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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "340000 Economics"
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Doss, Cheryl R. „Is Risk Fully Pooled within the Household? Evidence from Ghana“. Economic Development and Cultural Change 50, Nr. 1 (Oktober 2001): 101–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/340009.
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Petit, Geneviève, Philippe De Wals, Barbara Law, Theresa Tam, Lonny James Erickson, Maryse Guay und Alicia Framarin. „Epidemiological and Economic Burden of Pneumococcal Disease in Canadian Children“. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 14, Nr. 4 (2003): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/781794.
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BACKGROUND: With the arrival of a new conjugate pneumococcal vaccine, it is important to estimate the burden of pneumococcal diseases in Canadian children. The epidemiological data and the economic cost of these diseases are crucial elements in evaluating the relevance of a vaccination program.METHODS: Using provincial databases, ad hoc surveys and published data, age-specific incidence rates of pneumococcal infections were estimated in a cohort of 340,000 children between six months and nine years of age. The costs of these diseases to the health system and to families were also evaluated using data from Quebec and Manitoba.RESULTS: Cumulative risks were one in 5000 for pneumococcal meningitis, one in 500 for bacteremia and one in 20 for pneumonia, leading to 16 deaths in the cohort. About 262,000 otitis media episodes and 32,000 cases of myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion were attributable toStreptococcus pneumoniae. Societal costs were estimated at $125 million, of which 32% was borne by the health system and 68% was borne by families. Invasive infections represented only 2% of total costs, while 84% were generated by otitis media.CONCLUSION: Pneumococcal infections represent a significant burden for Canadian children and society that could be significantly reduced through immunization.
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Petit, G., P. De Wals, B. Law, T. Tam, LJ Erickson, M. Guay und A. Framarin. „<p>Epidemiological and economic burden of pneumococcal diseases in Canadian children</p>“. Community Ear and Hearing Health 8, Nr. 11 (01.12.2011): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.56920/cehh.108.
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Background: With the arrival of a new conjugate pneumococcal vaccine, it is important to estimate the burden of pneumococcal diseases in Canadian children. The epidemiological data and the economic cost of these diseases are crucial elements in evaluating the relevance of a vaccination program.
Methods: Using provincial databases, ad hoc surveys and published data, agespecific incidence rates of pneumococcal infections were estimated in a cohort of 340,000 children between six months and nine years of age. The costs of these diseases to the health system and to families were also evaluated using data from Quebec and Manitoba.
Results: Cumulative risks were one in 5000 for pneumococcal meningitis, one in 500 for bacteremia and one in 20 for pneumonia, leading to 16 deaths in the cohort. About 262,000 otitis media episodes and 32,000 cases of myringotomy with ventilation tube insertion were attributable to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Societal costs were estimated at $125 million, of which 32% was borne by the health system and 68% was borne by families. Invasive infections represented only 2% of total costs, while 84% were generated by otitis media.
Conclusion: Pneumococcal infections represent a significant burden for Canadian children and society that could be significantly reduced through immunization.
Published courtesy of: Can J Infect Dis. 2003; 14(4): 215-220.
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Shin, Gyeongseon, Daewon Kang, Hee Jin Cheong und Sang-Eun Choi. „Cost-Effectiveness of Extending the National Influenza Vaccination Program in South Korea: Does Vaccination of Older Adults Provide Health Benefits to the Entire Population?“ Vaccines 10, Nr. 6 (10.06.2022): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060932.
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The South Korean government has successfully improved influenza vaccination coverage for individuals aged 65 years or older as part of its National Immunization Program (NIP). Those aged 50–64 years without funded vaccination care have significantly lower vaccination rates and face a substantial risk of influenza-related complications. We use a dynamic epidemiological and economic model to investigate the cost-effectiveness of expanding the universal vaccine fund to include those aged 50–64. The epidemiological model is estimated using the susceptibility-infection-recovery model and influenza and influenza-like illness incidence rates, which were calculated by the National Health Insurance Service–National Sample Cohort from the 2008/09 to 2012/13 influenza seasons but excluding the 2009/10 season for pandemic influenza A (H1N1). The decision tree economic model is assessed from societal and healthcare sector perspectives. The proposed policy would eliminate 340,000 annual influenza cases and prevent 119 unnecessary deaths. From a societal perspective, the proposed policy would reduce costs by USD 68 million. From a healthcare perspective, the cost is USD 4318 per quality-adjusted life years. Within the study range, sensitivity analyses found consistent cost-effectiveness results. The influenza vaccine for adults aged 50–64 appears to be cost-saving or cost-effective and, thus, should be considered for the NIP.
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Wang, Danni, Yuting Zhao, Wenxue Yang, Kexin Ma, Tianxing Hao, Jingwei Zhao, Rong Tang et al. „Ecological–Economic Assessment and Managerial Significance of Water Conservation in the Headwaters of the Yellow River“. Water 14, Nr. 16 (19.08.2022): 2553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162553.
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The water conservation function plays a vital role in the land–water cycle. As the “Chinese water tower”, the headwaters of the Yellow River are of great significance to the safety of the Yellow River basin and even the global ecosystem. Taking the grassland ecosystem in the Yellow River source area as the research object, the InVEST water yield model with modified parameters and the ecological value evaluation of the modified equivalent factor method were used to explore the simulated spatio-temporal changes and the value of grassland water conservation from 2001 to 2020. The results show that: (1) the average total amount of water conservation in the source area is 549 × 108 m3, which is 16% of the runoff in the Yellow River basin, with a growth rate of 7.5 mm/year 1 and a contribution rate of 30%; (2) the total ecological value of grassland water conservation in 2020 is USD 340.03 × 108. The proportion of improved grassland in ecological restoration and management is only 0.51%, while the proportion of original alpine meadow reaches 67% and its ecological function and value are irreplaceable; (3) based on the comprehensive indicators of water conservation capacity, value and importance, Qumalai, Chengduo and Maduo counties are ranked as priority areas for the ecological protection of water resources.
