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Kiński, Wojciech, and Paweł Pietkiewicz. "The concept of the material supply system in 3D printer using a wear FDM material." Mechanik 91, no. 7 (2018): 543–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2018.7.78.
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Presented is a conceptual model of an extruder that prints from waste after the printing process as well as from unsuccessful models. Particular attention was paid to the construction of the print head with an extruder adapted to previously fragmented plastic parts. The purpose of this solution is to reduce waste from the printing process.
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Czerwiński, Maciej, and Mateusz Pasternak. "Use of 3D printing technology for planar antenna constructions." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 69, no. 1 (2020): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.2799.
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The applicability of 3D print technologies for manufacturing of planar antenna substrates having tailored permittivity was considered in the work. The permittivity is known as a parameter that has strong influence on the planar antennae key parameters. The application of 3D print gives the possibility of changing this parameter in the range between its value for air up to the value for homogeneous solid material. The change can be achieved through the change of the filament material and the way of 3D print pattern. The preliminary results of simulations and measurements show that the idea of printing of planar antennae substrate may be interesting alternative from a design engineering point of view. Keywords: electronic materials, planar antennae substrates, 3D print applications
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Huber, Tim, Hossein Najaf Zadeh, Sean Feast, Thea Roughan, and Conan Fee. "3D Printing of Gelled and Cross-Linked Cellulose Solutions; an Exploration of Printing Parameters and Gel Behaviour." Bioengineering 7, no. 2 (2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7020030.
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In recent years, 3D printing has enabled the fabrication of complex designs, with low-cost customization and an ever-increasing range of materials. Yet, these abilities have also created an enormous challenge in optimizing a large number of process parameters, especially in the 3D printing of swellable, non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable materials, so-called bio-ink materials. In this work, a cellulose gel, made out of aqueous solutions of cellulose, sodium hydroxide and urea, was used to demonstrate the formation of a shear thinning bio-ink material necessary for an extrusion-based 3D printing. After analysing the shear thinning behaviour of the cellulose gel by rheometry a Design of Experiments (DoE) was applied to optimize the 3D bioprinter settings for printing the cellulose gel. The optimum print settings were then used to print a human ear shape, without a need for support material. The results clearly indicate that the found settings allow the printing of more complex parts with high-fidelity. This confirms the capability of the applied method to 3D print a newly developed bio-ink material.
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Wawrek, I. "Building materials for 3D print." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 867 (October 9, 2020): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/867/1/012047.
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Geiger, R., S. Rommel, J. Burkhardt, and T. Prof Bauernhansl. "Additiver Hybrid-Leichtbau – Highlight 3D print*/Additive Hybrid Lightweight Construction - Highlight 3D print." wt Werkstattstechnik online 106, no. 03 (2016): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2016-03-73.
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Additive Fertigungsverfahren bieten durch ihren schichtweisen Aufbau einzigartige Gestaltungsfreiheiten. Hieraus leitet sich ein enormes Potential für den strukturellen Leichtbau ab. Bionische Leichtbaustrukturen, integrierte Funktionalitäten sowie topologieoptimierte Bauteile lassen sich direkt produzieren. Neben dem strukturellen Leichtbau lassen sich durch die Verwendung hochfester Werkstoffe oder von Werkstoffen mit geringer Dichte ebenfalls Leichtbauprodukte generieren. Ein Beispiel für werkstofflichen Leichtbau sind Faserverbundstrukturen, welche geringe Materialdichte mit hoher Festigkeit kombinieren. Durch Bündelung der Vorteile additiver Fertigungsverfahren mit Halbzeugen aus Hochleistungswerkstoffen – beispielsweise kohlenstofffaserverstärkten Kunststoffen – werden noch leichtere Produkte möglich. Besonders die Funktionsintegration und die Designfreiheit additiver Verfahren schaffen hier völlig neue Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten und einen Individualisierungsgrad, der im Leichtbau bisher unbekannt ist. Anhand eines Produktbeispiels wird aufgezeigt, welche Potentiale additiver Hybrid-Leichtbau eröffnet. Ausgehend von einer topologieoptimierten Form erfolgt die Ableitung eines Bauteils. Dies wird im Lasersinterverfahren (SLS) gefertigt und in Kombination mit Kohlenstofffaserverbund (CFK)-Rohren sowie weiteren additiv gefertigten Bauteilen zum Produkt „Hocker“ zusammengefügt. Parallel wird das Verbundsystem digital abgebildet und simulativ überprüft.   Additive manufacturing technology offers unique design flexibility due to its layer-based construction approach. This provides new potential for lightweight construction. Bionic lightweight structures, integrated functionality, and topology-optimized structures can now be manufactured. Another method to generate lightweight design is the use of high-strength materials with low density. For example, fiber reinforced materials which combine high-tensile fibers with low material density. The combination of these two unique benefits leads towards ultra-light products. The degree of individualization through additive manufacturing represents a new tool in the field of lightweight design, providing new construction possibilities. This paper presents the potential of hybrid lightweight design with the help of a specific product. An ergonomic lightweight seat starts with a topology optimized 3D form. The construction combines additive manufactured parts with carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) pre-products. Additionally, the interaction between the constituent parts has been simulated.
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Pristiansyah, Pristiansyah, Hasdiansah Hasdiansah, and Sugiyarto Sugiyarto. "Optimasi Parameter Proses 3D Printing FDM Terhadap Akurasi Dimensi Menggunakan Filament Eflex." Manutech : Jurnal Teknologi Manufaktur 11, no. 01 (2019): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33504/manutech.v11i01.98.
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Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a 3D Printing technique used to print products using filaments as material. The printed product has ideal geometric characteristics if it has meticulous size and perfect shape. One type of material that can be processed using 3D Printing FDM is flexible material. Research in terms of dimensional accuracy has been carried out on PLA and ABS materials. While research using flexible materials is still rarely done. From these problems, we need a study to get the process parameter settings on a 3D Printer machine that is optimal in obtaining dimensional accuracy using flexible materials. The research was carried out using the Prusa model DIY (Do It Yourself) 3D machine with FDM technology. The material used is Eflex type flexible filament with a diameter of 1.75 mm. The process parameters used in this study are flowrate, layer thickness, temperature nozzle, speed printing, overlap, and fan speed. Cuboid test specimens measuring 20 mm × 20 mm × 20 mm. Process parameter optimization using the Taguchi L27 Orthogonal Array method for dimensional accuracy testing. Optimal process parameter values for obtaining X dimension accuracy are 110% flowrate, 0.10 mm layer thickness, 210 °C nozzle temperature, 40 mm/s print speed, 75% overlap, and 50% fan speed. Y dimension is 120% flowrate, layer thickness 0.20 mm, nozzle temperature 230 °C, print speed 30 mm/s, overlap 75%, and fan speed 100%. As well as the Z dimension is 120% flowrate, layer thickness 0.30 mm, nozzle temperature 210 °C, print speed 30 mm/s, overlap 50%, and fan speed 100%.
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Milde, Ján, František Jurina, Jozef Peterka, Patrik Dobrovszký, Jakub Hrbál, and Jozef Martinovič. "Influence of Part Orientation on the Surface Roughness in the Process of Fused Deposition Modeling." Key Engineering Materials 896 (August 10, 2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.896.29.
