Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „2003 c-999“

Let [Formula: see text] be an integer. Denote by [Formula: see text] the multiplicative order of [Formula: see text] modulo integer [Formula: see text]. We prove that there is a positive constant [Formula: see text] such that if [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] It was known for [Formula: see text] in [P. Kurlberg and C. Pomerance, On a problem of Arnold: The average multiplicative order of a given integer, Algebra Number Theory 7 (2013) 981–999] in which they refer to [F. Luca and I. E. Shparlinski, Average multiplicative orders of elements modulo [Formula: see text], Acta Arith. 109(4) (2003) 387–411.

ABSTRACT We and others have shown that infection of dendritic cells with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) leads to severe functional impairment of these antigen-presenting cells (D. M. Andrews, C. E. Andoniou, F. Granucci, P. Ricciardi-Castagnoli, and M. A. Degli-Esposti, Nat. Immunol. 2:1077-1084, 2001; S. Mathys, T. Schroeder, J. Ellwart, U. H. Koszinowski, M. Messerle, and U. Just, J. Infect. Dis. 187:988-999, 2003). Phenotypically, reduced surface expression of costimulatory molecules and major histocompatibility complex molecules was detected. In order to identify the molecular basis for the observed effects, we generated MCMV mutants with large deletions of nonessential genes. The study was facilitated by the finding that a monocyte-macrophage cell line displayed similar phenotypic alterations after MCMV infection. By analyzing the expression of cell surface molecules on infected cells, we identified a mutant virus which is no longer able to downmodulate the expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86. Additional mutants with smaller deletions allowed us to pin down the responsible gene to a certain genomic region. RNA analysis led to the identification of the spliced gene m147.5, encoding a protein with 145 amino acids. Experiments with an m147.5 mutant revealed that the protein affects CD86 expression only, suggesting that additional MCMV genes are responsible for downmodulation of the other surface molecules. Identification of viral gene products interfering with functionally important proteins of antigen-presenting cells will provide the basis to dissect the complex interaction of CMV with these important cells and to evaluate the biological importance of these viral genes in vivo.

The aim of this paper was to identify which psycholinguistic variables are better predictors of performance for healthy participants in a picture naming task and in a picture categorization task. A correlation analysis and a Path analysis were carried out. The correlation analysis showed that naming accuracy and naming latency are significant and positively correlated with lexical frequency and conceptual familiarity variables, whereas they are negatively correlated with H index. Reaction times in the categorization task were negatively correlated with lexical frequency and conceptual familiarity variables and positively correlated with visual complexity variable. The Path analysis showed that subjective lexical frequency and H index are the better predictors for picture naming task. In picture categorization task, for reaction times, the better predictor variables were subjective lexical frequency, conceptual familiarity and visual complexity. 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The pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of a single-phase micropin-fin heat sink were investigated experimentally. Fabricated from 110 copper, the heat sink contained an array of 1950 staggered square micropin fins with 200×200μm2 cross section by 670μm height. The ratios of longitudinal pitch and transverse pitch to pin-fin equivalent diameter are equal to 2. De-ionized water was employed as the cooling liquid. A coolant inlet temperature of 25°C, and two heat flux levels, qeff″=50W∕cm2 and qeff″=100W∕cm2, defined relative to the platform area of the heat sink, were tested. The inlet Reynolds number ranged from 93 to 634 for qeff″=50W∕cm2, and from 127 to 634 for qeff″=100W∕cm2. The measured pressure drop and temperature distribution were used to evaluate average friction factor and local averaged heat transfer coefficient/Nusselt number. Predictions of the previous friction factor and heat transfer correlations that were developed for low Reynolds number (Re<1000) single-phase flow in short pin-fin arrays were compared to the present micropin-fin data. Moores and Joshi’s friction factor correlation (2003, “Effect of Tip Clearance on the Thermal and Hydrodynamic Performance of a Shrouded Pin Fin Array,” ASME J. Heat Transfer, 125, pp. 999–1006) was the only one that provided acceptable predictions. Predictions from the other friction factor and heat transfer correlations were significantly different from the experimental data collected in this study. These findings point to the need for further fundamental study of single-phase thermal/fluid transport process in micropin-fin arrays for electronic cooling applications.