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Haci, Sogukpinar, Bozkurt Ismail und Cag Serkan. „Turkey’s Energy Strategy for 2023 Targets after 2000 MW Giant Renewable Energy Contract“. E3S Web of Conferences 64 (2018): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186401001.
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Turkey wants to become the world’s 10th largest economy in the 100th anniversary of the foundation of the republic of Turkey. In order to achieve this goal, there are many breakthroughs in the political, economic and in energy fields. Turkey’s installed power capacity was 85000 MW in 2017 but installed power of 125.000MW is targeted to achieve the objective of 2023 targets. The government is aiming to increase the total production of renewable energy share by 30% in 2023, while foreseeing the increase in capacity due to nuclear and fossil fuel consumption. Targets for different technologies are 34000 MW hydroelectric, 20000 MW wind energy, 5000 MW solar energy (photovoltaic and condensed solar energy), 1000 MW geothermal energy and 1000 MW biomass. Capacity utilization in hydroelectricity is 62%, wind power is 14%, and geothermal power is 33%. The total installed capacity of Biogas, Biomass, Waste Heat and Pyrolytic Oil Power Plants is 530 MW. Theoretical total power capacity of the solar energy for Turkey as 300 TWh/year and reached 45% of the 2023 target in 2017 in the last three years. However, it is estimated that the targets of 2023 in solar energy can be exceeded. Government offers attractive incentive packages for renewable and other energy sector to achieve 2023 goals. In order to encourage domestic production, a total of 2000 MW wind and solar energy installation bid was carried out in 2017. This contract is expected to make Turkey as energy hub both in terms of installation and technology. In this study, Turkey’s renewable energy potential, and energy strategies and breakthroughs for this were investigated and discussed.
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Saraswati, Suprabadevi Ayumayasari, Lumban Nauli Lumban Toruan, Yulianto Suteja, Dadang Karmen und Putu Eddy Purna Wijaya. „Rob Potential in the Coastal City of Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT)“. Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health 10, Nr. 3 (31.08.2021): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jafh.v10i3.23463.
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Coastal areas are dynamic and vulnerable to environmental changes, both due to natural processes and human activities, the coastal waters in Kupang City are strategic in supporting the development of the economic sector. Coastal areas have unique characteristics, both in terms of bio-geophysics and social, economic and cultural aspects. Some have a high level of vulnerability to global warming. The high value of vulnerability is inseparable from the geomorphological conditions of Kupang City in the form of sandy beaches and coastal erosion. This condition caused Kupang City to become one of the areas affected by tidal flooding. This research is a preliminary study which aims to determine the potential for rob in the coastal city of East Nusa Tenggara that occurred in February 2014. The impact of the tidal floods submerged residents' houses above the knees of adults as high as 70 cm.. The results of this study were to determine the potential for tidal reoccurrence in the city of Kupang, NTT based on tidal forecasting data. Based on the results of the analysis using the Admiralty method, it was found that the Formzhal (F) value for the coast of Kupang City was 25.82, the position of the lowest water level at Oesapa 2 Beach was 206.9 cm, while the sea level elevation position reached the highest peak on Kelapa Lima 2 Beach, namely 478, 5 cm. The value of the harmonic analysis results from the coastal area of Kupang City has HHWL (Highest High Water Level) which is 340.09 cm, the MSL (Mean Sea Level) value is 212.07 cm, and LLWL (Lowest Low Water Level) is 73.36 cm based on these results. The Kupang coast has the potential for tidal flooding.
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Mohd Azmi, Amirul Faiz, Hasliza Abu Hassim, Norhariani Mohd Nor, Hafandi Ahmad, Goh Yong Meng, Punimin Abdullah, Md Zuki Abu Bakar et al. „Comparative Growth and Economic Performances between Indigenous Swamp and Murrah Crossbred Buffaloes in Malaysia“. Animals 11, Nr. 4 (30.03.2021): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11040957.
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This study was conducted to compare the growth and economic performances between Swamp and Murrah crossbred buffaloes. The records of 108 Swamp and 276 Murrah crossbred buffaloes born between January 2010 and December 2015 were used in this study. The farm was practicing an extensive grazing system without supplementation from January 2010 to December 2011 (pre-intervention) and a new implementation of supplement in the feeding regime from January 2012 to December 2015 (post-intervention). The birth, weaning, and body weight at three monthly intervals, number of calves born, and mortality rate of calves at different years and during pre- and post-intervention were analyzed using a general linear model procedure. The interventions in 2012 had a positive effect on increasing the number of calves born for both breeds, average birth weight, economic performance, and reduce mortality calf rate. As a result, the birth weight of Murrah crossbred buffaloes was higher (36.63 ± 0.50 kg) than Swamp buffaloes (34.69 ± 0.40 kg) (p < 0.05). The average pre-weaning daily weight gain for Swamp and Murrah crossbred buffaloes was 0.73 and 0.98 kg/day (p < 0.05), while the average post-weaning daily weight gain was 0.39 and 0.44 kg/day, respectively (p < 0.05). The Swamp and Murrah crossbred buffaloes achieved the targeted market weight of 250 kg at 18 and 15 months old, respectively, while the targeted breeding weight of 385 kg was achieved at 30 and 26 months old, respectively. In this farm, on average a total of 64 calves were born yearly, with the ratio number of born calves per number of mated dams recorded higher in Murrah crossbred buffaloes as compared to Swamp buffalo (0.64 vs. 0.37) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the average number of calves born in the post-intervention period (January 2012–December 2015) was significantly higher than in the pre-intervention period (January 2010–December 2011), respectively (Swamp: 23 vs. 8 and Murrah crossbred: 53 vs. 31, respectively) (p < 0.05). Partial budget method was used to estimate the net gain or loss between the two breeds. The average annual revenue was 2304.14 MYR (566.13 USD) for Swamp buffaloes and 4531.50 MYR (1113.39 USD) for Murrah crossbred buffaloes. The average annual cost saving was 340.02 MYR (83.54 USD) for Swamp and 215.75 MYR (53.01 USD) for Murrah crossbred buffaloes. On the other hand, annual added cost was 84.95 MYR (20.87 USD) for Swamp and 96.76 MYR (23.77 USD) for Murrah crossbred buffaloes. Therefore, the annual net benefit was 2559.21 MYR (628.80 USD) for Swamp and 4650.49 MYR (1142.63 USD) for Murrah crossbred buffaloes. As a conclusion, this study had shown that the higher average daily weight gain contributes to better cost savings, as shown by the crossbred buffaloes.