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The article focused on the influence of part orientation on the surface roughness of cuboid parts during the process of fabricating by FDM technology. The components, in this case, is simple cuboid part with the dimensions 15 mm x 15mm x 30 mm. A geometrical model is defined that considers the shape of the material filaments after deposition, to define a theoretical roughness profile, for a certain print orientation angle. Five different print orientations in the X-axis of the cuboid part were set: 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°. According to previous research in the field of FDM technology by the author, the internal structure (infill) was set at the value of 70%. The method of 3D printing was the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and the material used in this research was thermoplastic ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). For each setting, there were five specimens (twenty five prints in total). Prints were fabricated on a Zortrax M200 3D printer. After the 3D printing, the surface “A” was investigated by portable surface roughness tester Mitutoyo SJ-210. Surface roughness in the article is shown in the form of graphs (Fig.7). Results show increase in part roughness with increasing degree of part orientation. When the direction of applied layers on the measured surface was horizontal, significant improvement in surface roughness was observed. Findings in this paper can be taken into consideration when designing parts, as they can contribute in achieving lower surface roughness values.
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Deneault, James R., Jorge Chang, Jay Myung, et al. "Toward autonomous additive manufacturing: Bayesian optimization on a 3D printer." MRS Bulletin 46, no. 7 (2021): 566–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s43577-021-00051-1.
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Abstract Materials exploration and development for three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies is slow and labor-intensive. Each 3D printing material developed requires unique print parameters be learned for successful part fabrication, and sub-optimal settings often result in defects or fabrication failure. To address this, we developed the Additive Manufacturing Autonomous Research System (AM ARES). As a preliminary test, we tasked AM ARES with autonomously modulating four print parameters to direct-write single-layer print features that matched target specifications. AM ARES employed automated image analysis as closed-loop feedback to an online Bayesian optimizer and learned to print target features in fewer than 100 experiments. In due course, this first-of-its-kind research robot will be tasked with autonomous multi-dimensional optimization of print parameters to accelerate materials discovery and development in the field of AM. The combining of open-source ARES OS software with low-cost hardware makes autonomous AM highly accessible, promoting mainstream adoption and rapid technological advancement. Impact statement The discovery and development of new materials and processes for three-dimensional (3D) printing is hindered by slow and labor-intensive trial-and-error optimization processes. Coupled with a pervasive lack of feedback mechanisms in 3D printers, this has inhibited the advancement and adoption of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies as a mainstream manufacturing approach. To accelerate new materials development and streamline the print optimization process for AM, we have developed a low-cost and accessible research robot that employs online machine learning planners, together with our ARES OS software, which we will release to the community as open-source, to rapidly and effectively optimize the complex, high-dimensional parameter sets associated with 3D printing. In preliminary trials, the first-of-its-kind research robot, the Additive Manufacturing Autonomous Research System (AM ARES), learned to print single-layer material extrusion specimens that closely matched targeted feature specifications in under 100 iterations. Delegating repetitive and high-dimensional cognitive labor to research robots such as AM ARES frees researchers to focus on more creative, insightful, and fundamental scientific work and reduces the cost and time required to develop new AM materials and processes. The teaming of human and robot researchers begets a synergy that will exponentially propel technological progress in AM.
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Brookes, Ken. "3D Print Show." Metal Powder Report 69, no. 1 (2014): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0657(14)70030-x.
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Ai, Ju Mei, and Ping Du. "Discussion on 3D Print Model and Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.130.
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3D printing is a new technology of computer science, is an important topic in the field of academic discussion, is still in the primary stage of 3D printing technology in China, the application is not widespread, so scholars have discussed a lot of work to do. This paper introduces the 3D printing technology international and domestic development situation, the working principle, the printing process and technology, proposed the application bottleneck 3D printing technology is to manufacture, printing materials therefore, electroactive materials developed for 3D printing will become an important direction of future research of 3D print.
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Setiawan, Budhy, Purusa Tama, and Delila Cahya. "Metode PID untuk pengkondisian suhu pada bedplate di pencetak 3D 2x2x2 meter." JURNAL ELTEK 19, no. 1 (2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/eltek.v19i1.284.
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ABSTRAK
 3D Printer mulai digunakan di dalam dunia industri Indonesia dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, karena dengan meggunakan 3D printer pembuatan prototype yang biasanya memakan waktu cukup lama dapat dibuat dalam waktu yang lebih singkat. Pada pembuatan 3D Printer Bedplate bisa dibilang salah satu bagian terpenting dari 3D printer, karena tidak akan bisa mencetak dengan baik tanpa itu. Fungsi utama Bedplate sendiri yaitu sebagai tempat alas cetak selama proses mencetak berlangsung. Terdapat banyak variasi Bedplate dengan menggunakan permukaan yang berbeda, karakteristik termal yang berbeda dan ukuran yang berbeda. Bedplate yang dijual secara universal memiliki ukuran kurang dari 50 cm sehingga jika ingin mencetak obyek dengan ukuran lebih dari 50 cm diperlukan bedplate dengan ukuran lebih dari 50 cm. Pada penelitian ini untuk mencetak obyek menggunakan Bedplate dengan ukuran 1 x 2 meter yang terbuat dari bahan kaca dan untuk filament menggunakan bahan biji plastik high density polyethylene (HDPE). Filament HDPE cenderung memiliki daya rekat yang buruk pada permukaan. Pada bahan cetak 3D Printer menggunakan Bahan high density polyethylene (HDPE) diperlukan suhu Konstan 65°C secara merata pada Bedplate agar bahan cetak dapat menempel dengan baik pada Bedplate.Untuk menghasilkan hasil cetakan yang baik, suhu Bedplate harus dikontrol dengan tepat dengan menggunakan Metode Proportional Intergral Deferential (PID), suhu terbaik Bedplate untuk Untuk proses penempelan bahan high density polyethylene HDPE adalah sebesar 65°C
 ABSTRACT
 3D Printer began to be used in the indonesian industrial world in recent years, because by using 3D printers that usually take a long time can be made in a shorter time. In the manufacture of 3D Printer Bedplate is arguably one of the most important parts of 3D printers, because it would not be able to print well without it. The main function of Bedplate itself is as a printing base during the printing process. There are many variations of Bedplate using different surfaces, different thermal characteristics and different sizes. Bedplate sold universally has a size of less than 50 cm so if you want to print objects with a size of more than 50 cm is required bedplate with a size of more than 50 cm. In this study to print objects using Bedplate with a size of 1 x 2 meters made of glass and for filament using high density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic seed material. HDPE filaments tend to have poor adhesence on the surface. In 3D printing materials Printers use high density polyethylene (HDPE) materials required Constant temperature of 65 °C evenly on the Bedplate so that the print material can stick well to the Bedplate.To produce a good print result, the temperature of Bedplate must be controlled precisely by using the Proportional Intergral Deferential Method (PID), the best temperature bedplate for the process of attaching materials High density polyethylene HDPE material is 65 °C.
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Alves Guimarães, André Luiz, Vicente Gerlin Neto, Cesar Renato Foschini, Maximiliano dos Anjos Azambuja, and Luiz Antonio Vasques Hellmeister. "Influence of ABS print parameters on a 3D open-source, self-replicable printer." Rapid Prototyping Journal 26, no. 10 (2020): 1733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-10-2019-0267.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate and discuss the influence of printing parameters on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) print by fused deposition modelling (FDM). The mechanical properties of ABS are highly influenced by printing parameters, and they determine the final product quality of printed pieces. Design/methodology/approach For the paper’s purpose, five main parameters (extrusion temperature, infill pattern, air gap, printing speed and layer thickness) were selected and varied during ABS printing on an open-source and self-replicable FDM printer. Three different colors of commercially available ABS were also used to investigate color and printing parameter’s influence on the tensile strength. Findings The research results suggest that two parameters (infill pattern and layer thickness) were most influential on the mechanical properties of print ABS, being able to enhance its tensile strength. Another key influential factor was material color selected prior to printing, which influenced the tensile strength of the print specimen. Originality/value This study provides information on print parameters’ influence on the tensile strength of ABS print on replicable open-source three-dimensional (3D) printers. It also suggests the influence of materials’ color on print pieces’ tensile strength, indicating a new parameter for materials selection for 3D printing.