Abstract Background: AHSCT is standard therapy for recurrent or progressive, yet chemosensitive lymphoma, both non-Hodgkin’s (NHL) and Hodgkin’s (HL). However, relapse is frequent, and augmentation of existing conditioning regimens (e.g. BEAM) is one approach to reducing these relapses. Since BEAM has considerable regimen related toxicity (RRT), methods to allow safe dose augmentation are needed. Prior experience (BBMT2004;10(7): 473–83) indicates that AF may be useful in protecting vs RRT produced by high-dose MEL used alone; thus, we postulated a cytoprotective effect in this situation as well. Goals: Determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of escalated dose MEL in BEAM, using AF and AHSCT, in a classical Phase I trial. Methods: We utilized AF 740mg/m2 daily before and during BEAM (i.e., −7 to −1) with MEL, starting at 140 mg/m2 (level A) and escalating by 20 mg/m2 per 4 - pt. cohorts. AHSCT and other supportive care measures were routine. (Thiotepa was used in patients with a history or at high risk of central nervous system (CNS) disease.) The Berman (JCO1989; 7(9): 1288–94) scale of grading RRT was used to determine the MTD in 4- pt. cohorts; those who died of non-RRT causes were deemed non-evaluable and replaced. Results: Between 07/30/2003 and 06/28/2006, we entered 18 patients (NHL13 /HL 5), med age 60 (range 23 to 72) years. All had progressed or relapsed; 12 were chemosensitive. To date, 6 patients at level A (140mg/m2), 4 patients at B (160mg/m2), 5 patients at C (180mg/m2) and 3 patients at D (200mg/m2) have been evaluated >D +30. Three patients (2 at level A and 1 at level C) were non-evaluable due to: Removal (pt’s request) during BEAM, Death due to CNS bleeding; and MI (with known pre-existing coronary artery disease), and were replaced. None of the remaining 15 had Bearman RRT >II; 2 had none and 10 had only grade I RRT. All (save one case of hepatic II RRT) were stomatitis and/or gastrointestinal. All had CD34+ > 2.0 x 10e6/kg and prompt hematopoietic reconstitution: ANC >0.5 and platelets >20K at median D+ 11 (range +9 to +12) and D+ 12 (range +9 to +24), respectively. No late (i.e., >D+ 30) hematologic or non-hematologic toxicities were noted. At present, 11 patients are alive, 7 in CR, one too early to evaluate at median D+ 469, range + 27 to 999. Conversely, 7 are dead, due to relapse (5), MI (one), and CNS bleeding (1). Responses occurred at all dose levels. In evaluable patients < CR before AHSCT, 9/14 achieved CR (mostly confirmed by imaging studies, notably PET scans) by D +100; 6 remain in CR at median D +593, range +36 to +614, including one patient who had a “consolidation” allogeneic HSCT. Another patient in CR at AHSCT remains in CR at D +514. Conclusion: Although not strictly proven, we believe the use of AF allows the safe use of escalated doses of MEL in the BEAM regimen >/= 180mg/m2. Dose escalation will continue until a MTD is found.