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Larionov, Gennadiy, Elena Yatrusheva und Olesya Checheneshkina. „Comparative analysis of the use of udder treatment agents in the prevention of mastitis and improving the quality of milk in cows“. Agrarian Bulletin of the 210, Nr. 07 (21.09.2021): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-210-07-66-74.
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Abstract. The aim of this study is to study the effectiveness of the use of various means for treating the udder of cows in order to prevent the incidence of mastitis and improve the quality of milk. Since in order to prevent the development of mastitis for a long time, it is necessary not only to destroy the disease itself and fight its symptoms, but also to take all kinds of measures to prevent the disease. Methods. To conduct a scientific and economic experiment, 4 groups were formed, of which 3 are experimental and 1 control, according to the method of pairs-analogs using a tethered method of keeping in stalls in all four groups. To treat the udder, agents based on iodine, chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine digluconate and probiotic bacteria were used. Results. The summer use of Priolit Vortex and Algavit Vortex in 1 experimental group showed a decrease in the number of mesophilic aerobic facultative anaerobic microorganisms in cow's milk from 200,000 to 97,000 CFU/cm3, which is 48.5 % less than at the beginning of the experiment. Treatment with disinfectants Priolit Vortex and Elovit Vortex in the 2 nd experimental group made it possible to reduce the number of mesophilic aerobic facultative anaerobic microorganisms by 68.4 %. The use of probiotic agents Skin Cleaner and PIP Cow Teat Cleaner for treating the udder of cows allowed to reduce the number of mesophilic aerobic facultative anaerobic microorganisms in the milk of cows in experimental group 3 from 180,000 to 110,000 CFU / in 1 cm3, which is 61.1 % less than the initial indicators. Somatic cells in the milk of cows of the 1st experimental group decreased from 750,000 to 120,000 in 1 cm3, in the 2nd experimental group the number of somatic cells decreased from 250,000 to 180,000 in 1 cm3, in the 3rd experimental group from 390,000 to 340,000 in 1 cm3. In the control group, an increase in the number of somatic cells was found by 84 %.
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Riduwan, Muhammad, und Dika Virginia. „Perencanaan Pengiriman Pasokan Bahan Bakar Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) untuk Pemenuhan Pembangkit Listrik di Wilayah Indonesia Timur“. Jurnal Penelitian Transportasi Laut 22, Nr. 2 (05.03.2021): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/transla.v22i2.1663.
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Pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia yang berada pada rata rata 5,8% per tahun tidak hanya berdampak pada peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat secara umum tetapi juga peningkatan kebutuhan tenaga listrik. Antisipasi peningkatan permintaan tenaga listrik perlu direncanakan guna pengembangan pembangkit listrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan model transportasi terpadu angkutan LNG untuk pembangkit di Kepulauan Maluku dan Papua. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode optimasi menggunakan linear programming untuk mendapatkan tipe kapal yang sesuai pada rute terpilih yang memberikan biaya satuan minimum. Hasil optimasi menunjukkan bahwa 9 titik terminal penerima akhir disuplai langsung dari Kilang Tangguh dengan biaya satuan terendah adalah tujuan Sorong sebesar Rp230.000/m³, 6 titik melalui Hub Ambon dengan biaya satuan terendah adalah tujuan Kulur sebesar Rp280.000/ m³, 7 titik disuplai Hub Ternate dengan biaya satuan terendah adalah tujuan Tidore sebesar Rp230.000/ m³ dan 5 sisanya disuplai melalui Hub Manokwari dengan biaya satuan terendah adalah tujuan Biak sebesar Rp340.000/ m³.Planning for Delivery of Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) Fuel for Fulfillment of Power Plants in Eastern Indonesia. Indonesia's economic growth, which is at an average of 5.8% per year, not only has an impact on improving the welfare of the community in general but also increases the demand for electricity. PT PLN (Persero) has anticipated an increase in demand for electricity by making a power plant development plan. This study aims to determine an integrated transportation model for LNG transportation for power plants in the Maluku Islands and Papua. The method used in this research is the linear programming optimization method to obtain the appropriate ship type on the selected route, which provides a minimum unit cost. The optimization results show that 9 points of the final terminal will be supplied directly from the Tangguh Refinery which the lowest unit cost is in Sorong as the destination, 6 points through the Ambon Hub which the lowest unit cost is in Kulur as the destination, 7 points supplied by the Ternate Hub which the lowest unit cost is in Tidore as the destination of, and the remaining 5 will be supplied via the Manokwari Hub which the lowest unit cost is in Biak as the destination, IDR 230,000 / m³, IDR 280,000 / m³, IDR 230,000 / m³, IDR 340,000 / m³, respectively.