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Smith, Derrick W., Sandra A. Lampley, Bob Dolan, Greg Williams, David Schleppenbach, and Morgan Blair. "Effect of 3D Manipulatives on Students with Visual Impairments Who Are Learning Chemistry Constructs: A Pilot Study." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 114, no. 5 (2020): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x20953266.
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Introduction: The emerging technology of three-dimensional (3D) printing has the potential to provide unique 3D modeling to support specific content in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education, particularly chemistry. Method: Seventeen ( n = 17) students with visual impairments were provided direct instruction on chemistry atomic orbital content and allowed to use either print or tactile graphics or 3D models in rotating order. Participants were asked specific content questions based upon the atomic orbitals. Results: The students were asked two sets of comprehension questions: general and specific. Overall, students’ responses for general questions increased per iteration regardless of which manipulative was used. For specific questions, the students answered more questions correctly when using the 3D model regardless of order. When asked about their perceptions toward the manipulatives, the students preferred the 3D model over print or tactile graphics. Discussion: The findings show the potential for 3D printed materials in learning complex STEM content. Although the students preferred the 3D models, they all mentioned that a combination of manipulatives helped them better understand the material. Implications for practitioners: Practitioners should consider the use of manipulatives that include 3D printed materials to support STEM education.
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Kafle, Abishek, Eric Luis, Raman Silwal, Houwen Matthew Pan, Pratisthit Lal Shrestha, and Anil Kumar Bastola. "3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)." Polymers 13, no. 18 (2021): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183101.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a digital manufacturing process and offers virtually limitless opportunities to develop structures/objects by tailoring material composition, processing conditions, and geometry technically at every point in an object. In this review, we present three different early adopted, however, widely used, polymer-based 3D printing processes; fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) to create polymeric parts. The main aim of this review is to offer a comparative overview by correlating polymer material-process-properties for three different 3D printing techniques. Moreover, the advanced material-process requirements towards 4D printing via these print methods taking an example of magneto-active polymers is covered. Overall, this review highlights different aspects of these printing methods and serves as a guide to select a suitable print material and 3D print technique for the targeted polymeric material-based applications and also discusses the implementation practices towards 4D printing of polymer-based systems with a current state-of-the-art approach.
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A. Lifton, Victor, Gregory Lifton, and Steve Simon. "Options for additive rapid prototyping methods (3D printing) in MEMS technology." Rapid Prototyping Journal 20, no. 5 (2014): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-04-2013-0038.
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Purpose – This study aims to investigate the options for additive rapid prototyping methods in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Additive rapid prototyping technologies, such as stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM) and selective laser sintering (SLS), all commonly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing methods, are reviewed and compared with the resolution requirements of the traditional MEMS fabrication methods. Design/methodology/approach – In the 3D print approach, the entire assembly, parts and prototypes are built using various plastic and metal materials directly from the software file input, completely bypassing any additional processing steps. The review highlights their potential place in the overall process flow to reduce the complexity of traditional microfabrication and long processing cycles needed to test multiple prototypes before the final design is set. Findings – Additive manufacturing (AM) is a promising manufacturing technique in micro-device technology. Practical implications – In the current state of 3D printing, microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip devices for fluid handling and manipulation appear to be the most compatible with the 3D print methods, given their fairly coarse minimum feature size of 50-500 μm. Future directions in the 3D materials and method development are identified, such as adhesion and material compatibility studies of the 3D print materials, wafer-level printing and conductive materials development. One of the most important goals should be the drive toward finer resolution and layer thickness (1-10 μm) to stimulate the use of the 3D printing in a wider array of MEMS devices. Originality/value – The review combines two discrete disciplines, microfabrication and AM, and shows how microfabrication and micro-device commercialization may benefit from employing methods developed by the AM community.
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Ji, Guangchao, Tao Ding, Jianzhuang Xiao, Shupeng Du, Jun Li, and Zhenhua Duan. "A 3D Printed Ready-Mixed Concrete Power Distribution Substation: Materials and Construction Technology." Materials 12, no. 9 (2019): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091540.
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Currently, 3D concrete printing technology is not yet able to print ready-mixed concrete with coarse aggregates. Based on an independently developed 3D printing construction equipment system and optimized concrete materials, a 3D concrete printer that can directly print ready-mixed concrete is developed. This paper introduces the whole 3D printing process for one power distribution substation in detail, including the printing equipment, key software, concrete preparation, printing process, and construction inspection. This investigation will provide valuable design and construction experience for the future construction of 3D concrete printing.
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Tsidylo, І. M., and Ya P. Zamora. "APPLICATION OF 3D PRINT TECHNOLOGY DURING MATERIAL KNOWLEDGE LESSONS." Collection of scientific papers of Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. Pedagogical series, no. 24 (November 29, 2018): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2307-4507.2018-24.181-183.
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Li, Feng, Niall P. Macdonald, Rosanne M. Guijt, and Michael C. Breadmore. "Increasing the functionalities of 3D printed microchemical devices by single material, multimaterial, and print-pause-print 3D printing." Lab on a Chip 19, no. 1 (2019): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8lc00826d.
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Vatani, Morteza, and Jae-Won Choi. "Direct-print photopolymerization for 3D printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 23, no. 2 (2017): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2015-0172.
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Purpose This work aims to present a guideline for ink development used in extrusion-based direct-write (DW) (also referred to as direct-print [DP]) technique and combine the extrusion with instant photopolymerization to present a solvent-free DP photopolymerization (DPP) method to fill the gap between 3D printing and printing multi-functional 3D structures. Design/methodology/approach A DP process called DPP was developed by integration of a screw-driven micro-dispenser into XYZ translation stages. The process was equipped with direct photopolymerization to facilitate the creation of 3D structures. The required characteristics of inks used in this technique were simulated through dispersion of fumed silica particles into photocurable resins to transform them into viscoelastic inks. The characterization method of these inks and the required level of shear thinning and thixotropic properties is presented. Findings Shear thinning and thixotropic properties are necessary components of the inks used in DPP process and other DP techniques. These properties are desirable to facilitate printing and filament shape retention. Extrusion of viscoelastic inks out of a nozzle generates a filament capable of retaining its geometry. Likewise, instant photopolymerization of the dispensed filaments prevents deformation due to the weight of filaments or accumulated weight of layers. Originality/value The DPP process with material-reforming methods has been shown, where there remain many shortcomings in realizing a DP-based 3D printing process with instant photopolymerization in existing literature, as well as a standard guideline and material requirements. The suggested method can be extended to develop a new commercial 3D printing system and printable inks to create various functional 3D structures including sensors, actuators and electronics, where nanoparticles are involved for their functionalities. Particularly, an original contribution to the determination of a rheological property of an ink is provided.
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Rojek, Izabela, Dariusz Mikołajewski, Jakub Kopowski, Piotr Kotlarz, Maciej Piechowiak, and Ewa Dostatni. "Reducing Waste in 3D Printing Using a Neural Network Based on an Own Elbow Exoskeleton." Materials 14, no. 17 (2021): 5074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14175074.
