Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „261.8/36“

Cropland ecosystems are significant emission sources of N2O, but a limited number of studies have focused on the impact of extreme weather events on N2O fluxes from cropland. This present study integrated field observations and model simulations to explore the responses of N2O fluxes to extreme weather events in typical rice and wheat rotation croplands in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) in China. The findings revealed that the studied rice-wheat rotation cropland exhibited a net source of N2O over the three-year monitoring period, with annual cumulative N2O emissions ranging from 190.4 to 261.8 mg N m−2. N2O emissions during the rice and wheat growing seasons accounted for 29% and 71% of the total yearly emissions, respectively. Extreme heat events led to a 23% to 32% increase in observed N2O emissions from cropland. Observed N2O emissions from irrigated rice fields during extreme precipitation events were 45% lower than those during extreme drought events. In contrast, extreme precipitation events raised observed N2O emissions from rain-fed wheat fields by 36% compared to the multi-year average, while extreme drought events reduced N2O emissions from wheat fields by 20%. Regional simulations indicated that annual cumulative N2O emissions from croplands in the MLRYR are projected to increase from 207.8 mg N m−2 under current climate to 303.4 mg N m−2 in the future. Given the episodic nature and uncertainties associated with N2O emissions from cropland, further validation is necessary for utilizing the model to explore the effects of extreme weather events on N2O in cropland ecosystems.

Akey treatment for diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is ranibizumab (Lucentis®, Genentech, California, US), which is approved at differing doses: 0.5 mg/month in Europe and 0.3 mg/month in the US. The relative efficacy and safety of these doses, however, is a controversial issue. A wide-ranging literature search was conducted to examine the evidence supporting these doses. The searches identified only four studies that evaluated the 0.3 mg ranibizumab dose, in which best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improvements ranged from +5.7 to +12.8 letters during treatment. The searches also identified 12 key studies that evaluated the 0.5 mg dose of ranibizumab, in which BCVA improvement ranged from +6.1 to +10.3 letters. The pivotal RIDE and RISE studies (n=382 and 377) were the only direct comparisons of the 0.3 mg and 0.5 mg ranibizumab doses and placebo. A pooled analysis of these studies showed that improvements in BCVA were numerically higher for the 0.3 mg-treated groups than for the 0.5 mg-treated groups at 24 and 36 months. Patients who were initially treated with sham injections and switched to ranibizumab did not match the improvements in those treated from the start. There was also little difference in central retinal thickness reduction between the two doses (261.8 and 261.2 μm versus 266.7 and 269.1 μm). Ranibizumab was well tolerated, adverse events occurred at similar frequencies in all groups, with a slightly greater incidence of stroke for the 0.5 mg dose. Analysis of RIDE and RISE also showed that ranibizumab is cost-effective. Overall, the data indicate that the 0.3 mg dose of ranibizumab is generally as effective as the 0.5 mg dose in DMO treatment.

Yard long bean (Vigna unguiculata) is an important leguminous crop in tropical countries. It is a very common vegetable cultivated by the farmers of the South Asian countries including Bangladesh. The popularity of this vegetable is increasing due to its good taste and nutritive value. An experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Field, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh, from October 2021 to December 2021 to evaluate the growth and yield performance of four varieties of yard long bean. The varieties were FLK-203, FLK-204, FLK-205, FLK-206. The study revealed that the highest plant height (261.8) was recorded in the Yard-long bean FLK-206 followed by FLK-203 (239.1). The first flowering (31.33 DAP) was found in variety FLK-203 followed by variety FLK-204 (36 DAP). The highest number of pods plant-1 (25.33) was found in Yard long bean variety FLK-204 followed by variety FLK-206 (18.33) plant-1. Maximum fruit length (67.56 cm) was recorded in variety FLK-206 followed by yard-long bean variety FLK-204 (56.16). The highest pod girth (1.06 cm) was in the yard long bean variety FLK-203 followed by FLK-204 (0.8 cm). Maximum number of seed pod-1 (20.66) was found in variety FLK-203 followed by FLK-206 (18.66). The highest weight of 10 seeds (2.21) was found in variety FLK-206 followed by variety FLK-204 (1.16). The highest fresh weight pod-1 (32.4 gm) was in the yard long bean variety FLK-203 followed by FLK-204 (24.23 gm). The highest yield pod-1 (690.26 gm) was in yard-long bean variety FLK-203 followed by FLK-206 (506.2 gm). The highest pod yield ha-1 (82.73 t ha-1) was recorded in yard-long bean FLK-203 followed by FLK-206 (60.73 t ha-1). So, the variety Yard long bean FLK-203 was found superior based on the overall performance for cultivation under the Argo-climatic condition of Noakhali. Vol. 10, No. 3, December 2023: 269-276