Dissertationen zum Thema "340000 Economics"
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Vaithianathan, Rhema. „Economic Incentives and Clinical Decisions“. Thesis, University of Auckland, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2235.
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In the face of escalating health care expenditure, OECD countries are turning to a variety of cost-containment strategies. This thesis analyses three such mechanisms. In Part I, I consider the use of coinsurance to limit the demand for health care. Because coinsurance reduces the elasticity of demand with respect to the price of health care, consumers facing low coinsurance rates may be charged a higher price by doctors. Such discriminatory pricing enables the doctor to extract surplus created in the insurance market, and therefore reduces the effectiveness of coinsurance. I show that in equilibrium, some consumers remain uninsured. I also show how this problem is solved if the doctor and insurer enter into managed care style arrangements. Such arrangements improve insurer and doctor profitability, and restore complete insurance market coverage. In Part II, I consider the design of fundholding schemes which encourage doctors to restrict expensive treatment to severely ill patients. I show that such schemes may be undermined by a patient-doctor side contract. In the face of such patient-doctor collusion, the fundholding scheme may be made collusion-proof by increasing its "power". I show that the optimal collusion-proof scheme may pay the doctor more than his reservation wage. An alternative solution to patient-doctor collusion is to use a partial fundholding scheme that requires some additional co-payment from the patient. Part III analyses New Zealand's internal market reforms. Introduced in 1993, the reforms involved the separation of funding and provision of health care, and were intended to simulate a competitive market environment, thereby improving the incentives of government owned health care providers to be efficient. On the supply side, I look at the internal restructuring of hospitals into private-sector clones. I argue that this commercialisation failed to take account of informational issues within the hospital. On the demand-side, I examine the suitability of internal markets for eliciting optimal innovation from the hospital sector. Again, I find that a standard argument, namely that increased competition leads to innovation, is questionable in the context of the internal market.Whole document restricted, but available by request, use the feedback form to request access.
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Clydesdale, Greg. „Industrial leadership : a historical analysis of merchant shipping“. Lincoln University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1712.
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This thesis set out to explore the forces that determine the rise and fall of industrial leadership. It attempted to do this by applying an industry life cycle model to the shipping industry. The industrial life cycle was posited on the basis of existing literature, particularly the growth of knowledge, evolutionary and institutional literature, which lend themselves to patterns of industrial growth and entrapment. On this basis, this thesis set out to examine whether industrial leadership can be explained by a four-staged process of imitation, catch up, advance and entrapment. However, this thesis has exposed something more complicated. Processes of imitation, catch up advance and entrapment were shown to be at work in the shipping industry, but they were tempered by the effects of military and political forces that may not be exogenous, and the trend from regionalism to globalisation. The original model did not encompass early indigenous developments that are not based on imitation that do not immediately lead to a position of advanced leadership. In this light, a better description of the first stage would be capability building.
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Fernandez, Cheryl Joy Jardiolin. „Marine protected area : a case study in north-easter Iloilo, Philippines : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management in Economics, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand“. Massey University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1250.
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Marine Protected Area (MPA), as a fisheries management tool has been promoted by both national and local conservationists and has provided de facto illustrations of integrated coastal management (ICM) in the Philippines. However, conflict is inevitable in the implementation of public policy such as the MPA because of contrasting objectives and expectations from various stakeholders. Coupled with non-human (e.g. MPA size) and human (e.g. mismanagement) threats, conflict becomes a hindrance to MPA effectivity. In the Philippines alone, only 10-20% of the 500 MPAs are attaining their objectives. This study presents an overview of MPA management and examines the interaction between the civil society and market forces of institutional arrangements in the case of North-Eastern Iloilo (NI) in the Philippines. It discusses overall scenarios that resemble conflict between various national, local and international sectors, assessing MPA success factors and the expected implications from such implementation. Results from key informant, focus-group discussion and social survey show that there are problems on MPA management in the region. Using data and strategic analyses, it presents that minimisation of conflicts amongst actors should be the primary goal of the NI municipalities. In addition, MPA size and membership to organisations are also significant factors of success. Moreover, the analysis from a simple correlation to complex Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) conclude that information on MPA regulation does not directly contribute to the improvement in MPA management. It implies that a focus on informing stakeholders about the benefits of having an MPA and its regulations is ineffective. The focus should be on the reduction of conflict between economic actors - for free riding problems are currently occurring, thus minimising conflict by conflict resolution and proper incentives. However, there are still remaining challenges on MPA management, for not all factors are incorporated on this study. The challenge now is on how to identify the remaining factors and integrate them into policies and implementations to improve the overall condition of coastal communities.
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Serra, Postiglione Virginia. „A comparative study of the sources of competitive advantage in the New Zealand and Uruguayan beef industries“. Lincoln University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1115.