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Traditional rehabilitation systems are evolving into advanced systems that enhance and improve rehabilitation techniques and physical exercise. The reliable assessment and robotic support of the upper limb joints provided by the presented elbow exoskeleton are important clinical goals in early rehabilitation after stroke and other neurological disorders. This allows for not only the support of activities of daily living, but also prevention of the progression neuromuscular pathology through proactive physiotherapy toward functional recovery. The prices of plastics are rising very quickly, as is their consumption, so it makes sense to optimize three dimensional (3D) printing procedures through, for example, improved artificial intelligence-based (AI-based) design or injection simulation, which reduces the use of filament, saves material, reduces waste, and reduces environmental impact. The time and cost savings will not reduce the high quality of the products and can provide a competitive advantage, especially in the case of thinly designed mass products. AI-based optimization allows for one free print after every 6.67 prints (i.e., from materials that were previously wasted).
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Ibrahim, Yehia, Garrett W. Melenka, and Roger Kempers. "Fabrication and tensile testing of 3D printed continuous wire polymer composites." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 7 (2018): 1131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-11-2017-0222.
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Purpose This paper aims to evaluate and predict the tensile properties of additively manufactured continuous wire polymer composites (CWPCs). Design/methodology/approach An open-source 3D printer was modified to print CWPCs where metal wires act as a reinforcement within a polymer matrix. The influence of different wire materials and diameters on the tensile modulus and ultimate tensile strength was studied. Different polymer matrixes were used to investigate the effect of the matrix on CWPCs’ tensile properties. The behaviour of samples was predicted analytically using the rule of mixture micromechanical approach and investigated experimentally using an American society for testing and materials standard tensile test. Findings Experimental results showed improvement in the elastic modulus and ultimate strength of CWPCs compared with non-reinforced specimens. Deviation between the experimental data and the analytical prediction was found to be dependent on the matrix type, wire volume fraction and wire material. Originality/value This paper introduces novel continuous metal wire-reinforced 3D printed composites. The continuous wire inside the print can be used as a strain gauge which can give an early alert for material failure. Applications for CWPCs include 3D-printed pressure and temperature sensors which measure the change in the wire’s electrical resistance and 3D-printed heaters which would work by supplying current through continuous wires.
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Chen, Kai-Wei, Ming-Jong Tsai, and Heng-Sheng Lee. "Multi-Nozzle Pneumatic Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing System for Printing Sensing Pads." Inventions 5, no. 3 (2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions5030029.
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This paper developed a multi-nozzle pneumatic extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) system and applied it to print multi-material polymers and conductive sensing pads. We used pneumatic extrusion nozzles to extrude the liquid material and then cured it by an ultraviolet (UV) light source. The multi-nozzle pneumatic extrusion-based additive manufacturing system mainly integrates both PC-based HMI and CNC controller to operate the three-axis motion and the extrusion flow control. Moreover, the peripheral I/Os include both positive and negative pressure and also the curing light source. A D/A controller is also applied to control the value of the pneumatic pressure. The coding part utilizes the numerical control software along with the PLC planning to operate the AM machine automatically. Our experiment is conducted by using Simplify3D, a commercial 3D printing slicing software. Different requirements were set for extrusion nozzles with different materials, and then we executed the path controlling G-code data by Python Language. Our system successfully prints multi-material polymer structure pads which include the hard and soft material pad fabricated in double-layers, triple-layers and also the grid structure. Finally, we find that the printed pad has conductivity.
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Yurduseven, Okan, Shengrong Ye, Thomas Fromenteze, Benjamin J. Wiley, and David R. Smith. "3D Conductive Polymer Printed Metasurface Antenna for Fresnel Focusing." Designs 3, no. 3 (2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs3030046.
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We demonstrate a 3D printed holographic metasurface antenna for beam-focusing applications at 10 GHz within the X-band frequency regime. The metasurface antenna is printed using a dual-material 3D printer leveraging a biodegradable conductive polymer material (Electrifi) to print the conductive parts and polylactic acid (PLA) to print the dielectric substrate. The entire metasurface antenna is 3D printed at once; no additional techniques, such as metal-plating and laser etching, are required. It is demonstrated that using the 3D printed conductive polymer metasurface, high-fidelity beam focusing can be achieved within the Fresnel region of the antenna. It is also shown that the material conductivity for 3D printing has a substantial effect on the radiation characteristics of the metasurface antenna.
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Abdi, Frank, Parviz Yavari, Vasyl Harik, and Cody Godines. "Material Allowable Generation and AM Process Parameters Effect on Porosity." Coatings 10, no. 7 (2020): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070625.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) process methods such as powder bed fusion (LPBF) of metal powder layers can produce layered material systems with designed microstructures, which may exhibit scatter in mechanical properties (e.g., lower yield and lower failure strain), corrosion due to porosity and print anomalies. This study shows the development of AM process simulation to predict As-built material characteristic and their scatter comparing with experimental test data. ICME (Integrated Computational Materials Engineering) was used to simulate yield, ultimate, strain, and reduction of the area of sample AM. The method was extended to predict oxidation and damage of as-built parts. The samples were fabricated horizontally and vertically in multiple and scatter directions to find the effect on the mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS). The probabilistic sensitivities show that in order for the next-generation technology to improve the strength of 3D printed materials, they must control the void volume fraction (trapped gas) and orientation of voids. The studied 3D print modality processes: (a) LPBF of AlSi10Mg, and (b) Electron Beam (EBM) of Ti-6Al-4V materials are shown to be over 99.99% reliable. The statistics of 3D printed Ti-6Al-4V have been observed for room and high temperature (RT/HT). The ICME Material Characterization and Qualification (MCQ) software material model prediction capabilities were used to predict (a) Material Allowable, a variation in Stress Strain Curves Characteristic Points and Residual Stress due to air particle (void/defect) shape and size and orientation. The probabilistic simulation computes Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) and probabilistic sensitivities for YS, UTS, and %Elongation as well as A and B basis allowable of the As-Built 3D printed material and; and (b) Fracture Control Plan fracture toughness determination, and fatigue crack growth vs. stress intensity.
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Šafka, Jiří, Michal Ackermann, Jiří Bobek, Martin Seidl, Jiří Habr, and Luboš Bĕhálek. "Use of Composite Materials for FDM 3D Print Technology." Materials Science Forum 862 (August 2016): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.862.174.
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This article deals with specific polymer composites modified for the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) which is a 3D print technology. These two phase systems involve thermoplastic matrix filled with natural fibres. The crucial demand of this progressive technology is put on the accuracy of the semi-product formed into the filament shape. To reach the smooth production of 3D prototypes the filament should have a constant diameter. In the article, individual steps of the polymer composite pelletization and following pre-processing and processing activities are described. Among these steps the extrusion of the filaments belongs and subsequent print test on “RepRap” device accompanied by optimization of building parameters. Tensile specimens were chosen for print with regard to maps mechanical properties of this newly developed material which was the final stage of this work. Tensile test curves were then compared with those graphs which can be found for the material produced by conventional technologies such as injection moulding.
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Rojek, Izabela, Dariusz Mikołajewski, Marek Macko, Zbigniew Szczepański, and Ewa Dostatni. "Optimization of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Process Using Neural Networks for Sustainable Development." Materials 14, no. 11 (2021): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14112737.
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Technological and material issues in 3D printing technologies should take into account sustainable development, use of materials, energy, emitted particles, and waste. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the sustainability of 3D printing processes can be supported by computational intelligence (CI) and artificial intelligence (AI) based solutions. We present a new AI-based software to evaluate the amount of pollution generated by 3D printing systems. We input the values: printing technology, material, print weight, etc., and the expected results (risk assessment) and determine if and what precautions should be taken. The study uses a self-learning program that will improve as more data are entered. This program does not replace but complements previously used 3D printing metrics and software.
