sebagai refrensi akdemisi, dan informasi bagi perusahaan penerbit serta para calon investor dalam menentukan keputusan investasi dari faktor makroekonomi yang telah diteliti seperti inflasi, uang beredar, tingkat pengangguran, dan harga minyak dunia. Kata kunci: Gross Domestic Product, Makro Ekonomi, Tingkat Pengangguran, Sukuk Korporasi REFERENCES Abdalloh, I. (2019). Pasar modal syariah. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo. Ahmed, H., Hassan, M. K., & Rayfield, B. (2018). When and why firms issue sukuk? Managerial Finance, 44(6), 774–786. doi:10.1108/MF-06-2017-0207 Ardiansyah, I. H., & Lubis, D. (2017). Pengaruh variabel makroekonomi terhadap pertumbuhan sukuk korporasi di Indonesia. Al-Muzara’ah, 5(1), 51–68. doi:10.29244/jam.5.1.51-68 Bendickson, J., Muldoon, J., Liguori, E., & Davis, P. E. (2016). Agency theory: The times, they are a-changin’. Management Decision, 54(1), 174–193. doi:10.1108/MD-02-2015-0058 Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. The Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57–74. doi:10.2307/258191 Fahmi, I. (2015). Manajemen investasi edisi 2. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Ghozali, I. (2013). Analisis multivariate lanjutan dengan program IBM SPSS 21. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Halim, Z.A, How, J., & Verhoeven, P. (2017). Agency costs and corporate sukuk issuance. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 42, 83–95. doi:10.1016/j.pacfin.2016.05.014 Klein, P.-O., & Weill, L. (2016). Why do companies issue sukuk? Review of Financial Economics, 31(1), 26–33. doi:10.1016/j.rfe.2016.05.003 Masitoh, E., & Fajri, R. N. (2020). Pengaruh variabel makroekonomi terhadap pertumbuhan sukuk korporasi di Indonesia. FINANSIA: Jurnal Akuntansi dan Perbankan Syariah, 3(1), 75–84. doi:10.32332/finansia.v3i1.1831 Mohamed, H. H., Masih, M., & Bacha, O. I. (2015). Why do issuers issue Sukuk or conventional bond? Evidence from Malaysian listed firms using partial adjustment models. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 34, 233–252. doi:10.1016/j.pacfin.2015.02.004 Mulyadi, S., Apriliza, I., & Suryanto, A. (2022). Kontribusi variabel makroekonomi terhadap sukuk perusahaan di Indonesia periode 2011-2021. Jurnal Ekonomika dan Bisnis Islam, 5(3), 15–28. doi:10.26740/jekobi.v5n3.p15-28 Munir, A., & Rosyidah, N. (2021). Pengaruh variabel makroekonomi terhadap pertumbuhan sukuk korporasi di Indonesia tahun 2016-2020. Proceeding of International Conference on Education Management and Sharia Economics, 2(1), 486–494. Sidoarjo: 13 Desember 2021 Nagano, M. (2017). Sukuk issuance and information asymmetry: Why do firms issue sukuk? Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 42, 142–157. doi:10.1016/j.pacfin.2016.12.005 Nasrifah, M. (2019). Sukuk (obligasi Syariah) dalam perspektif keuangan Islam. Asy-Syari’ah: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 5(2), 165–179. doi:10.55210/assyariah.v5i2.120 Pramidiyanti, H., & Indrawati, L. R. (2019). Pengaruh variabel makroekonomi terhadap pertumbuhan Sukuk korporasi di Indonesia tahun 2002-2018. DINAMIC: Directory Journal of Economic, 1(4), 418–432. doi:10.31002/dinamic.v1i4.804 Sholiha, I., & Hanifah, N. (2021). Eksistensi obligasi Syariah (Sukuk) korporasi di Indonesia pada masa pandemi. Istidlal: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Hukum Islam, 5(2), 143–151. doi: 10.35316/istidlal.v5i2.346 Suganda, T. R. (2018). Teori dan pembahasan reaksi pasar modal Indonesia. Malang: Seribu Bintang. Sugiyono. (2017). Metode penelitian pendidikan pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta. Ulum, I. (2017). Intellectual capital: Model pengukuran, framework pengungkapan& kinerja organisasi. Malang: UMMPress. Wahyudi, M. A., & Shofawati, A. (2019). Pengaruh faktor makroekonomi terhadap total nilai emisi sukuk korporasi di Indonesia (periode Januari 2013-Desember 2017). Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan, 6(3), 461–476. doi:10.20473/vol6iss20193pp461-476 Zusryn, A. S., Al Hashfi, R. U., & Nasution, A. H. (2019). Pengaruh sistem perbankan, makroekonomi, dinamika pasar keuangan terhadap perkembangan sukuk korporasi. JEBA (Journal of Economics and Business Aseanomics), 4(2), 109–125. doi:10.33476/j.e.b.a.v4i2.1244

Asia’s Cockpit, Afghanistan, is not only a strategic neigbour but also share intellectual, geographical, cultural, and diplomatic relations with Pakistan. Pakistan and Afghanistan’s long but porous border has been a source of trade, people interaction, and economic integration. The landlocked Afghanistan seeks an opportunity for trade through Pakistan under the provision of GATT Article V, UN law of Seas 1981 and New York Convention-1965. This study is conducted to examine Pak-Afghan Transit Trade relations over the years. Study is descriptive in nature based on data extracted from published government sources and research papers. Study found that Pak-Afghan signed two transit trade agreements i.e. Afghan Transit Trade Agreement on March 02, 1965 at Kabul and Afghan-Pak Transit Trade Agreement on October 28, 2010 at Islamabad. Under this agreement Pakistan permitted using of territory for trade transit enter from Karachi Port and Port Qasim and exist through Chaman and Torkham. Study found these agreements are bilaterally beneficial, however the research revealed that volume of Afghan transit trade decreased due to the sporadic events of border closures over the years and resultantly Afghanistan seeks transit trade opportunities through Turkmenistan, Iran, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan as per mutually agreed transit trade agreements with them. Afghan’s transit trade shift through other routes has serious implications for Pakistan socio-political and socio-economic interests. Since, peace and prosperity passes through international trade and economic integration therefore, both countries should adopt realistic approach towards each other’s sensitivities and concerns. Afghanistan must take a serious measures in controlling flow of smuggling and terrorism across Afghan land to Pakistan. The research recommends revisiting of the agreement and realign with the obvious opportunities emerging from the CPEC. Afghan should permit and facilitate Pakistan to trade with Central Asia and beyond using Afghan territory. The research further recommends that both countries to ensure that their bilateral relation are not affected by ties with any other country.