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According to Porter (1990), there are certain characteristics of a country that allow its industries to create and sustain competitive advantage, or prevent them from doing so. The objective of this study was to identify and compare the sources of competitive advantage or disadvantage for the Uruguayan and New Zealand beef industries. To accomplish these objectives, Porter’s Diamond Framework was selected as the theoretical framework to assess the competitive advantage of nations. Two case studies “the Beef Industry in Uruguay” and “the Beef Industry in New Zealand” were carried out. The information was obtained from secondary sources and open-ended interviews to key informants in both countries. Uruguay and New Zealand possess observable similarities, such as size, population, similar farmland area, and an economy based on agriculture with low levels of subsidies and trade regulations. In addition, the industries in both countries target the international market. Considering beef production, these countries produce beef based on pastures; hence, they have similar seasonal fluctuations in slaughter and in the product offered into the market. These similarities make these countries interesting to compare. On the other hand, Uruguay and New Zealand have differences. They are in different stages of economic development, and have cultural, sociological and educational differences. The beef industry is the most important economic activity in Uruguay, as can be illustrated by the resources allocated in this sector and in the volume and value of exported beef. In New Zealand, the beef industry is less important; however, it constitutes an excellent complementary activity for sheep and dairy productions. Both beef industries also have differences in their levels of productivity, stock compositions, stock categories, age of slaughtered animals, sanitary status, and locations in relation to markets. This suggests different sources of competitive advantage. The results show that the Uruguayan beef industry has a weaker diamond than its New Zealand counterpart does. However, the industry in Uruguay has been increasing the use of resources in comparison to other pastoral activities such as dairy and sheep. In contrast, the New Zealand beef industry, despite having a stronger diamond than the Uruguayan beef industry, has a secondary role behind the sheep and dairy industry. There are two clear limitations for the Uruguayan beef industry. First, the performance of the primary sector is poor. Second, the Uruguayan exported beef receives a lower price than the New Zealand product, and has difficulties for gaining access to certain markets. These two characteristics were identified as the most dissimilar for both industries. The selected research design and theoretical framework were adequate to accomplish the objectives. Although most of Porter’s findings were not supported in this study, using the framework allowed the development of an exhaustive analysis of the possible factors affecting the sources of competitive advantage in both industries. Comparing diamonds in different countries has not been done before; therefore, this research provides empirical evidence of the advantages and disadvantages of using this framework for international comparisons. Finally, the information presented in this research did not intend to suggest possible strategies or policies to increase the competitiveness of both industries. However, the results are likely to provide useful information for further studies in these industries.
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Saha, Shrabani. „Causes of corruption : an empirical investigation in a cross-country framework : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosphy in Economics, Massey University, Turitea campus, Palmerston North, New Zealand“. Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1327.
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In recent years corruption has come to be considered as a pervasive phenomenon, and a major obstacle in the process of economic development. However, there exist few studies that discuss the factors that cause corruption and why some countries are more corrupt than others. This research contributes to that rather scanty literature and focuses on the causes of corruption. More importantly, the study empirically investigates various causes of corruption, in particular the role of economic development, democracy and economic freedom in explaining the observed variations in corruption across countries, and the nexus between democracy and economic freedom in combating corruption. The study first tests the reliability of the recent quantitative innovations in the study of corruption in terms of the Corruption Perception Index, constructed by Transparency International. Using theoretical and empirical analysis, various hypotheses regarding corruption and its determinants are examined using panel data for 100 countries during the period 1995 to 2004. The empirical findings show that the subjective indexing process of corruption perception eventually converges to a common consensus. In evaluating the relationship between economic development and corruption, the results suggest that income per capita, education, unemployment, income inequality, economic freedom and democracy are among the factors which determine and help explain the cross-country differences in corruption. Furthermore, the assessment of the relationship between democracy and corruption shows that an ‘electoral democracy’, represented by ‘political rights’, is not in itself sufficient to reduce corruption. Instead, for low levels of corruption to exist, the presence of an advanced fully-formed mature democracy is required. A characteristic of a mature democracy is the existence of an environment where the probability of being caught, if acting corruptly, is very high. In addition, the examination of the interaction between economic freedom and democracy suggests that economic freedom reduces corruption in any political environment, and the effect is substantially larger with a high level of democracy. The interesting and important findings of the analysis indicate that there exists a non-linear relationship between corruption and the level of income as well as democracy. The findings suggest that developed countries have succeeded in controlling corruption through higher levels of economic development along with the economic and political freedoms that their peoples enjoy.
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Perry, Geoffrey E. „Economic evaluation of active labour market policy in New Zealand 1989 to 1997“. Thesis, University of Auckland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/525.
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Active labour market programmes are an important component of government labour market policy internationally and in New Zealand. The growth in unemployment, and in particular male and long term unemployment, since the mid 1980's in New Zealand have contributed to the enhanced role of active labour market programmes in government policy. In the early 1990's the New Zealand government introduced a menu of interventions including subsidy, work experience and training programmes. Concomitant with this development has been increased pressure from political, business and social groups to assess the effectiveness of this approach in lowering unemployment. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effect of active labour market policy utilised in New Zealand from 1989 to 1997. Whether or not these active labour market interventions were beneficial to those males who participated in them, the effect of treatment upon the treated, is the parameter estimated. The range of programmes makes it possible to analyse a number of programme evaluation issues. These include the overall question of the impact of subsidy, work experience and training programmes in general, but also other specific research questions. In particular the range of subsidy programmes makes it possible to identify that subsidies to private sector firms are more effective than those to public sector organisations. The effectiveness of start-up subsidies for the unemployed are also evaluated and found to be beneficial. The effects of participation upon selected education and ethnic groups are also estimated. Since there is no one estimation approach that works in all circumstances, both regression and matching estimators are used. In order to achieve this it is necessary to create two estimation datasets as the data requirements vary for each technique. The main findings from the research are that participation in active labour market programmes is beneficial in reducing the length of time that participants are registered as unemployed. Work experience programmes have the largest impact, followed by subsidies. The effect of training programmes is smallest. The major beneficial effect occurs in the year following participation and then reduces in subsequent years. There are also some important methodological findings, including the sensitivity of results to the time frame, to the datasets chosen, and to the estimation techniques used.
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Beban, Alice. „Organic agriculture: an empowering development strategy for small-scale farmers? A Cambodian case study : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand“. Massey University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/971.