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Haffner, Max, Austin Quinn, Tsung-yen Hsieh, E. Bradley Strong, and Toby Steele. "Optimization of 3D Print Material for the Recreation of Patient-Specific Temporal Bone Models." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 127, no. 5 (2018): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003489418764987.
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Objective: Identify the 3D printed material that most accurately recreates the visual, tactile, and kinesthetic properties of human temporal bone Subjects and Methods: Fifteen study participants with an average of 3.6 years of postgraduate training and 56.5 temporal bone (TB) procedures participated. Each participant performed a mastoidectomy on human cadaveric TB and five 3D printed TBs of different materials. After drilling each unique material, participants completed surveys to assess each model’s appearance and physical likeness on a Likert scale from 0 to 10 (0 = poorly representative, 10 = completely life-like). The 3D models were acquired by computed tomography (CT) imaging and segmented using 3D Slicer software. Results: Polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) had the highest average survey response for haptic feedback (HF) and appearance, scoring 8.3 (SD = 1.7) and 7.6 (SD = 1.5), respectively. The remaining plastics scored as follows for HF and appearance: polylactic acid (PLA) averaged 7.4 and 7.6, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 7.1 and 7.2, polycarbonate (PC) 7.4 and 3.9, and nylon 5.6 and 6.7. Conclusion: A PETG 3D printed temporal bone models performed the best for realistic appearance and HF as compared with PLA, ABS, PC, and nylon. The PLA and ABS were reliable alternatives that also performed well with both measures.
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Ribeiro, Micaela, Olga Sousa Carneiro, and Alexandre Ferreira da Silva. "Interface geometries in 3D multi-material prints by fused filament fabrication." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 1 (2019): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-05-2017-0107.
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Purpose An issue when printing multi-material objects is understanding how different materials will perform together, especially because interfaces between them are always created. This paper aims to address this interface from a mechanical perspective and evaluates how it should be designed for a better mechanical performance. Design/methodology/approach Different interface mechanisms were considered, namely, microscopic interfaces that are based on chemical bonding and were represented with a U-shape interface; a macroscopic interface characterized by a mechanical interlocking mechanism, represented by a T-shape interface; and a mesoscopic interface that sits between other interface systems and that was represented by a dovetail shape geometry. All these different interfaces were tested in two different material sets, namely, poly (lactic acid)–poly (lactic acid) and poly (lactic acid)–thermoplastic polyurethane material pairs. These two sets represent high- and low-compatibility materials sets, respectively. Findings The results showed, despite the materials’ compatibility level, multi-material objects will have a better mechanical performance through a macroscopic interface, as it is based on a mechanical interlocking system, of which performance cannot be achieved by a simple face-to-face interface even when considering the same material. Originality/value The paper investigates the importance of interface design in multi-material 3D prints by fused filament fabrication. Especially, for parts intended to be subjected to mechanical efforts, simple face-to-face interfaces are not sufficient and more robust and macroscopic-based interface geometries (based on mechanical interlocking systems) are advised. Moreover, such interfaces do not raise esthetic problems because of their working principle; the 3D printing technology can hide the interface geometries, if required.
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Shie, Ming-You, Yu-Fang Shen, Suryani Dyah Astuti, et al. "Review of Polymeric Materials in 4D Printing Biomedical Applications." Polymers 11, no. 11 (2019): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111864.
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The purpose of 4D printing is to embed a product design into a deformable smart material using a traditional 3D printer. The 3D printed object can be assembled or transformed into intended designs by applying certain conditions or forms of stimulation such as temperature, pressure, humidity, pH, wind, or light. Simply put, 4D printing is a continuum of 3D printing technology that is now able to print objects which change over time. In previous studies, many smart materials were shown to have 4D printing characteristics. In this paper, we specifically review the current application, respective activation methods, characteristics, and future prospects of various polymeric materials in 4D printing, which are expected to contribute to the development of 4D printing polymeric materials and technology.
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Melenka, Garrett W., Jonathon S. Schofield, Michael R. Dawson, and Jason P. Carey. "Evaluation of dimensional accuracy and material properties of the MakerBot 3D desktop printer." Rapid Prototyping Journal 21, no. 5 (2015): 618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2013-0093.
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Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the material properties and dimensional accuracy of a MakerBot Replicator 2 desktop 3D printer. Design/methodology/approach – A design of experiments (DOE) test protocol was applied to determine the effect of the following variables on the material properties of 3D printed part: layer height, per cent infill and print orientation using a MakerBot Replicator 2 printer. Classical laminate plate theory was used to compare results from the DOE experiments with theoretically predicted elastic moduli for the tensile samples. Dimensional accuracy of test samples was also investigated. Findings – DOE results suggest that per cent infill has a significant effect on the longitudinal elastic modulus and ultimate strength of the test specimens, whereas print orientation and layer thickness fail to achieve significance. Dimensional analysis of test specimens shows that the test specimen varied significantly (p < 0.05) from the nominal print dimensions. Practical implications – Although desktop 3D printers are an attractive manufacturing option to quickly produce functional components, this study suggests that users must be aware of this manufacturing process’ inherent limitations, especially for components requiring high geometric tolerance or specific material properties. Therefore, higher quality 3D printers and more detailed investigation into the MakerBot MakerWare printing settings are recommended if consistent material properties or geometries are required. Originality/value – Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a rapidly expanding manufacturing method. Initially, 3D printing was used for prototyping, but now this method is being used to create functional final products. In recent years, desktop 3D printers have become commercially available to academics and hobbyists as a means of rapid component manufacturing. Although these desktop printers are able to facilitate reduced manufacturing times, material costs and labor costs, relatively little literature exists to quantify the physical properties of the printed material as well as the dimensional consistency of the printing processes.
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Gordelier, Tessa Jane, Philipp Rudolf Thies, Louis Turner, and Lars Johanning. "Optimising the FDM additive manufacturing process to achieve maximum tensile strength: a state-of-the-art review." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 6 (2019): 953–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2018-0183.
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Purpose Additive manufacturing or “3D printing” is a rapidly expanding sector and is moving from a prototyping service to a manufacturing service in its own right. With a significant increase in sales, fused deposition modelling (FDM) printers are now the most prevalent 3D printer on the market. The increase in commercial manufacturing necessitates an improved understanding of how to optimise the FDM printing process for various product mechanical properties. This paper aims to identify optimum print parameters for the FDM process to achieve maximum tensile strength through a review of recent studies in this field. Design/methodology/approach The effect of the governing printing parameters on the tensile strength of printed samples will be considered, including material selection, print orientation, raster angle, air gap and layer height. Findings The key findings include material recommendations, such as the use of emerging print materials like polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), to produce samples with tensile strength over 200 per cent that of conventional materials such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Amongst other parameters, it is shown that printing in the “upright” orientation should be avoided (samples can be up to 50 per cent weaker in this orientation) and air gap and raster width should be concurrently optimised to ensure good “inter-raster” bonding. The optimal choice of raster angle depends on print material; in ABS for example, selecting a 0° raster angle over a 90° angle can increase tensile strength by up to 100 per cent. Originality/value The paper conclusions provide researchers and practitioners with an up-to-date, single point reference, highlighting a series of robust recommendations to optimise the tensile strength of FDM-printed samples. Improving the mechanical performance of FDM-printed samples will support the continued growth of this technology as a viable production technique.
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Bishop, Paul D., Thomas Fultz, Lisa Smith, Ryan S. Klatte, Francis Loth, and Sean P. Lyden. "An Initial Effort to Create a Superficial Femoral Artery Ultrasound Phantom Using 3-Dimensional Printing." Journal for Vascular Ultrasound 44, no. 2 (2020): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1544316720911490.