Asia’s Cockpit, Afghanistan, is not only a strategic neigbour but also share intellectual, geographical, cultural, and diplomatic relations with Pakistan. Pakistan and Afghanistan’s long but porous border has been a source of trade, people interaction, and economic integration. The landlocked Afghanistan seeks an opportunity for trade through Pakistan under the provision of GATT Article V, UN law of Seas 1981 and New York Convention-1965. This study is conducted to examine Pak-Afghan Transit Trade relations over the years. Study is descriptive in nature based on data extracted from published government sources and research papers. Study found that Pak-Afghan signed two transit trade agreements i.e. Afghan Transit Trade Agreement on March 02, 1965 at Kabul and Afghan-Pak Transit Trade Agreement on October 28, 2010 at Islamabad. Under this agreement Pakistan permitted using of territory for trade transit enter from Karachi Port and Port Qasim and exist through Chaman and Torkham. Study found these agreements are bilaterally beneficial, however the research revealed that volume of Afghan transit trade decreased due to the sporadic events of border closures over the years and resultantly Afghanistan seeks transit trade opportunities through Turkmenistan, Iran, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan as per mutually agreed transit trade agreements with them. Afghan’s transit trade shift through other routes has serious implications for Pakistan socio-political and socio-economic interests. Since, peace and prosperity passes through international trade and economic integration therefore, both countries should adopt realistic approach towards each other’s sensitivities and concerns. Afghanistan must take a serious measures in controlling flow of smuggling and terrorism across Afghan land to Pakistan. The research recommends revisiting of the agreement and realign with the obvious opportunities emerging from the CPEC. Afghan should permit and facilitate Pakistan to trade with Central Asia and beyond using Afghan territory. The research further recommends that both countries to ensure that their bilateral relation are not affected by ties with any other country.

Looking for in this text to highlight the relevance of curricular theorization to think about teacher training processes and the meanings in dispute, considering studies carried out in our research groups. The work highlights a collective bet in the processes of escape, in the face of regulatory policies that, despite differences, increasingly center the issue of the curriculum from a culture of testing, which has subsumed education to teaching (learning). Defends curriculum as a meaning, a perspective that supports different formative processes, which seek to value "the school floor" in an active dynamic in which politics is constituted. In this sense, disagrees that the quality of education necessarily passes through curricular centralization, nor that it is a matter of guarantee. Curricular policies - which in their complexity have been analyzed by us - in a scenario of educational reforms, hybridize disputes that seek to silence teacher action and colonize practices, as well as suggest changes brought about by the different governments, which have been the focus of the discussions in the groups. The argument suggests that the senses are not the same, the contexts and the interpretations are different, which then challenges us to analyze politics in a non-statecentric way. In this sense, escape is always possible, even if conditions do not favor it.ResumoProcura-se neste texto destacar a relevância da teorização curricular para pensar os processos de formação docente e os sentidos em disputa, considerando estudos realizados em nossos grupos de pesquisa. O trabalho põe em relevo uma aposta coletiva nos processos de escape, frente às políticas regulatórias que, a despeito das diferenças, cada vez mais centralizam a questão do currículo a partir de uma cultura da testagem, a qual tem subsumido educação a ensino (aprendizagem). Defende-se, diferentemente, o currículo como significação, perspectiva esta que ampara distintos processos formativos, os quais buscam valorizar “o chão da escola” em uma dinâmica ativa na qual a política se constitui. Nesse sentido, discorda que a qualidade da educação passe necessariamente pela centralização curricular, tampouco de que se trata de uma questão de garantia. As políticas curriculares – que em sua complexidade têm sido analisada por nós - em um cenário de reformas educacionais, hibridizam disputas que buscam silenciar a ação docente e colonizar as práticas, bem como sugerem também mudanças provocadas pelos distintos governos, as quais têm ocupado a tônica das discussões nos grupos. A argumentação sugere que os sentidos não são os mesmos, distintos são os contextos e as interpretações, o que interpela a seguir analisando a política de uma maneira não estadocêntrica. Nesse sentido, o escape sempre é possível, ainda que as condições não favoreçam.Keywords: Curriculum, Teacher training, Culture and education.Palavras-chave: Currículo, Formação docente, Cultura e educação.ReferencesAPPADURAI, Arjun. Dislocación y diferencia en la economía cultural global. In: ______. La modernidad desbordada. Dimensiones culturales de La globalización. Buenos Aires: FCE, 2001.BALL, Stephen J. Educação Global S. A.: novas redes de políticas e o imaginário neoliberal. Tradução de Janete Bridon. Ponta Grossa: UEPG, 2014. 270 p.BIESTA, Gert. Boa educação na era da mensuração. Trad. Teresa Dias Carneiro. Cadernos de Pesquisa, Campinas, v. 42, n. 147, p. 808- 825, set./dez. 2012.BRASIL. Parecer 11/2000. Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação de Jovens e Adultos. Brasília: CEB, 2000.BRASIL. Educação para Jovens e Adultos: Ensino Fundamental: Proposta Curricular -1º Segmento. São Paulo: Ação Educativa; Brasília: MEC, 2001.BRASIL. Resolucao CNE/CP 1. Institui Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para o Curso de Graduação em Pedagogia, licenciatura. Brasilia: 2006.BRASIL. Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais Gerais da Educação Básica. Brasília: MEC, SEB, DICEI, 2013.CRAVEIRO, Clarissa Bastos. Políticas curriculares para a formação de professores: processos de identificação docente (1995-2010). 2014. Tese (Doutorado em Educação). UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, 2014.CRAVEIRO, Clarissa Bastos. Corpus de Documentos Curriculares. Proped (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro. 1ª. ed., 2016. Fonte: www.curriculo-uerj.pro.br.CRAVEIRO, Clarissa Bastos; LOPES, Alice Casimiro. Sentidos de docência nos projetos curriculares FHC e Lula. Revista e-Curriculum (PUCSP), v. 13, n.3, p. 418-451, 2015.DERRIDA, Jacques. O monolinguismo do outro ou a prótese de origem. Trad. Fernanda Bernardo. Belo Horizonte (MG): Chão da Feira, 2016.FRANGELLA, Rita de Cassia Prazeres. Na procura de um curso: currículo-formação de professores-educação infantil identidade(s) em (des) construção? 