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This thesis explores claims that organic agriculture may be an empowering development strategy by investigating the impacts of conversion to organic farming systems on the lives of small-scale farmers in Cambodia. The thesis interrogates the diverse uses and abuses of the term =empowerment‘ in development rhetoric and argues for an empowerment model that is derived from farmers‘ self-defined concepts of development. This model was used to conduct a qualitative case study involving semistructured interviews and focus groups with members of organics initiatives in seven diverse Cambodian communities. Results indicate that many farmers in all communities felt that their most important objective was not only to achieve food security, but to be able to grow sufficient rice to feed their family. Farmers joined the organics initiatives primarily to improve their health and reduce the cost of farming inputs. As a result of joining the initiatives, all farmers (including both certified and non-certified organic farmers) felt they had improved their health and food security. Most farmers also increased incomes, created stronger family and community ties and felt they had more control over their livelihoods. These benefits were not, however, distributed equally amongst individuals or communities. Very poor and isolated farmers could not generally access benefits. The three main factors that determined the impact of the organics initiatives on farmer empowerment were identified as: the individual‘s level of resources, the strength of the farmer group, and the policies and values of the supporting organisation. The implications for future initiatives are, firstly, the tremendous potential for farmers and wider rural communities to benefit from organic agriculture as a development strategy. However, this study also shows that if organics is to be viable for low-resource people, it may be necessary to promote both resources and techniques in organics initiatives. Also, a focus on building strong relationships both within the farmers group and linkages with local and wider stakeholders may enhance long-term sustainability of organics initiatives.
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Kautoke-Holani, Alisi Wenonalita. „Agricultural export growth and economic development for Tonga : the quest for efficiency : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Policy at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand“. Massey University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/899.
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Neo-liberalism has become the dominant approach to economic development since the 1980s. Based on the economic principle of “efficiency”, the Washington Consensus and its supporters have avidly promoted the neoliberal orthodoxy as the ideal blueprint for the economic development of all countries in every region. However, as this thesis has discovered, the efficiency of public policy is weighed not by its conformity to an ideology but on how effective it responds to the economic and social problems of the population in question. In recent years Tonga has endured severe economic shocks which have pushed its low growth economy to the brink of economic crisis. In response to this crisis, the Government has chosen greater economic liberalisation and private sector – led growth to lead the economy to recovery. The Washington Consensus and its international supporters claim that this is the best policy response for Tonga due to the belief that greater liberalisation leads to greater efficiency. This thesis however believes that at the current dire state of the economy, it is not enough for Tongan public policy to just conform to international views on efficient economic development but to ensure that its economic development policies address the economic and social needs of the general Tongan population. With this in mind, this thesis investigated the role of agriculture in economic development. It identified that for an agriculture-based country such as Tonga, at low levels of growth, agricultural development is fundamental to long term economic growth. This research also revealed that agricultural growth is maximised through trade hence suggesting increased focus on agricultural export development. Based on these findings, this research project set out to verify the efficiency of Government agricultural policies by identifying the views of agricultural exporters and comparing these with Government approaches to agricultural export development in Tonga.
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Kaye-Blake, William. „Demand for genetically modified food : theory and empirical findings“. Lincoln University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/19.
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As economies develop, novel products are created and markets for these products arise. Genetically modified food (GMF) is an example of such a novel product and provides economists with the opportunity to investigate an infant market. Of particular interest with GMF is the impact of consumer reactions on the market. The response of consumers to GMF and their willingness to pay for it has emerged as an important factor in the development of this technology. This research investigates these consumer responses. Prior research suggests that two aspects of consumer behaviour may be relevant for the GMF market. First, consumers may react differently to different types of GMF, so that some products are potentially more economically viable. Secondly, some consumers appear to prefer not having GMF at all. Consumer behaviour is often framed according to neoclassical economic theory. Consumer preferences over goods and the attributes of those goods are generally held to have certain properties. The aspects of consumers' reactions to GMF noted above, however, may be in conflict with two properties of preferences in neoclassical theory. First, preferences over food attributes are not separable, but may interact with each other. Secondly, some consumers may have preferences regarding GMF that are not continuous. As a result, aggregate impacts of introducing GMF may be difficult to measure, which raises a third issue for investigation, aggregation. Finally, an alternative model of consumer behaviour is bounded rationality, which theorises that choices may be discontinuous as a result of specific protocols. It also suggests that consumers seek to make good-enough choices, rather than attempting to maximise their satisfaction. Thus, optimisation or maximisation is the fourth issue considered in this thesis. In order to investigate these properties of consumers' preferences, a choice experiment survey was developed. The strength of a choice experiment for examining these issues is its focus on the impact of each product attribute on a respondent's choices. Thus, it may be possible to identify potentially discontinuous choice patterns and to identify choices affected by interactions between GM technology and other food attributes. Results from a neoclassical analysis of the survey data suggest that some consumers consider the type of benefit created with GM technology in making their choices. In addition, one-quarter to one-half of respondents may have had discontinuous preferences with respect to GMF. Reactions to GMF appear related to respondents' attitudes, but not to socio-economic or demographic descriptors. As a result, aggregate measures of the impact of GMF may not fully account for consumers' responses. A boundedly rational model also has reasonable goodness of fit, and may provide a different perspective on consumer behaviour. It is hoped that the results of this research provide a better understanding of consumer behaviour regarding GMF and, by extension, of the process of consumer adoption of novel products. It is further hoped that this attempt to incorporate choice protocols into discrete choice analysis will provide a useful example for further research.
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Yeeting, Agnes David. „An economic analysis of the domestication of the tuna fishery - the case of Kiribati“. Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1493.