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Three-dimensional (3D) printing of anatomical structures has yielded valuable models for simulation, education, and surgical planning applications. Applications for 3D printing have continued to expand to include some ultrasound applications. The goal of this effort was to evaluate if a 3D printed model of a superficial femoral artery (SFA) would have realistic ultrasound characteristics. A computed tomography scan was 3D reconstructed and segmented using TeraRecon Aquarius Intuition software (TeraRecon, Foster City, California) to obtain an atherosclerotic SFA geometry. Both the lumen geometry and calcified plaque geometry of the SFA were exported as a stereolithographic (STL) file. The STL file was printed with An Object350 Connex 3D System using 2 different materials selected based on published elastic modulus data. VeroWhite was selected for the calcified plaque and TangoPlus Clear was selected for the artery wall. After printing, the SFA model was imaged in a water bath with a Phillips IU22 duplex ultrasound console and L12-9 ultrasound probe. Ultrasound imaging of the SFA model yielded grayscale views of artery geometry. Lumen geometry of the SFA model was similar to the actual artery geometry. Ultrasound was able to discern between the 3D print materials and visualize regions with stenosis. Suboptimal ultrasound parameters of echogenicity and wave velocity noted to differ from biological tissue. Total 3D print material cost was estimated at below $20. Although the 3D printed model did not have fully accurate ultrasound characteristics, it still provided realistic imaging. With further research, 3D printed models may offer a low-cost alternative for ultrasound phantoms.
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Yang, Ming Yu, and Zheng Hong Zhu. "Research on 3D Printing Forming Technology for Processing Tablet Material." Materials Science Forum 928 (August 2018): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.928.168.
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The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of tablet manufacturing technology combined with 3D printing technology. The acetaminophen raw materials used for 3D printing are formulated in a clean environment according to the actual amount. And homemade material mixed-type three-dimensional printer is used to print double-layer acetaminophen tablets. In this paper, the factors influencing the quality of the tablet were explored by orthogonal experiments, and the optimal parameters were obtained. In order to determine whether the tablet meets the quality requirements, the hardness, friability and dissolution profiles of the 3D printing tablets were determined by the test instrument.
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Lee, Cheng Pau, Rahul Karyappa, and Michinao Hashimoto. "3D printing of milk-based product." RSC Advances 10, no. 50 (2020): 29821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra05035k.
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We developed a method to 3D-print milk-based inks at room temperature by changing the rheological properties. The method is based on direct ink writing (DIW) and permits multi-material printing of 3D edible structures.
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Shi, Ce, Lin Zhang, Jingeng Mai, and Zhen Zhao. "3D printing process selection model based on triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers in cloud manufacturing." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 08, no. 02 (2016): 1750028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962317500283.
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The distributed and customized 3D printing can be realized by 3D printing services in a cloud manufacturing environment. As a growing number of 3D printers are becoming accessible on various 3D printing service platforms, there raises the concern over the validation of virtual product designs and their manufacturing procedures for novices as well as users with 3D printing experience before physical products are produced through the cloud platform. This paper presents a 3D model to help users validate their designs and requirements not only in the traditional digital 3D model properties like shape and size, but also in physical material properties and manufacturing properties when producing physical products like surface roughness, print accuracy and part cost. These properties are closely related to the process of 3D printing and materials. In order to establish the 3D model, the paper analyzes the model of the 3D printing process selection in the cloud platform. Triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers are applied to generate a set of 3D printers with the same process and material. Based on the 3D printing process selection model, users can establish the 3D model and validate their designs and requirements on physical material properties and manufacturing properties before printing physical products.
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Sodupe-Ortega, Enrique, Andres Sanz-Garcia, Alpha Pernia-Espinoza, and Carmen Escobedo-Lucea. "Accurate Calibration in Multi-Material 3D Bioprinting for Tissue Engineering." Materials 11, no. 8 (2018): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081402.
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Most of the studies in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting have been traditionally based on printing a single bioink. Addressing the complexity of organ and tissue engineering, however, will require combining multiple building and sacrificial biomaterials and several cells types in a single biofabrication session. This is a significant challenge, and, to tackle that, we must focus on the complex relationships between the printing parameters and the print resolution. In this paper, we study the influence of the main parameters driven multi-material 3D bioprinting and we present a method to calibrate these systems and control the print resolution accurately. Firstly, poloxamer hydrogels were extruded using a desktop 3D printer modified to incorporate four microextrusion-based bioprinting (MEBB) printheads. The printed hydrogels provided us the particular range of printing parameters (mainly printing pressure, deposition speed, and nozzle z-offset) to assure the correct calibration of the multi-material 3D bioprinter. Using the printheads, we demonstrated the excellent performance of the calibrated system extruding different fluorescent bioinks. Representative multi-material structures were printed in both poloxamer and cell-laden gelatin-alginate bioinks in a single session corroborating the capabilities of our system and the calibration method. Cell viability was not significantly affected by any of the changes proposed. We conclude that our proposal has enormous potential to help with advancing in the creation of complex 3D constructs and vascular networks for tissue engineering.
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Almy, Raeshifa Diani, and Alva Edy Tontowi. "THE EFFECT OF 3D PRINTING MACHINE PARAMETERS IN EXTRUSION PROCESS OF BIOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS (PMMA AND HA) ON DIMENSIONAL ACCURACY." SINERGI 22, no. 2 (2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/sinergi.2018.2.003.
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Bone implants are medical procedures involving replacement or reconstruction of missing or damaged bones with the patient's ones, natural substitutes or artificial substitutes. The widely used bone cement is a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) based composite material. To improve bioactivity, PMMA is combined with hydroxyapatite (HA). The manual formation can make bone implants during surgery. However, the method requires a longer operation time and raises the possibility of a higher error. Therefore, 3D printing technology is used to improve the quality of bone implants. One of the machines that can be used is the 3D printing machine, the property of the Product Design and Development Laboratory of Universitas Gadjah Mada. This machine needs to be tested to determine the accuracy of the prints, which is one indicator of product quality. Several machine parameters can be set in this machine setting. This study aims to determine the effect of three parameters, those are perimeter speed or edge print speed (20-40 mm / s), infill speed or inner print speed (50 - 70 mm / s), and fill angle or inner slope of inner printing (45 - 90 ° C). Before printing complex shapes, the machine was tested in advance with a more straightforward specimen design, which is a specimen design of flexural strength test. Response surface experiment design is used to determine the effect of three parameters on the dimensional accuracy which is measured through dimensional error. The results show that these three factors have no significant impact on the dimensional error, but the resulting error is still high. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the design size before printing.
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Panda, Biranchi, Nisar Ahamed Noor Mohamed, Suvash Chandra Paul, GVP Bhagath Singh, Ming Jen Tan, and Branko Šavija. "The Effect of Material Fresh Properties and Process Parameters on Buildability and Interlayer Adhesion of 3D Printed Concrete." Materials 12, no. 13 (2019): 2149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132149.
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The advent of digital concrete fabrication calls for advancing our understanding of the interaction of 3D printing with material rheology and print parameters, in addition to developing new measurement and control techniques. Thixotropy is the main challenge associated with printable material, which offers high yield strength and low viscosity. The higher the thixotropy, the better the shape stability and the higher buildability. However, exceeding a minimum value of thixotropy can cause high extrusion pressure and poor interface bond strength if the printing parameters are not optimized to the part design. This paper aims to investigate the effects of both material and process parameters on the buildability and inter-layer adhesion properties of 3D printed cementitious materials, produced with different thixotropy and print head standoff distances. Nano particles are used to increase the thixotropy and, in this context, a lower standoff distance is found to be useful for improving the bond strength. The low viscosity “control” sample is unaffected by the variation in standoff distances, which is attributed to its flowability and low yield stress characteristics that lead to strong interfacial bonding. This is supported by our microscopic observations.