2006. Tese (Doutorado em educação) – UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, 2006.HALL, Stuart. A centralidade da cultura: notas sobre as revoluções culturais do nosso tempo. Educação & Realidade, Porto Alegre, v. 22, n. 2, p. 15-46, jul./dez. 1997.HALL, Stuart. A identidade cultural na pós-modernidade. Rio de Janeiro: DP&A, 2006.LOPES, Alice Casimiro; MACEDO, Elizabeth. Políticas educativas, Currículo e Didática. In: LIBÂNEO, José Carlos; ALVES, Nilda (orgs.). Temas de Pedagogia: diálogos entre didática e currículo. São Paulo: Cortez, 2012, p. 534- 551.MACEDO, Elizabeth. Como a diferença passa do centro às margens nos currículos: o exemplo dos PCN. Educ. Soc., Campinas, vol. 30, n. 106, p. 87-109, jan./abr. 2009.MACEDO, Elizabeth. Base Nacional Curricular Comum: novas formas de sociabilidade produzindo sentidos para educação. Revista E-Curriculum, São Paulo, v.2, n.3, p.1530-1555, out./dez., 2014. MACEDO, Elizabeth. Base Nacional Comum para currículos: direitos de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento para quem? Educ. Soc., Campinas, v. 36, nº. 133, p. 891-908, out.-dez. 2015.MACEDO, Elizabeth. Base Nacional Curricular Comum: a falsa oposição entre conhecimento para fazer algo e conhecimento em si. Educação em Revista, Belo Horizonte, v.32, n.02, p. 45-67, abr./ jun., 2016.MACEDO, Elizabeth. As demandas conservadoras do movimento escola sem partido e a base nacional curricular comum. Educ. Soc., Campinas, v. 38, nº. 139, p.507-524, abr.-jun., 2017.MILLER, Janet. Teorização do currículo como antídoto contra/na cultura da testagem. Revista E-Curriculum, São Paulo, v.2, n.3, p.2043-2063, out./dez., 2014. PARAÍSO, Marlucy A. A ciranda do currículo como gênero, poder e resistência. Currículo sem Fronteiras, v. 16, n. 3, p. 388-415, set./ dez., 2016.RIBEIRO, William de Goes. Remobilizando a pesquisa com o pós-estruturalismo: quando a diferença faz toda a diferença. Currículo sem Fronteiras, v. 16, n. 3, p. 542- 548, set./dez., 2016.VIEIRA, Jarbas Santos; HYPOLITO, Álvaro Moreira. Políticas curriculares, estandardização do conhecimento e ressignificação da aprendizagem. In: TURA, Maria de Lourdes Rangel; GARCIA, Maria Manuela Alves (org.). Currículo, políticas e ação docente. Rio de Janeiro: EdUERJ, 2013, p. 127- 135.

Проведена оценка динамики численности, внешнего вида клеток, флуоресценции хлоропласта и зеленой автофлуоресценции клеток (ЗАФ) динофлагелляты Prorocentrum foraminosum при воздействии тяжелых металлов: кадмия Cd2+, никеля Ni2+ и свинца Pb2+ в концентрациях 10 и 20 мкг/л. Показано, что все металлы в изученных концентрациях оказали ингибирующее влияние на численность клеток: наименьшее воздействие оказал Cd2+. Морфологически клетки не изменялись при воздействии Cd2+, Pb2+, а при добавлении Ni2+ отмечена деформация клеток. Флуоресценция хлоропласта изменялась при воздействии металлов, за исключением Cd2+. В целом, ЗАФ не изменялась при наличии в среде Cd2+, увеличивалась при добавлении Ni2+, снижалась – Pb2+. Предложено использовать ЗАФ для экспресс оценки токсичности веществ и качества вод. Список литературы Качество морских вод по гидрохимическим показателям. Ежегодник 2019. М: Наука, 2020. 230 с. Качество морских вод по гидрохимическим показателям. Ежегодник 2020. М: Наука, 2021. 281 с. Селина М.С. Морфология и сезонная динамика потенциально токсичной микроводоросли Prorocentrum foraminosum Faust 1993 (Dinophyta) в заливе Петра Великого Японского моря // Биология моря. 2017. Т. 43, №3. С. 169–174. doi: 10.1134/S1063074017030099. Ясакова О.Н. Сезонная динамика фитопланктона Новороссийской бухты в 2007 г. // Морской экологический журнал. 2013. Т. 12, №1. С. 92–102. Carfagna S., Lanza N., Salbitani G., Basile A. Physiological and morphological responses of lead or cadmium exposed Chlorella sorokiniana 211-8K (Chlorophyceae) // SpringerPlus. 2013. Vol. 2 (1). P. 1–7. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-147. Cheng J., Qiu H., Chang Z. The effect of cadmium on the growth and antioxidant response for freshwater algae Chlorella vulgaris // SpringerPlus. 2016. Vol. 5 (1). P. 1–8. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-2963-1. Chia M.A., Lombardi A.T., Maria da Graça G.M., Parrish C.C. Lipid composition of Chlorella vulgaris (Trebouxiophyceae) as a function of different cadmium and phosphate concentrations // Aquatic toxicology. 2013. Vol. 128. P. 171–182. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.004. Faust M.A. Three new benthic species of Prorocentrum (Dinophyceae) from Twin Cays, Belize: P. maculosum sp. nov., P. foraminosum sp. nov. and P. formosum sp. nov. // Phycologia. 1993. Vol. 32 (6). P. 410–418. doi: 10.2216/i0031-8884-32-6-410.1. Gan T., Zhao N., Yin G., Chen M. Optimal chlorophyll fluorescence parameter selection for rapid and sensitive detection of lead toxicity to marine microalgae Nitzschia closterium based on chlorophyll fluorescence technology // Journal of photochemistry and photobiology B: Biology. 2019. Vol. 197. 111551. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111551. Gissi F., Adams M.S., King C.K., Jolley D.F. A robust bioassay to assess the toxicity of metals to the Antarctic marine microalga Phaeocystis antarctica // Environmental toxicology and chemistry. 2015. Vol. 34 (7). P. 1578–1587. doi: 10.1002/etc.2949. Guillard R.R.L., Ryther J.H. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms. 1. Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detonula confervacea (Cleve) Gran. // Canadian journal of microbiology. 1962. Vol. 8 (2). P. 229–239. doi: 10.1139/m62-029. Huang X.G., Li S.X., Liu F.J. Regulated effects of Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu exudate on nickel bioavailability when cultured with different nitrogen sources // Chemosphere. 2018. Vol. 197. P. 57–64. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.014. Kameneva P.A., Efimova K.V., Rybin V.G., Orlova T.Y. Detection of dinophysistoxin-1 in clonal culture of marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum foraminosum (Faust MA, 1993) from the Sea of Japan // Toxins. 2015. Vol. 7 (10). P. 3947–3959. doi: 10.3390/toxins7103947. Li M., Zhang F., Glibert P.M. Seasonal life strategy of Prorocentrum minimum in Chesapeake Bay, USA: Validation of the role of physical transport using a coupled physical–biogeochemical–harmful algal bloom model // Limnology and oceanography. 2021. Vol. 66 (11). P. 3873–3886. doi: 10.1002/lno.11925. Liu D., Shi Y., Di B., Sun Q. The impact of different pollution sources on modern dinoflagellate cysts in Sishili Bay, Yellow Sea, China // Marine micropaleontology. 2012. Vol. 84. P. 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.marmicro.2011.11.001. Mallick N., Mohn F.H. Use of chlorophyll fluorescence in metal-stress research: a case study with the green microalga Scenedesmus // Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 2003. Vol. 55 (1). P. 64–69. doi: 10.1016/S0147-6513(02)00122-7. Masmoudi S., Nguyen-Deroche N., Caruso A. Cadmium, copper, sodium and zinc effects on diatoms: from heaven to hell – a review // Cryptogamie, Algologie. 2013. Vol. 34 (2). P. 185–225. doi: 10.7872/crya.v34.iss2.2013.185. Nagajyoti P.C., Lee K.D., Sreekanth T.V.M. Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review // Environmental chemistry letters. 2010. Vol. 8 (3). P. 199–216. doi: 10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8. 19.Shin H.H., Li Z., Mertens K.N., Seo M.H. Prorocentrum shikokuense Hada and P. donghaiense Lu are junior synonyms of P. obtusidens Schiller, but not of P. dentatum Stein (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae) // Harmful algae. 2019. Vol. 89. 101686 p. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101686. Soyer M.O., Prevot P. Ultrastructural damage by cadmium in a marine dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum micans // The journal of protozoology. 1981. Vol. 28 (3). P. 308–313. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1981.tb02856.x. Taş S., Okuş E. A review on the bloom dynamics of a harmful dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum in the Golden Horn Estuary // Turkish Journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences. 2011. Vol. 11 (4). P. 673–681. doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v11_4_03. Tang Y.Z., Dobbs F.C. Green autofluorescence in dinoflagellates, diatoms, and other microalgae and its implications for vital staining and morphological studies // Applied and environmental microbiology. 2007. Vol. 73 (7). P. 2306–2313. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01741-06. Tang Y.Z., Shang L., Dobbs F.C. Measuring viability of dinoflagellate cysts and diatoms with stains to test the efficiency of facsimile treatments possibly applicable to ships’ ballast water and sediment // Harmful Algae. 2022. Vol. 114.102220. doi: 10.1007/s11802-020-4480-7. Tato T., Beiras R. The use of the marine microalga Tisochrysis lutea (T-iso) in standard toxicity tests; comparative sensitivity with other test species // Frontiers in marine science. 2019. Vol. 6. 488 p. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00488. 25.Wang H., Hu Z., Chai Z., Deng Y. Blooms of Prorocentrum donghaiense reduced the species diversity of dinoflagellate community // Acta oceanologica sinica. 2020. Vol. 39 (4). P. 110–119. doi: 10.1007/s13131-020-1585-1. Weng H.X., Sun X.W., Weng J.K. Crucial roles of iron in the growth of Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg (Dinophyceae) // Journal of coastal research. 2008. Vol. 24. P. 176–183. doi: 10.2112/06-0819.1. 27. Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi R., Malekabadi M.B., Rahimi R. Aquatic pollution caused by mercury, lead, and cadmium affects cell growth and pigment content of marine microalga, Nannochloropsis oculata // Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2020. Vol. 192 (6). P. 1–11. doi: 10.1007/s10661-020-8222-5.

Alfina, I. T., Nurlaela, S., Wijayanti, A. (2018). The influence of profitability, leverage, independent commissioner, and company size to tax avoidance. The 2nd International Conference on Technology, Education, and Social Science 2018, 2018(10), 102–106.Ayu, P. C., Sumadi, N. K. (2019). Pengaruh kepemilikan institusional dan kepemilikan manajerial terhadap nilai perusahaan. Widya Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 1(1), 87-104.Agyei, S. K., Marfo-Yiadom, E., Ansong, A., Idun, A. A. A. (2020). Corporate tax avoidance incentives of banks in Ghana. Journal of African Business, 21(4), 544-559.Atwood, T. J., Drake, M. S., Myers, J. N., Myers, L. A. (2012). Home country tax system characteristics and corporate tax avoidance: International evidence. American Accounting Association, 87(6), 1831–1860. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50222Alkurdi, A., Mardini, G. H. (2020). The impact of ownership structure and the board of directors’ composition on tax avoidance strategies: empirical evidence from Jordan. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 18(4), 795-812.Alsaadi, A. (2020). Financial-tax reporting conformity, tax avoidance and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting, 18(3), 639-659.Andalenta, I., Kun, I. (2022). Tax avoidance among banking corporations. Journal of Science and Research of Accounting 6, 225–233Fauzan. (2019). The effect of LDR, CAR, LAR, loan growth and asset growth on NPL (Case Study on conventional commercial banks listed at Indonesia stock exchange on period 2013-2017). Undergraduate Thesis, Faculty of Economics and Business.Fitri, A. W., Hapsarai, D. P., Haryadi, E. (2019). Pengaruh leverage, komisaris independen dan corporate social responsibility terhadap penghindaran pajak. Jurnal Mahasiswa Akuntansi UNSERA, 1(1), 20-30.Ha, N. M., Trang, T. T. P., Vuong, P. M. (2021). The impact on corporate financial leverage of the relationship between tax avoidance and institutional ownership: A study of listed firms in vietnam. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 17(4), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845/2021.17-4.6Hidayat, O. S. (2019). The effect of corporate social responsibility on tax avoidance with size as moderating variable. Journal of Accounting, Finance Taxation of Indonesia (JAKPI) 7(1).Hoi, C. K., Wu, Q., Zhang, H. (2013). Is corporate social responsibility (CSR) associated with tax avoidance? Evidence from irresponsible CSR activities. The Accounting Review, 88(6), 2025-2059.Jiang, Y., Zheng, H., Wang, R. (2020). The effect of institutional ownership on listed companies’ tax avoidance strategies. Applied Economics, 53(8), 880–896. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1817308Kasim, F. M., Saad, N. (2019). Determinants of corporate tax avoidance strategies among multinational corporations in Malaysia. International Journal of Public Policy and Administration Research, 6(2), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.74.2019.62.74.81Khanh, H. T. M., Khuong, N. V. (2019). Does Corporate tax avoidance influence firm leverage of Vietnamese listed companies? Theoretical Economics Letters, 09(04), 1070–1078. https://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2019.94069Kim, J. H., Im, C. C. (2017). The study on the effect and determinants of small-and medium-sized entities conducting tax avoidance. Journal of Applied Business Research, 33(2), 375–390. https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v33i2.9911Kovermann, J. H. (2018). Tax avoidance, tax risk and the cost of debt in a bank-dominated economy. Managerial Auditing Journal, 33(8/9), 683-699.Krisna, A. M. (2019). Effect of institutional ownership and managerial ownership on tax avoidance with audit quality as moderating variable. Journal of Economics, Business And Accounting, 18(2), 82-91.Kurniasih, T., Ratna Sari, M. (2013). Pengaruh return on assets, leverage, corporate governance, ukuran perusahaan dan kompensasi rugi fiskal pada tax avoidance. Buletin Studi Ekonomi, 18(1), 58–66.Lee, R., Kao, H. (2018). The impacts of IFRSs and auditor on tax avoidance. Advances in Management Applied Economics, 8(6), 17–53Liana, L., Sari, P. (2017). The effect of corporate social responsibility on corporate tax avoidance. Diponegoro Journal of Accounting 6(4):111–23.Lin, K. Z., Cheng, S., Zhang, F. (2017). Corporate social responsibility, institutional environments, and tax avoidance: Evidence from a subnational comparison in China. The International Journal of Accounting, 52(4), 303-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intacc.2017.11.002López-González, E., Martínez-Ferrero, J., García-Meca, E. (2019). Does corporate social responsibility affect tax avoidance: Evidence from family firms. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(4), 819–831. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1723Luty, P. (2020). Tax avoidance in V4 countries and Serbia: Influence of company size on effective tax rate. Finiz, 15(January 2020), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.15308/finiz-2020-5-11Mao, Chih Wen., Wen, Chieh Wu. (2019). Moderated mediation effects of corporate social responsibility performance on tax avoidance: evidence from China. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Economics 26(1–2) 90–107.Maraya, Dyan, A., Yendrawati, R. (2016). The effect of corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosure on tax avoidance: empirical study on mine and CPO Corporations. Journal of Accounting Auditing of Indonesia 20(2):147–59.Maulinda, I. P., Fidiana. (2019). The effect of corporate social responsibility and good corporate governance on tax avoidance. Journal of Science and Research of Accounting 8, 1–21.Muti’ah, Marsyaf, Ahmad, Z. (2021). The influence of sales growth, debt equity ratio (DER) and related party transaction to tax avoidance. International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research (IJMSSSR), 3(4), 237–244Nurhasanah. (2017). The effect of asset growth on profitability of banking corporations listed at Indonesia stock exchange. Journal of Visionary Strategic 6, 41–44.Omesi, I., Appah, E. (2021). Corporate governance and tax avoidance of listed consumer and industrial good companies in Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Economic and Finance (IOSR-JEF), 12(2), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.9790/5933-1202041731Putri, R. T., Ulum, I., Prasetyo, A. (2019). Company Risk, size, fiscal loss compensation, and tax avoidance: evidence from Indonesian Islamic companies. Journal of Innovation in Business and Economics, 2(02), 87. https://doi.org/10.22219/jibe.v2i02.7323Taylor, G., Richardson, G. (2012). International corporate tax avoidance practices : evidence from australian firms. International Journal of Accounting, 47(4), 469–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intacc.2012.10.004Tilehnouei, M. H., Esfahani, S. T., Soltanipanah, S. (2018). Investigating the effect of financial distress on tax avoidance during the global financial crisis in companies listed on Tehran stock exchange. International Journal If Finance and Managerial Accounting, 3(9), 41–51Yuliesti, R., Sapari, S. (2017). Pengaruh profitabilitas, likuiditas dan corporate governance terhadap penghindaran pajak. Jurnal Ilmu dan Riset Akuntansi (JIRA), 6(3). 890-909.Salehi, M., Tarighi, H., Shahri, T. A. (2020). The effect of auditor characteristics on tax avoidance of Iranian companies. Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies, 27(2), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABES-11-2018-0100Sari, H. Y., Yuniarti, E., Rachman, A. A. (2022). Pengaruh pertumbuhan aset, ukuran, dan profitabilitas perusahaan terhadap penghindaran pajak (tax avoidance) pada perusahaan sektor pertambangan yang terdaftar di BEI periode 2017-2020. Jurnal Akuntansi Bisnis Dan Ekonomi, 8(1), 2167–2178Shi, A. A., Concepcion, F. R., Laguinday, C. M. R., Ong Hian Huy, T. A. T., Unite, A. A. (2020). An analysis of the effects of foreign ownership on the level of tax avoidance across philippine publicly listed firms. DLSU Business and Economics Review, 30(1), 1–14.DDTC. (2020). Negara tetangga ini terancam makin sulit tangkal penghindaran pajak. News.Ddtc.Co.Id. https://news.ddtc.co.id/negara-tetangga-ini-terancam-makin-sulit-tangkal-penghindaran-pajak--20692#:~:text=Hal itu disampaikan Vietnam Institute for Economic and,hingga triliun dong per tahun selama periode 2010-2018.Wardani, Kusuma, D., Mursiyati. (2019). The effect of profitability, independent commissioners and audit comittee on tax avoidance. Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economic, University of Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa 7(2), 127–36.Wiguna, I. Putra, P., I. Ketut Jati. (2017). The effect of corporate social responsibility, executive risk preference, and capital intensity on tax avoidance. E-Journal of Accounting 21(1):418–46.Zahirah, A. (2017). The effect of leverage, institutional ownership, managerial ownership and corporate size on tax avoidance. Online Journal for Students of Economics Faculty 4(1), 3543–56. https://lk2fhui.law.ui.ac.id/posisi-firma-hukum-dalam-kasus-panama-papers/ accessed on 20 January 2022

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya tentang audit syariah dan perannya dalam meningkatkan kepatuhan syariah di lembaga keuangan syariah (LKS). Penelitian ini juga menguraikan tantangan yang dihadapi oleh LKS dan solusi dalam mengimplementasikan audit syariah. Sebanyak 308 publikasi diperoleh dari database Google scholar, Emerald Insight, Research Gate, Crossref, Microsoft Academic and Pubmed yang diakses dengan perangkat lunak Publish or Perish (PoP) dalam kurun waktu 2008-2021. Studi ini menerapkan analisis bibliometrik menggunakan VOSviewer, yang mengubah metadata publikasi menjadi visualisasi sesuai dengan co-occurrence. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa audit syariah telah diterapkan di beberapa negara yang didominasi oleh Malaysia. Sebagian besar praktik audit syariah merupakan bagian dari fungsi audit internal. Audit syariah diidentifikasi sebagai mekanisme untuk memastikan kepatuhan syariah. Tantangan utama dalam pelaksanaan audit syariah antara lain: kurangnya kerangka dan standar audit syariah yang menyebabkan perselisihan di antara praktisi LKS, kurangnya auditor syariah yang berkualitas yang memiliki pengetahuan syariah yang memadai dan terlatih dengan baik, audit syariah dianggap menciptakan masalah inefisiensi. Peran komite tata kelola syariah dan dewan pengawas syariah direkomendasikan agar lebih optimal untuk memastikan efektivitas audit syariah. Penelitian ini memberikan pembahasan komprehensif tentang audit syariah, perannya dalam meningkatkan kepatuhan syariah, tantangan dan solusi yang ditawarkan belajar dari berbagai negara. Kata Kunci: Audit syariah, kepatuhan syariah, lembaga keuangan syariah, bibliometrik. ABSTRACT This study aimed to map out previous studies on sharia auditing and its role in improving sharia compliance in Islamic financial institutions (IFIs). It also outlined the challenges faced by IFIs and solutions in implementing shariah audit. A total of 308 publications were obtained from the Google scholar database, Emerald Insight, Research Gate, Crossref, Microsoft Academic and Pubmed which were accessed using the Publish or Perish (PoP) software in the 2008-2021 period. This study finds that sharia