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The Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) is home to the largest tuna fishery stock in the world. However, Pacific Island members of the Western and Central Pacific Tuna Commission (WCPTC) argue that their share of the economic rent from the tuna catches taken out of the Pacific region is very small, being on average only about 6% of the total net benefit, when compared to the share earned by Distant Water Fishing Nations (DWFNs). Kiribati is one of the Pacific Island Countries (PICs), which relies heavily on its fishery for its economic development and sustainability. Kiribati earns 40% - 50 % of its government revenue from fisheries access fees paid by DWFNs for tuna caught in the the Kiribati EEZ. The Government of Kiribati (GoK) believes that Kiribati could get greater benefit if they develop their own domestic tuna fishery. This study uses Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) and SWOT Analysis to investigate whether domestication of the tuna fishery is the right move for Kiribati or not. The CBA reported in this thesis adapted a model developed by Campbell (2004) to investigate and evaluate fisheries policy in Papua New Guinea (PNG). However the model in this thesis is reflective of the situation and case of Kiribati. In analyzing the different options identified in this study, the CBA indicated negative (-) NPV(s) for the medium-sized vessel option and positive (+) NPV(s) for the large-sized vessel option. The SWOT analysis however, complemented the CBA by further investigating the tuna domestication options in the economic, social and business and business environment of Kiribati. The SWOT analysis indicated that the existing situation and business conditions in Kiribati appears to favor the small to medium sized vessel options which are less risky than the large purse seine vessel option.
Bücher zum Thema "340000 Economics"
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Casavant, Ken. Changes in intermodal transportation in Washington and impacts on road infrastructure: Final report, research project Y-3400, Task 6. [Olympia, Wash: Washington State Dept. of Transportation, 1987.
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Kabir, Kayenat, und Hasan Dudu. Using Computable General Equilibrium Models to Analyze Economic Benefits of Gender-Inclusive Policies. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/34003.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBuchteile zum Thema "340000 Economics"
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Bejan, Adrian. „Economies of Scale“. In Freedom and Evolution, 13–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34009-4_2.
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Glauner, Friedrich. „The Economic Rationale of Strategy Development: Profit“. In Future Viability, Business Models, and Values, 23–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34030-2_3.
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Sohrabi, Farnaz, Farkhondeh Jabari, Pouya Pourghasem und Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo. „Combined Heat and Power Economic Dispatch Using Particle Swarm Optimization“. In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 127–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34050-6_6.
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Jabari, Farkhondeh, Alireza Akbari Dibavar und Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo. „Economic Dispatch of Multiple-Chiller Plants Using Wild Goats Algorithm“. In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 171–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34050-6_8.
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Dolatabadi, Soheil, und Saeid Ghassem Zadeh. „Multi-objective Economic and Emission Dispatch Using MOICA: A Competitive Study“. In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 259–311. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34050-6_12.
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Nowacki, Gabriel, und Anna Niedzicka. „A Prototype of Economical and Universal On-board Events Recorder – A Black Box for Vehicles“. In Telematics in the Transport Environment, 132–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34050-5_16.
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Pourghasem, Pouya, Farnaz Sohrabi, Farkhondeh Jabari, Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo und Somayeh Asadi. „Combined Heat and Power Stochastic Dynamic Economic Dispatch Using Particle Swarm Optimization Considering Load and Wind Power Uncertainties“. In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 143–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34050-6_7.
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Jabłoński, Adam, und Marek Jabłoński. „Implementation and Managing of Innovation in the Conditions of Legal and Economic Constraints on the Based of Rail Transport“. In Telematics in the Transport Environment, 423–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34050-5_48.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "340000 Economics"
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Kerans, Andrew J., und Nelson Mesquita. „The technical-economics of spectrum use in the ‘C-Band’ downlink band (3400 –4200 MHz); satellite vs. mobile broadband“. In 2015 9th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icspcs.2015.7391740.
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Guccione, Salvatore, Silvia Trevisan, Rafael Guedez, Björn Laumert, Simone Maccarini und Alberto Traverso. „Techno-Economic Optimization of a Hybrid PV-CSP Plant With Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage and Supercritical CO2 Brayton Power Cycle“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-80376.
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Abstract High-efficient supercritical CO2 (sCO2) power blocks and the hybridization with solar photovoltaic (PV) plants have been identified as two viable solutions to enhance the economic competitiveness of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants. This work introduces an innovative hybrid PV-CSP system layout with molten salt thermal energy storage and a sCO2 power block. An active hybridization has been proposed employing a molten salt electric heater that allows storing the excess PV production as thermal energy. The scalability of the plant has been investigated using size-dependent cost functions and introducing a novel methodology for scaling the sCO2 turbomachinery efficiencies. The conducted techno-economic optimizations show that the proposed hybrid PV-CSP plants can be cost-competitive. For a European solar resource location - 1900 kWh/(m2yr) - Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) values lower than 66 EUR/MWh and capacity factors higher than 70 % can be achieved at 100 MWe. For a high-irradiance location - 3400 kWh/(m2yr) - a capacity factor of 85 % and a LCOE of 46 EUR/MWh have been found for the same scale. The selection of the sCO2 power cycle has a marginal impact on these results so that a simple recuperated cycle can yield similar LCOEs as the recompressed, reheated, and intercooled layouts. For smaller scales, systems with large gaps between the PV and CSP capacities are preferred, laying the optimal conditions for the electric heater integration with utilization factors up to 21 %.
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Ejim, Chidirim Enoch, Jinjiang Xiao, Hassan Mohamed Badr, Abdelsalam Mohammad Alsarkhi und Rached Ben-Mansour. „Testing Gas-Liquid Homogenization for High GVF Flow Applications in ESPs“. In SPE Middle East Artificial Lift Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206925-ms.