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Kutuniva, Kari, Jarmo Mäkikangas, Aappo Mustakangas, Timo Rautio, Jani Kumpula, and Kari Mäntyjärvi. "DFAM Based Multi-Material 3D Printing Using Conductive and Flexible Filaments." Key Engineering Materials 786 (October 2018): 364–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.786.364.
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The focus of this study was to test a low-cost level plastic printer in the multi-material printing application using principles of design for additive manufacturing (DFAM). Two sample structures were designed in the project. One of the main planning principles of the examples was to integrate multiple functions into one part and intelligently utilize a variety of materials and reduce parts count. The most common material used in the experiments was the basic PLA, which is widely used, easy-to-print and economical alternative. As special materials, electrically conductive PLA-based graphene filament and highly flexible polyurethane-based filament was used. The results show that multi-material printing is also possible with lower cost devices and it makes it easier for smart products to be manufactured cost-effectively. It has also been found that multi-material printing can be technically challenging and that further research and experiments in this subject are needed. In the future, the research topic will be even more interesting as equipment and materials will develop. This paper presents detailed printing parameters for all the materials used in the printing tests.
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McPherson, Jace, and Wenchao Zhou. "A chunk-based slicer for cooperative 3D printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 9 (2018): 1436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2017-0150.
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Purpose The purpose of this research is to develop a new slicing scheme for the emerging cooperative three-dimensional (3D) printing platform that has multiple mobile 3D printers working together on one print job. Design/methodology/approach Because the traditional lay-based slicing scheme does not work for cooperative 3D printing, a chunk-based slicing scheme is proposed to split the print job into chunks so that different mobile printers can print different chunks simultaneously without interfering with each other. Findings A chunk-based slicer is developed for two mobile 3D printers to work together cooperatively. A simulator environment is developed to validate the developed slicer, which shows the chunk-based slicer working effectively, and demonstrates the promise of cooperative 3D printing. Research limitations/implications For simplicity, this research only considered the case of two mobile 3D printers working together. Future research is needed for a slicing and scheduling scheme that can work with thousands of mobile 3D printers. Practical implications The research findings in this work demonstrate a new approach to 3D printing. By enabling multiple mobile 3D printers working together, the printing speed can be significantly increased and the printing capability (for multiple materials and multiple components) can be greatly enhanced. Social implications The chunk-based slicing algorithm is critical to the success of cooperative 3D printing, which may enable an autonomous factory equipped with a swarm of autonomous mobile 3D printers and mobile robots for autonomous manufacturing and assembly. Originality/value This work presents a new approach to 3D printing. Instead of printing layer by layer, each mobile 3D printer will print one chunk at a time, which provides the much-needed scalability for 3D printing to print large-sized object and increase the printing speed. The chunk-based approach keeps the 3D printing local and avoids the large temperature gradient and associated internal stress as the size of the print increases.
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JASMINKA, KONČIĆ, and ŠČAPEC JOSIPA. "3D print additive technology as a form of textile material substitute in clothing design – interdisciplinary approach in designing corsets and fashion accessories." Industria Textila 69, no. 03 (2018): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.069.03.1430.
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This research paper enquires into the application of 3D print additive technology in fashion design. The research aims to find the design options for garments by substituting the textile material with new technological solutions. The focus of the paper is the interdisciplinary research of innovative corset and fashion accessories designs made using 3D print additive technologies. The main focus of the work is the interdisciplinary process of creating clothes ranging from preliminary sketches to prototypes within three different areas: contemporary art, fashion design and additive technology.
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Lin, Jia Chao, Jun Wang, Xiong Wu, Wen Yang, Ri Xu Zhao, and Ming Bao. "Effect of Processing Parameters on 3D Printing of Cement - based Materials." E3S Web of Conferences 38 (2018): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183803008.
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3D printing is a new study direction of building method in recent years. The applicability of 3D printing equipment and cement based materials is analyzed, and the influence of 3D printing operation parameters on the printing effect is explored in this paper. Results showed that the appropriate range of 3D printing operation parameters: print height/nozzle diameter is between 0.4 to 0.6, the printing speed 4-8 cm/s with pumpage 9 * 10-2 m 3/ h.
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Kabir, S. M. Fijul, Kavita Mathur, and Abdel-Fattah M. Seyam. "The Road to Improved Fiber-Reinforced 3D Printing Technology." Technologies 8, no. 4 (2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies8040051.
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Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is at the forefront of the disruptive innovations adding a new dimension in the material fabrication process with numerous design flexibilities. Especially, the ability to reinforce the plastic matrix with nanofiber, microfiber, chopped fiber and continuous fiber has put the technology beyond imagination in terms of multidimensional applications. In this technical paper, fiber and polymer filaments used by the commercial 3D printers to develop fiber-reinforced composites are characterized to discover the unknown manufacturing specifications such as fiber–polymer distribution and fiber volume fraction that have direct practical implications in determining and tuning composites’ properties and their applications. Additionally, the capabilities and limitations of 3D printing software to process materials and control print parameters in relation to print quality, structural integrity and properties of printed composites are discussed. The work in this paper aims to present constructive evaluation and criticism of the current technology along with its pros and cons in order to guide prospective users and 3D printing equipment manufacturers on improvements, as well as identify the potential avenues of development of the next generation 3D printed fiber-reinforced composites.
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Azhikannickal, Elizabeth, and Aaron Uhrin. "Dimensional Stability of 3D Printed Parts: Effects of Process Parameters." Ohio Journal of Science 119, no. 2 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/ojs.v119i2.6593.
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The three-dimensional (3D) printing manufacturing process begins with the creation of a 3D model—using computer aided design (CAD) software—of the part to be printed. Using a type of 3D printing known as fused deposition modeling (FDM®), the 3D printer extrudes molten plastic to scan lines to create individual layers (i.e., the infill): one on top of the other. (Note that "scan" in this context refers to the movement of the extruder head, along an x,y coordinate path, while depositing molten plastic.) This process is repeated until the overall geometry, specified by the 3D model, is built. This process is attractive for producing proof of concept or prototype parts in various fields including automotive, aerospace, and medical. However, FDM subjects the material to rapid heating and cooling; therefore, some degree of undesirable warpage of the part occurs post fabrication. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of 4 process parameters (i.e., infill shape, infill density, number of perimeters created per layer, and layer height) on the total dimensional error of a representative 3D-printed part. This part (the "simple part"), used in Trials 1 through 3 of this study, was a square acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plate having a nominal measurement of 50 mm × 50 mm × 5 mm thick. A residual error (the difference between the measured post-printing dimension and the theoretical CAD file dimension) was calculated along each given direction and for each test print. Finally, a root mean square (RMS) error (i.e., the square root of the average of the squared residual errors along the length, width, and thickness directions) was calculated for each printed part. Three repeat test prints were carried out for each parameter. The number of perimeters played a key role in the dimensional stability of the part. As the number of perimeters increased up to 5, the RMS error decreased. Beyond 5 perimeters, however, the RMS error increased due to excessive warpage/curvature at the corners of the part. Ultimately, when examined individually, a grid infill shape at 100% density, a 0.4 mm layer height, and 5 perimeters each produced the lowest warpage. In combination, these same 4 parameters also produced the lowest RMS error (based on dimensional analysis of 3 test prints) when used to print a more complicated part (the "stacked part") in Trial 4.