Исследование внутривидовой изменчивости трех функциональных признаков листьев: площади – LA, сухой массы – LDW и удельной площади – SLA показало их взаимообусловленность и зависимость значений признаков от благопритяности условий местообитания и антропогенной нагрузки. Анализ полученных данных исследования показал, что универсальные информационные показатели LA и LDW являются низкими в неблагоприятных и низкопродуктивных местообитаниях и более высокими при изобилии ресурсов в более продуктивных условиях существования. Полученные значения SLA видов растений, произрастающих в сообществах интенсивно эксплуатируемых пастбищ, часто имеют более высокие значения. Возможно, адаптация в условиях постоянного изъятия биомассы на сенокосах и пастбищах идет в первую очередь через сокращение массы листьев при сохранении листовой поверхности. 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Der Artikel geht auf die Echtheit folgender J. C. Bach möglicherweise zuzuordnender Werke ein: Präludium und Fuge ES-Dur BWV Anh. 177, zwei Variationsreihen über Aria-Melodien in ES-Dur und a-moll und eine über eine Sarabande, sowie Choralbearbeitungen. Eine Zugehörigkeit zu den Sarabanden-Variationen J. C. Bachs wird im Artikel auch für BWV 990 diskutiert. Unter den Choralbearbeitungen wird besonders Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein beleuchtet, die als BWV 741 bisher J. S. Bach zugeschrieben wurde, im vorliegenden Text aufgrund verschiedener Überlegungen jedoch J. C. Bach zugewiesen wird. Zudem werden besonders verschiedene Einflüsse von Werken J. C. Bachs auf die Johann Sebastians betrachtet. Erwähnte Artikel: Conrad Freyse: Johann Christoph Bach (1642-1703). BJ 1956, S. 36-51 Ernest May: Eine neue Quelle für J. S. Bachs einzeln überlieferte Orgelchoräle. BJ 1974, S. 98-103 Hartwig Eichberg: Unechtes unter Johann Sebastian Bachs Klavierwerken. BJ 1975, S. 7-49 Hans-Joachim Schulze: Johann Christoph Bach (1671 bis 1721), "Organist und Schul Collega in Ohrdruf", Johann Sebastian Bachs erster Lehrer. BJ 1985, S. 55-82 Russell Stinson: "Ein Sammelband aus Johann Peter Kellners Besitz". Neue Forschungen zur Berliner Bach-Handschrift P 804. BJ 1992, S. 45-64 Christoph Wolff: Zum Quellenwert der Neumeister-Sammlung - Bachs Orgelchoral "Der Tag der ist so freudenreich" BWV 719. BJ 1997, S. 155-168 Peter Wollny: Alte Bach-Funde. BJ 1998, S. 137-148 Rainer Kaiser: Johann Christoph Bachs "Choräle zum Präambulieren" - Anmerkungen zu Echtheit und Überlieferung. BJ 2001, S. 185-189 Hans-Joachim Schulze: Eine verschollene Choralpartita Johann Sebastian Bachs? BJ 2003, S. 229-232 Michael Maul: Frühe Urteile über Johann Christoph und Johann Nikolaus Bach, mitgeteilt anläßlich der Besetzung der Organistenstelle an der Jenaer Kollegienkirche. BJ 2004, S. 157-168 Lynn Edwards Butler: Johann Christoph Bach und die von Georg Christoph Stertzing erbaute große Orgel der Georgenkirche in Eisenach. BJ 2008, S. 229-269

ABSTRACT We have previously shown that vaccination with a vaccine based on the recombinant N-terminal domain of Als1p (rAls1p-N) protected BALB/c mice against disseminated infection caused by a single strain of Candida albicans (A. S. Ibrahim, B. J. Spellberg, V. Avenissian, Y. Fu, S. G. Filler, and J. E. Edwards, Jr., Infect. Immun. 73:999-1005, 2005, and B. J. Spellberg, A. S. Ibrahim, V. Avenissian, S. G. Filler, C. Myers, Y. Fu, and J. E. Edwards, Jr., Infect. Immun. 73:6191-6193, 2005). Here we show that the rAls1p-N vaccine also improves survival of outbred mice from disseminated candidiasis and that it is active against multiple virulent strains of C. albicans and non-C. albicans spp.