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Abstract High gas volume fractions (GVFs) decrease the pressure boosting capacity of electric submersible pumps (ESPs). To prevent this, advanced gas handlers, helico-axial-pumps, etc., may be installed upstream of the pump, but these equipment can be expensive. This study presents results of testing different impeller combinations up to 90% intake GVF. The findings present a potential economical option for managing high GVF flows in ESP operation, beneficial to boosting and maximizing production from a field asset. The pump used was a two-stage, radial-type centrifugal pump with 3.78-inch impeller diameter operating at 3400 RPM. Three impeller pairs were used: P0 (no hole in any impeller blades), P1 (holes only in second stage impeller blades), and P2 (holes in first and second stage impeller blades). Water flow rates were fixed from 75 to 550 barrels per day (BPD), and air flow rates varied to give intake GVFs between 10% to 92% for average fluid temperatures about 25°C. The corresponding differential pressures across the pump were measured and compared to one another. The results showed that for all impellers, the differential pressure across the pumps decreased with increasing GVF. At 75 BPD, pump P0 attained zero differential pressure at about 72% GVF. The impellers in P1 and P2 were able to extend its operation to reach zero differential pressure at 90% and 90% GVF, respectively. When the liquid flow rate was increased to 275 BPD, the differential pressures in P0, P1 and P2 reached zero at about 36%, 38% and 41%, respectively. Increasing the liquid flow rate even further to 410 BPD, results in zero differential pressure at about 26%, 30% and 29% GVF for P0, P1, and P2, respectively. The general trend is that the GVF at which the differential pressure reaches zero decreases with increasing liquid volume flow rate. At lower liquid volume flow rates, holes drilled in the impeller blades significantly extend the pump's GVF handling capability by homogenizing the flow at the inlet of the centrifugal pump. Since the gas-handling performance of a radial-type pump was enhanced, it may be concluded that the performance will be even more favorable for a mixed-flow or axial-flow pump, especially at higher rotational speeds and intake pressures than in these tests. This study highlights the importance of pursuing economical alternatives to extend the performance envelope of a centrifugal pump operating in high GVF flows. The findings from this work imply that with appropriate modifications to ESP impellers, their operating envelopes may be increased using cost-effective methods. This opens opportunities for stakeholders to maximize production from field assets with very high-gas content, and increase the economic bottomline for the operator.
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Iovene, Maddalena, Graciela Fernandéz De Córdova, Ombretta Romice und Sergio Porta. „Towards Informal Planning: Mapping the Evolution of Spontaneous Settlements in Time.“ In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5441.
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Maddalena Iovene¹, Graciela Fernandéz De Córdova2, Ombretta Romice¹, Sergio Porta¹ ¹Urban Design Studies Unit (UDSU). Department of Architecture. University of Strathclyde. 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, G11XJ, UK. 2Centro de Investigación de la Arquitectura y la Ciudad (CIAC), Departamento de Arquitectura, PUCP. Av. Universitaria 1801, 32 San Miguel, Lima, Peru. E-mail: maddalena.iovene@strath.ac.uk, gdcfernandez@pucp.edu.pe, ombretta.r.romice@strath.ac.uk, sergioporta@strath.ac.uk Keywords (3-5): Informal Settlement, Peru, Lima, Model of Change, Urban Morphology Conference topics and scale: Reading and Regenerating the Informal City Cities are the largest complex adaptive system in human culture and have always been changing in time according to largely unplanned patterns of development. Though urban morphology has typically addressed studies of form in cities, with emphasis on historical cases, diachronic comparative studies are still relatively rare, especially those based on quantitative analysis. As a result, we are still far from laying the ground for a comprehensive understanding of the urban form’s model of change. However, developing such understanding is extremely relevant as the cross-scale interlink between the spatial and social-economic dynamics in cities are increasingly recognized to play a major role in the complex functioning of urban systems and quality of life. We study the urban form of San Pedro de Ate, an informal settlement in Lima, Peru, along its entire cycle of development over the last seventy years. Our study, conducted through a four-months on-site field research, is based on the idea that informal settlements would change according to patterns similar to those of pre-modern cities, though at a much faster pace of growth, yet giving the opportunity to observe the evolution of an urban organism in a limited time span. To do so we first digitalize aerial photographs of five different time periods (from 1944 to 2013), to then conduct a typo-morphological analysis at five scales: a) unit, b) building, c) plot, d) block, and e) settlement (comprehensive of public spaces and street network). We identify and classify patterns of change in the settlement’s urban structure using recognised literature on pre-modern cities, thus supporting our original hypothesis. We then suggest a unitary model of analysis that we name Temporal Settlement Matrix (TSM). Reference List Caniggia, G., & Maffei, G. L. (2008). Lettura dell’edilizia di base (Vol. 215). Alinea Editrice. Conzen, M. R. G. (1958). The growth and character of Whitby. A Survey of Whitby and the Surrounding Area, 49–89. Hernández, F., Kellett, P. W., & Allen, L. K. (2010). Rethinking the informal city: critical perspectives from Latin America (Vol. 11). Berghahn Books. Kropf, K. (2009). Aspects of urban form. Urban Morphology, 13(2), 105–120. Muratori, S. (1960). Studi per una operante storia urbana di Venezia. Palladio, 1959, 1–113. 22. Porta, S., Romice, O., Maxwell, J. A., Russell, P., & Baird, D. (2014). Alterations in scale: patterns of change in main street networks across time and space. Urban Studies, 51(16), 3383–3400. Watson, V. (2009). “The planned city sweeps the poor away…”: Urban planning and 21st century urbanisation. Progress in Planning, 72(3), 151–193. Whitehand, J. W. R. (2001). Changing suburban landscapes at the microscale. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 92(2), 164–184.