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Durna, Antonin, Jiri Fries, Leopold Hrabovsky, Ales Sliva, and Jozef Zarnovsky. "Research and Development of Laser Engraving and Material Cutting Machine from 3D Printer." Management Systems in Production Engineering 28, no. 1 (2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mspe-2020-0008.
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AbstractThis article deals with the adjustment of a 3D printer for laser engraving and material cutting. The print head can be fitted with a solid laser diode module, which achieves a compact size while retaining its useful power. Two paths lead to the use of such a concept. It is possible to equip the existing print head with a module, which also brings a number of disadvantages such as, for example, the reduction of the printing space or the need for a suitable mounting design. A more elegant solution is to consider this in the design of a 3D printer and design a system to exchange the print heads for 3D printing and laser engraving. Such a solution allows full utilization of the workspace and simple installation of the effector for the required type of work. According to the installed power of the laser diode, it is possible not only to engrave but also cut material such as thin wood, veneer or acrylic glass. The use of such a machine is not only for graphic elements but for the creation of various stencils, boxes or simple models, which can be made up of plastic-burning pieces. The laser module is controlled by a driver, which is designed for the device. This is connected to a 3D printer control board. It is, therefore, necessary for the control board to have at least two pins, which can be controlled after adjusting the control firmware. Most laser modules are normally equipped with an adjustable lens, which is used to concentrate the focus of a laser for the given distance against the worktop. Thus, the modified 3D printer can perform its function as a multi-purpose CNC machine, while a basic platform similar for both devices is used.
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Yuan, Jiangping, Chen Chen, Danyang Yao, and Guangxue Chen. "3D Printing of Oil Paintings Based on Material Jetting and Its Reduction of Staircase Effect." Polymers 12, no. 11 (2020): 2536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112536.
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Material jetting is a high-precision and fast 3D printing technique for color 3D objects reproduction, but it also suffers from color accuracy and jagged issues. The UV inks jetting processes based on the polymer jetting principle have been studied from printing materials regarding the parameters in the default layer order, which is prone to staircase effects. In this work, utilizing the Mimaki UV inks jetting system with a variable layer thickness, a new framework to print a photogrammetry-based oil painting 3D model has been proposed with the tunable coloring layer sequence to improve the jagged challenge between adjacent layers. Based on contour tracking, a height-rendering image of the oil painting model is generated, which is further segmented and pasted to the corresponding slicing layers to control the overall printing sequence of coloring layers and white layers. The final results show that photogrammetric models of oil paintings can be printed vividly by UV-curable color polymers, and that the proposed reverse-sequence printing method can significantly improve the staircase effect based on visual assessment and color difference. Finally, the case of polymer-based oil painting 3D printing provides new insights for optimizing color 3D printing processes based on other substrates and print accuracy to improve the corresponding staircase effect.
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Zarybnicka, Lucie, Karel Dvorak, Zdenka Dostalova, and Hana Vojackova. "Study of Different Printing Design Type Polymer Samples Prepared by Additive Manufacturing." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 64, no. 2 (2019): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.13991.
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3D printing is one of the most progressive additive technologies today. It finds its application also in industry. In terms of mechanical properties, the printing design of the product is an important parameter. The presented study investigates the effects of the printing design of a thin-walled 3D polymer model on the mechanical properties of the model. The material used for printing was acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and the 3D print method was Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). ABS was tested at various die temperatures and with various printing designs at a constant 3D print speed and identical print bed temperature. We examined the effect of printing temperature and product printing design on the resulting mechanical properties. We compared theoretical and experimental results by CAE–FEM Advanced Simulation modules. Results tensile deformations at maximum load by experiment and simulations are comparable. The best results of testing the mechanical properties were found in the pattern printed at a 45° angle at temperature 285 °C.
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Johnson, Blake N., and Michael C. McAlpine. "From print to patient: 3D-printed personalized nerve regeneration." Biochemist 38, no. 4 (2016): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03804028.
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3D printing is revolutionizing regenerative medicine and accelerating the pace of biological discovery via its ability to interweave materials and components of disparate properties, guided by anatomical digital templates. These capabilities have led to a breakthrough in the customization and personalization of complex biological systems and devices ranging from platform technologies such as organs-on-a-chip, to implantable devices, such as patient-specific scaffolds. Yet, understanding and regenerating the nervous system has historically provided a challenging benchmark for drug therapy, surgical methods and bioengineering strategies. The question we pose is can: 3D printing be utilized to address these scientific standards? In principle, extrusion-based 3D printing should offer the ability to flexibly interweave multiple materials, over various length scales, while incorporating diverse functionalities. This may allow the ability to expand biological design paradigms and develop them into novel personalized device architectures. Indeed, 3D printing appears poised to offer an exciting future in the realization of personalized anatomical nerve pathways and platforms for point-of-care opportunities from print to patient.
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De León, Alejandro Bonnet, Jose Luis Saorin, Jorge De la Torre-Cantero, Cecile Meier, and María Cabrera-Pardo. "Flexible 3D Printed Molds for Educational Use. Digital Fabrication of 3D Typography." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 15, no. 13 (2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v15i13.11155.
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<p class="0abstract"><span lang="EN-US">One of the drawbacks of using 3D printers in educational environments is that the creation time of each piece is high and therefore it is difficult to manufacture at least one piece for each student. This aspect is important so that each student can feel part of the manufacturing process. To achieve this, 3D printers can be used, not to make pieces, but to make the molds that students use to create replicas. On the other hand, for a mold to be used to make several pieces, it is convenient to make it with flexible material. However, most used material for 3D printers (PLA) is very rigid. To solve this problem, this article designs a methodology that allows the use of low-cost 3D printers (most common in school environments) with flexible material so that each mold can be used to manufacture parts for several students. To print flexible material with low-cost printers, it is necessary to adapt the machine and the print parameters to work properly. This article analyzes the changes to be made with a low cost 3D printer and validates the use of molds in school environments. A pilot test has been carried out with 8 students of the subject of Typography, in the School of Art and Superior of Design of Tenerife. During the activity, the students carried out the process of designing a typography and creating digital molds for 3D printing with flexible material. The designs were made using free 3D modeling programs and low-cost technologies.</span></p>
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Kim, Jung-Hun, Chun-Kyu Park, Ji-Eun Park, and Jong-Min Lee. "3D print material study to reproduce the function of pig heart tissue." Technology and Health Care 29 (March 25, 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/thc-218003.
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BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology for heart simulation can be represented as complex anatomical structures, and objective information can be provided. OBJECTIVE: We studied 3D print material to find a material with the same elastic coefficient as pig elastic coefficient. METHODS: Pig heart sample, Agilus sample, Tango sample, TPU sample, and silicone sample were studied. The elastic coefficient of each specimen was measured using an elastic coefficient measuring instrument. The analysis was performed using the average value of ten specimens of the same size. We suggested an equation to find the elastic coefficient of material by the thickness using the elastic coefficient of Agilus, Tango, and silicone. RESULTS: The sample with similar elasticity to the pig sample did not show the same coefficient of elasticity at the same sample size. In Tango, the 0.5 mm high elastic force was about 3 times higher than the pig sample 7 mm elastic force. CONCLUSIONS: The study was conducted using 3D print material and silicone which can reproduce the elasticity of pig heart. However, no material is currently available to reproduce pig heart sample of the same size. However, if the heart is developed considering only elasticity, it can be sufficiently reproduced using the research results.