The achievement of family well - being is an aspiration of all families including families of migrant workers, to achieve the well - being of one of the ways that the families of migrant workers with the departure of the wife work as domestic servants in various countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze social capital, economic coping, sress symptom’s husband and family subjektive well - being of women migrant workers. This research use cross sectional studies. The location was chosen purposively in Tanggeung Village, Pagermaneuh Village, Margaluyu Village, Karangtengah Village, Tanggeung District and Pasirdalam Village Kadupandak District, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Seventy five families were selected purposively among the families of women migrant workers. The finding indicates that social capital is in the moderate category, the coping economy is in the moderate category, the sress symptom’s husband is in the low category and the family well-being is in the low category. Finding in this study family subjective well-being is influenced by income per capita, sress symptom’s husband and economic coping. Keywords: economic coping, family subjective well-being, social capital, stress symptom Abstrak Kesejahteraan keluarga merupakan sesuatu yang ingin dicapai seluruh keluarga, termasuk keluarga Tenaga Kerja Wanita (TKW), untuk mencapai kesejahteraan tersebut salah satu cara yang dilakukan oleh keluarga TKW adalah mengirim istri sebagai pembantu rumah tangga di berbagai negara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis modal sosial, coping ekonomi, gejala stres suami, dan kesejahteraan subjektif keluarga TKW. Penelitian ini menggunakan cross sectional studies. Lokasi dipilih dengan metode purposive di Provinsi Jawa Barat, Kabupaten Cianjur, Kecamatan Tanggeung, Desa Pagermaneuh, Desa Marguluyu, Desa Karangtengah, Desa Tanggeung, Kecamatan Kadupandak, Desa Pasirdalam. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 75 keluarga TKW dengan metode purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menemukan modal sosial berada pada kategori sedang, coping ekonomi berada pada kategori sedang, gelaja stres suami berada pada kategori rendah, dan kesejahteraan subjektif berada pada kategori rendah. Penelitian ini juga menemukan kesejahteraan keluarga berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan perkapita, gelaja stres suami, dan coping ekonomi. Kata kunci : coping ekonomi, gejala stres, kesejahteraan subjektif, modal sosial. References [BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. 2016. Data provinsi termiskin 2016. Berita Resmi Statistik [internet]. 4 Januari 2016. [diunduh 2016 September 7]; Tersedia pada: http://www.bps.go.id. [BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik Jawa Barat. 2016. Garis Kemiskinan Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Jawa Barat (Rp/kapita/bulan), 2005-2014. Berita Resmi Statistik [internet]. 4 Januari 2016, [diunduh 2016 September 7]; Tersedia pada: http://jabar.bps.go.id. Alfiasari. 2008. Analisis modal sosial dalam pemberdayaan ekonomi keluarga miskin di Kelurahan Kedung Jaya, Kecamatan Tanah Sareal, Kota Bogor. Vol. 1 no. 1 edisi Januari. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor. Borner, Shively J, Wunder G, Wyman S. 2012. How do rural households respond to economic shocks? Insights from hierarchical analysis using global data. International Association of Agricultural Economists. Casey L. 2013. Stress and wellbeing in Australia survey 2013. Australian Psychological Society Carbonell A F. 2005. Income and well-being: an empirical analysis of the comparison income effect. Journal of Public Economics: 89 (2005) 997 – 1019. Coleman J S. 1988. “Social capital in the creation of human capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94 (Supplement): S95-S120. Celia M, Lenore M. 2004. Somali Women and Well-Being: Social Networks and Social Capital among Immigrant Women in Australia. Human Organization. Vol. 63 :88 Djohan R. 2008. Leader & Social Capital : Lead to Togetherness. Jakarta: Fund Asia Education Debebe Z, Mebratie A, Sparrow R, Abebaw D, Dekker M, Alemu G, Bedi A. 2013. Coping with shocks in rural Ethiopia. Working Paper. African Studies Centre. Dercon S. 2000. Income risk, coping strategies and safety nets. Background paper World Development Report 2000/01: Centre for the Study of African Economies, Oxford University, Department of Economics Diener E, Tay L. 2013. Rising Income and the Subjective Well-Being of Nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Vol. 104, No. 2, 267–276 DOI: 10.1037/a0030487 Dwyer A, Cummings A. 2001. Stress, Self-Efficacy, Social Support, and Coping Strategies in University Students. Canadian Journal of Counselling. Vol. 35:3 Ersado L, Alderman H, Alwang J. 2014. Changes in Consumption and Saving Behavior before and after Economic Shocks: Evidence from Zimbabwe. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/380136 Fujiwara F, Kawachi I. 2008. Social Capital and Health A Study of Adult Twins in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Vol. 35: 2 Garcia M, McDowell T. 2010. Mapping Social Capital: A Critical Contextual Approach For Working with Low-Status Families. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. Vol. 36 No. 1: 96. 