audits have been implemented in several countries, dominated by Malaysia. Most shariah audit practices are part from internal audit function of IFIs. Sharia audit is identified as a mechanism to assure shariah compliance. The main challenges in implementing sharia audit include: a lack of framework and standard of shariah audit that led to dispute among IFIs practitioners, a lack of qualified shariah auditors who have an adequate shariah knowledge and well trained , shariah audit identifed creating an efficiency issue. The role of the shariah governance committee and the shariah supervisory board may be optimized to ensure the effectiveness of shariah audit. This study provides a comprehensive discussion of shariah audit, its role in improving shariah compliance, challenges, and solutions offered learned from various countries. Keywords: Sharia audit, sharia compliance, Islamic financial institution, bibliometric. REFERENCES Abd Rahman, N., & Mastuki, N. (2019). Internal Shariah audit change: A conceptual paper. Journal of Muwafaqat, 2(April), 45–59. Abdul Rahman, A. R. (2010). Shari’ah audit for Islamic financial services: The needs and challenges. The Journal of Muamalat and Islamic Finance Research, 7(1), 133–145. Akbar, T., Mardian, S., & Anwar, S. (2015). Mengurai permasalahan audit syariah dengan analytical network process (ANP). Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Keuangan Islam, 2(2), 101–123. https://doi.org/10.35836/jakis.v3i2.32 Alahmadi, H. A., Hassan, A. F. S., Karbhari, Y., & Nahar, H. S. (2017). Unravelling shariah audit practice in Saudi Islamic Banks. International Journal of Economic Research, 14(15), 255–269. Alam, T., Aziz, H. A. A., & Iqbal, M. (2020). The current practice of IFI Shariah audit and what it ought to be evidence from Pakistan. Sci.Int, 32(4), 497–500. Alam, T., & Hassan, T. (2017). Competency of Shariah Auditors: Issues and Challenges in Pakistan. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 22(2), 1-11. Algabry, L., Alhabshi, S. M., Soualhi, Y., & Othman, A. H. A. (2020). Assessing the effectiveness of internal Sharīʿah audit structure and its practices in Islamic financial institutions: A case study of Islamic banks in Yemen. Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 6(1), 2–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-04-2019-0025 Ali, A., Ahmi, A., & Wan Ahmad, W. N. (2018). The current state of the internal audit research: A bibliometric analysis. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Accounting Studies (ICAS 2018), October, 108–113. Ali, N. A. M., Mohamed, Z. M., & Shahimi, S. (2015). Competency of shariah auditors in Malaysia: Issues and challenges. Journal of Islamic Finance, 4(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.12816/0024798 Alzeban, A. (2020). Internal audit as an antecedent of economic growth. Journal of Economic Studies, 48(7), 1267-1283. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-08-2019-0350 Amir Husin, M. N., Zakaria, M. Z., Salleh, A. Z., Mochammad Sahid, M., Abdullah Saidi, H. ’Azeemi, Ab Rahman, M. F., Ab. Aziz, M. R., & Ab. Jalil, M. A. (2019). Ratification of shariah non-compliance issues: Solutions and its implementation in Islamic financial institutions-With Specific reference to tawarruq-based products and services. Graduate International Conference, Pascasarjana IAIN Bukittinggi, Sumatra Barat, November, 1–13. Antonio, M. S. (2001). Bank syariah dari teori ke praktek. Jakarta: Gema Insani. Antonio, M. S., Laela, S. F., & Jazil, T. (2020). Abu Zahrah’S maqasid sharia model as a performance measurement system. Jurnal Akuntansi Multiparadigma, 11(3), 519–541. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jamal.2020.11.3.30 Aprillianto, B., Roziq, A., Agustini, A. T., Sayekti, Y., & Jember, U. (2017). Praktik audit syariah dalam perspektif internasional. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Ekonomi dan Bisnis (SNAPER_EBIS 2017), 169-178. Arwani, A. (2018). Issues and challenges of shariah auditing in Islamic financial institutions and corporate governance compliance. Media Riset Akuntansi, Auditing & Informasi, 18(2), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.25105/mraai.v18i2.3008 Auda, J. (2008). Maqasid al syariah as philosophy of Islamic law. The international institute of Islamic thought. Baehaqi, A., & Suyanto, S. (2019). Audit internal lembaga keuangan syariah dalam perpektif al-hisbah. Jurnal Riset Keuangan Dan Akuntansi, 4(2), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.25134/jrka.v4i2.1694 Behrend, J., & Eulerich, M. (2018). Exploring the scientific landscape of internal audit research: A bibliometric analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal, July, 1–65. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3178362 Behrend, J., & Eulerich, M. (2020). Four decades of audit committee research: A bibliometric analysis (1977 – 2018). SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–46. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3496040 BNM-SGDP. (2019). Bank Negara Malaysia (Shariah Governance 2019). Bank Negara Malaysia. Retrieved from BNM/RH/PD 028-100, 1–22. Ciger, A. (2020). Audit quality: A bibliometric analysis (1981-2020). Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 67(4), 473–494. https://doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2020-0031 Eck, N. J. Van, Waltman, L., Dekker, R., & Berg, J. Van Den. (2010). A comparison of two techniques for bibliometric mapping: Multidimensional scaling and VOS. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(12), 2405–2416. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21421 Farida, F., & Dewi, V. S. (2018). Kompetensi auditor dan shariah compliance terhadap praktik audit syariah. Jurnal Analisis Bisnis Ekonomi, 16(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.31603/bisnisekonomi.v16i1.2130 Fauzi, A., & Supandi, A. F. (2019). Perkembangan audit syariah di Indonesia. Jurnal Istiqro, 5(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.30739/istiqro.v5i1.339 Fitriyani, N. I., & Kusnugroho, Y. A. (2021). Audit syariah dan audit konvensional: Bukti empiris di Indonesia. AFRE (Accounting and Financial Review), 4(1), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.26905/afr.v4i1.5642 Ghani, N. L. A., & Rahman, A. R. A. (2015). An analysis of Shari’ah audit practices in Islamic banks in Malaysia. Jurnal Pengurusan, 43, 107–118. Ghozali, M., Zeid, A. H., Prastyaningsih, I., & Syauqoti, R. (2020). The implementation of sharia compliance in the murabaha contract. 409(SoRes 2019), 479–481. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200225.103 Haleem, A., Khan, M. I., Khan, S., & Jami, A. R. (2020). Research status in Halal: A review and bibliometric analysis. Modern Supply Chain Research and Applications, 2(1), 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1108/mscra-06-2019-0014 Hameed, S., & Ibrahim, M. (2005). The emerging issues on the objectives and characteristics of Islamic accounting for Islamic business organizations. Malaysian Accounting Review, 4(1), 75–92. Hanefah, M. M., Kamaruddin, M. I. H., Salleh, S., Shafii, Z., & Zakaria, N. (2020). Internal control, risk and Sharīʿah non-compliant income in Islamic financial institutions. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 12(3), 401–417. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIF-02-2019-0025 Harande, Y. (2001). An investigation of the relationship using the literature of technology. Libri, 51, 124–127. Hassan, A. F. S., & Haridan, N. M. (2019). Shariah auditing and shariah compliance assurance in Malaysian Islamic Banks. Global Journal Al-Thaqafah, December, 61–72. Hassan, R. (2016). Shariah non-compliance risk and its effects on Islamic financial institutions. Al-Shajarah, 21(Special issue), 21–39. ICD - Thomson Reuters Islamic Finance Development Report 2021. (2021). Islamic finance development report (Issue 93 Islamic Banking 96 Takaful 98 Regulatory and Supervisory Framework 99 Talent). Isa, F., Ariffin, N., & Abidin, N. (2020). Shariah Audit practices in Malaysia: Moving forward. Journal of Islamic Finance (ISSN: 2289-2109 e-ISSN: 2289-2117), 9(2), 42–58. ISLAM, K. M. A., & BHUIYAN, A. B. (2021). Determinants of the effectiveness of internal shariah audit: Evidence from Islamic banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(2), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no2.0223 Islam, K. M. A., Sadekin, M. S., Rahman, M. T., & Chowdhury, M. A. H. (2021). The impact of shariah supervisory board and shariah audit committee on corporate social responsibility adoption at Islamic banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(3), 479–485. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no3.0479 Islamic Financial Services Board. (2005). Guiding principles of risk management for institutions (Other than insurance institutions) offering only Islamic financial services. Islamic Financial Service Board, December, 1–36. https://www.ifsb.org/published.php Kamaruddin, M. I. H., & Hanefah, M. M. (2017). Enhancing shariah audit practices in Islamic financial institutions in Malaysia. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 13(11). https://doi.org/10.17265/1548-6583/2017.11.001 Karim, M. R., & Shetu, S. A. (2020). Shariah audit in Islamic financial institutions (IFIs): A literature review. BUFT Journal of Business & Economics (BJBE), 1, 45–66. Kasim, N., Sanusi, Z. M., Mutamimah, T., & Handoyo, S. (2013). Assessing the current practice of Auditing in Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia and Indonesia. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 4,6(January), 414–418. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJTEF.2013.V4.328 Khalid, A. A. (2020). Role of audit and governance committee for internal shariah audit effectiveness in Islamic banks. Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 5(1), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-10-2019-0075 Khalid, A. A., Haron, H., & Masron, T. A. (2018). Competency and effectiveness of internal Shariah audit in Islamic financial institutions. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 9(2), 201–221. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-01-2016-0009 Khalid, A. A., & Sarea, A. M. (2021). Independence and effectiveness in internal Shariah audit with insights drawn from Islamic agency theory. International Journal of Law and Management, 63(3), 332–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-02-2020-0056 Laela, S. F., Rossieta, H., Wijanto, S. H., & Ismal, R. (2018). Management accounting-strategy coalignment in Islamic banking. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 11(4), 667–694. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-04-2017-0088 Laili, N., Ghani, A., Ariffin, N. M., Rahim, A., Rahman, A. (2019). The measurement of effective internal shariah audit function in Islamic financial institutions. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 27(1), 141–165. Lamboglia, R., Lavorato, D., Scornavacca, E., & Za, S. (2020). Exploring the relationship between audit and technology. A bibliometric analysis. Meditari Accountancy Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEDAR-03-2020-0836 Mardiyah, Q., & Mardian, S. (2015). Praktik audit syariah. Akuntabilitas, 8(1), 1–17. Martasari, L., & Mardian, S. (2015). Persepsi masyarakat terhadap penerapan sharia compliance pada bank syariah di kecamatan Barabai. Jurnal Dinamika Akuntansi Dan Bisnis, 2(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.24815/jdab.v2i1.3607 Md Helal Uddin, M. H. U. & M. M. H. (2013). An overview on the basics of Islamic audit. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(28), 9–18. Minarni, M. (2013). Audit syariah, dan tata kelola lembaga keuangan syariah. La_Riba, 7(1), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.20885/lariba.vol7.iss1.art3 Mohamad Puad, N. A., Abdullah, N. I., & Shafii, Z. (2020). Follow up in Shariah auditing: Multiple approaches by Takaful operators. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Research, 3(1), 14–29. Mohd Ali, N. A., Shafii, Z., & Shahimi, S. (2020). Competency model for Shari’ah auditors in Islamic banks. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(2), 377–399. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-09-2016-0106 Muhammad, R. (2018). Shariah governance for Islamic banking: What can be learnt from Malaysia? Conference on Islamic Management Accounting and Economics, 1(1999), 111–123. Mulazid, A. S. (2016). Pelaksanaan sharia complience pada bank syariah (Studi kasus pada bank syariah mandiri, Jakarta). Madania, 20(1), 37–54. Nurcahyo, A., & Hudrasyah, H. (2017). The influence of halal awareness, halal certification, and personal societal purchase intention. Journal of Business and Management, 6(1), 21–31. Nurhasanah, N. (2013). Pengawasan Islam dalam operasional lembaga keuangan syariah. MIMBAR, Jurnal Sosial Dan Pembangunan, 29(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v29i1.362 Nurhisam, L. (2016). Kepatuhan syariah (Sharia compliance) dalam Industri Keuangan Syariah. Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM, 23(1), 77–96. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol23.iss1.art5 Omar, M. (2019). Issues and Challenges of Shariah Compliance Auditing in Islamic Financial Institution. Advanced International Journal of Banking, Accounting and Finance, 1(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.35631/aijbaf.11002 Oussii, A. A., & Boulila, N. (2020). Evidence on the relation between audit committee financial expertise and internal audit function effectiveness. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, ahead-of-p(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/jeas-04-2020-0041 PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2011). Shariah Audit: Industry Insights. 1–28. Puneri, A., Chora, M., Ilhamiddin, N., & Benraheem, H. (2020). The Disclosure of Sharia Non-Compliance Income: Comparative Study between Full-fledged and Subsidiaries Malaysian Islamic Banks. JESI (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Indonesia), 9(2), 104. https://doi.org/10.21927/jesi.2019.9(2).104-117 Rahman, M. J. (2013). The current perception and practice of “Shariah Auditing” in Bangladeshi Islamic Banks. In Thesis MBA (Issue September). Rahman, N. A., Mastuki, N., Osman, M. R., & Kasim, N. (2020). Islamic legal maxim for Shari’ah audit in Islamic bank. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(2), 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-11-2017-0170 Ratu, M. K., & Meiriasari, V. (2021). Analisis perbandingan audit syariah pada lembaga keuangan Islam di Asia Tenggara (Studi literatur di Indonesia, Malaysia, Dan Brunei). Jurnal Proaksi, 8(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.32534/jpk.v8i1.1526 Rohmah, F., & Kusumo, R. W. (2020). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas audit syariah pada perusahaan yang terdaftar di JII (Jakarta Islamic Index) tahun 2014-2018. The 11th University Research Colloquium 2020 Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, 64–77. Salleh, S., Hanefah, M. M., & Shafii, Z. (2019). Shariah audit practices in Malaysian Islamic Banks: An Audit Expectation. Shariah Governance and Assurance in Islamic Financial Sectors, 113-145. Shafii, Z., Salleh, S., Zakaria, N., Hanefah, M. M., Mohd Ali, N. A., & Yunanda, R. A. (2014). Shariah audit certification contents: Views of regulators, shariah committee, shariah reviewers and undergraduate students. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(5). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v6n5p210 Shafii, Z., Supiah, S., & Syahidawati, S. (2010). Management of shariah non-compliance audit risk in the Islamic financial institutions via the development of shariah compliance audit framework and shariah audit programme. Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies, March, 14. Shah, S. A., Azhar, S. M., & Bhutto, N. A. (2019). Halal marketing: a marketing strategy perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(6), 1641–1655. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2018-0211 Shahzad, M. A., Saeed, S. K., & Ehsan, A. (2017). Governance framework: Exploratory study of Islamic banks in Pakistan. Business & Economic Review, 9(1), 103–118. Sidiq, M. (2019). Panduan analisis bibliometrik sederhana. Journal Article, June. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15688.37125 Siswadi, I. (2013). Mengenal konsep penetapan kata kunci. Jurnal Pustakawan Indonesia, 12(2), 53–55. Syed Alwi Mohammed Sultan. (2007). A mini guide to shari’ah audit for Islamic financial institutions: A primer. Kuala Lumpur: CERT Publications Sdn. Bhd. Tanudjaja, I., & Kow, G. Y. (2018). Exploring bibliometric mapping in NUS using BibExcel and VOSviewer. IFLA WLIC Kuala Lumpur, 1–9. Widialoka, W., Hidayat, A. R., & Azib. (2016). Analisis pengaruh kepatuhan syariah (shariah compliance) terhadap dana pihak ketiga pada bank umum syariah di Indonesia periode tahun 2010-2015. Prosiding Keuangan Dan Perbankan Syariah, 2(2), 672–678. Wuttichindanon, S., & Issarawornrawanich, P. (2020). Determining factors of key audit matter disclosure in Thailand. Pacific Accounting Review, 32(4), 563–584. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAR-01-2020-0004 Yaacob, H., & Donglah, N. K. (2012). Shari’ah audit in Islamic financial institutions: The postgraduates’ perspective. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(12), 224–239. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v4n12p224 Yahya, Y., & Mahzan, N. (2012). The role of internal auditing in ensuring governance in Islamic financial institution (IFI). 3rd International Conference on Business and Economic Research, March, 1634–1661. Yasoa’, M. R., Abdullah, W. A. W., & Endut, W. A. (2020). A comparative analysis between shariah audit and shariah review in Islamic banks in Malaysia: Practitioners’ perspective. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 5(14), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i14.2208 Yasoa, M. R., Amalina, W., Abdullah, W., Sultan, U., Abidin, Z., Endut, W. A., Sultan, U., & Abidin, Z. (2018). Shariah audit effectiveness in Islamic banks: A conceptual framework. Journal of Humanities, Language, Culture and Business (HLCB), 2(10), 12–19. Yazkhiruni, Y., Nurmazilah, M., & Haslida, A. H. (2018). A review of shariah auditing practices in ensuring governance in Islamic financial institutions (IFIs): A preliminary study. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(7), 196–210. Yunas Ali, M., & Hassan, F. (2019). The study of potential shariah non-compliance risks in murabahah along with their risk management. Journal of Finance & Economics Research, 4(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.20547/jfer1904104 Yussof, S. A. (2013). Prospects of a shari’ah audit framework for Islamic financial institution in Malaysia. ICR Journal, 4(1), 80–102. https://doi.org/10.52282/icr.v4i1.493 Zahrah, M. A. (1997). Ushul fiqh. Darul Fikr. Zuhaili, W. (1997). Al-Fiqh al-islamy wa adilatuhu. Daar el-Fikr.

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the distribution of sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) values and their association with clinical and seminal parameters in idiopathic infertile men.Design, Patients, MeasurementsData from 3224 primary infertile men (belonging to couples having failed to conceive a pregnancy within 12 months) who underwent a thorough diagnostic work‐up were analysed. A SDF value ≥ 30% (according to Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay) was considered pathologic. We excluded: (1) men with genetic abnormalities; (2) men with history of cryptorchidism; (3) men with biochemical hypogonadism; (4) men with clinical varicocele; and (5) men with other possible known aetiological factors. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were used to describe the whole cohort.ResultsOf all, 792 (23%) men with at least one abnormal WHO semen parameter but without any identified aetiologic factor for infertility, were considered as idiopathic infertile men. Of 792, 418 (52.7%) men had SDF ≥30%. Men with pathologic SDF were older (p = .02), had higher Follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) (p = .04) but lower total testosterone (p = .03) values than those with SDF <30%. The homoeostatic model assessment index for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) was higher in men with SDF ≥30% (p = .01). Idiopathic infertile men with SDF ≥30% presented with lower sperm concentration (p < .001) and lower progressive sperm motility (p < .01) than those with SDF < 30%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that older age (OR: 1.1, p = .02) and higher HOMA‐IR score (OR: 1.8, p = .03) were associated with SDF ≥ 30%, after accounting for FSH and sperm concentration values.ConclusionsApproximately half of infertile men categorized as idiopathic had pathologic SDF values. Idiopathic infertile men with pathologic SDF showed worse clinical, hormonal and semen parameters than those with normal SDF values. These results suggest that including SDF testing could be clinically relevant over the real‐life management work‐up of infertile men.