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.00188.x Grootaert C. 1999. Social capital, household walfare and poverty in Indonesia. Working Paper, No.6. Washington DC, USA: The World Bank. Social Development Department. Hasanah U, Nadiroh, Neolaka A. 2017. The Influence of Couple Interaction, Roles Differences, and Social-Economic Status on Mother’s Stress Coping. American Scientific Publisher. Vol. 23 10868 – 10870. Helliwell J F, Huang H, Wang S. 2013. Social Capital and Well-Being in Times of Crisis. Journal Happiness Study: DOI 10.1007/s10902-013-9441-z Headey B, Wooden Mark. 2004. The Effects of Wealth and Income on Subjective Well-Being and Ill-Being. Melbourne Institute of Applied and Social Research: IZA DP No. 1032. Hyyppa M. T, Maki J. (2003). Social participation and health in a community rich in stock of social capital. Health Education Research, 18(6), 770–779. Hossain S. 2006. Poverty, household strategies, and coping with urban life: examining livelihood framework in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology, Vol. 2, No. 1. Jain A K, Giga S I, Cooper C L. 2013. Stress, Health and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Employee and Organizational Commitment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health: doi:10.3390/ijerph10104907 Jaya, Sumertajaya I M, 2008, Pemodelan persamaan struktural dengan partial least square. Semnas Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika. Vol. 1 118 - 132 Jha R, Nahrajan H K, Pradhan K. 2012. Household Coping Strategies and Welfare: Does Governance Matter? NCAER Working Papers on Decentralisation and Rural Governance in India. Krantz. 2001. The Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Poverty Reduction. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Kawachi I. 2006 Commentary: social capital and health: making the connections one step at a time. Int J Epidemiol. Vol. 35:989 –93. Lazarus, R S, Folkman, S, 1984. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer. Mohnen S, Beate V B, Flap H, Subramanian S, Groenewegen P. 2015. The Influence of Social Capital on Individual Health: Is it the Neighbourhood or the Network?. Soc Indic Res. Vol. 121:195–214 DOI 10.1007/s11205-014-0632-8 Markovic, M, Manderson, L. (2002). Crossing national boundaries: Social identity formation among recent immigrant women in Australia from former Yugoslavia. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2, 303-316. Puspitawati H. 2012. Gender dan Keluarga. Bogor (ID): IPB Press. ____________. 2013. Ekologi Keluarga: Konsep dan Lingkungan. Bogor (ID): IPB Press. ____________. 2013. Pengantar Studi Keluarga. Bogor (ID): IPB Press. Puspitawati H, Herawati T. 2013. Metode Penelitian Keluarga. Bogor (ID): IPB Press. Rebecca P, Crnic K A, Cox M J, Mills W R. 2013. The Family Model Stress and Maternal Psychological Symptoms: Mediated Pathways From Economic Hardship to Parenting. Journal of Family Psychology: DOI: 10.1037/a0031112 Rosidah U, Hartoyo, Istiqlaliyah. 2012. Kajian strategi koping dan perilaku investasi anak pada keluarga buruh pemetik melati gambir. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen, Vol. 5, No. 1. Stevenson B, Wolfers J. 2013. Subjective Well-Being and Income: Is There Any Evidence of Satiation? American Economic Review. 103(3): 598–604 http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.598 Welsh J A, Berry H L. 2009. Social capital and mental health and well-being. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University Wills E, Orozco L, Forero C, Pardo O, Andonova V. 2011. The relationship between perceptions of insecurity, social capital and subjective well-being: Empirical evidences from areas of rural conflict in Colombia. The Journal of Socio-Economics. Vol. 40 88–96 Yip W, Subramanian S. V, Mitchell A D, Lee D, Wang J, Kawachi I. 2007. Does social capital enhance health and well-being? Evidence from rural China. Journal Social Science & Medicine: 35 – 49

Practitioners in many domains–e.g., clinical psychologists, college instructors, researchers–collect written responses from clients. A well-developed method that has been applied to texts from sources like these is the computer application Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). LIWC uses the words in texts as cues to a person’s thought processes, emotional states, intentions, and motivations. In the present study, we adopt analytic principles from LIWC and develop and test an alternative method of text analysis using naïve Bayes methods. We further show how output from the naïve Bayes analysis can be used for mark up of student work in order to provide immediate, constructive feedback to students and instructors. References Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y., & Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research 3, 993-1022. Boot, P., Zijlstra, H., & Geenen, R. (2017). The Dutch translation of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) 2007 dictionary. Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics, 6(1), 65-76. Chung, C. K., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2008). Revealing dimensions of thinking in open-ended self-descriptions: An automated meaning extraction method for natural language. Journal of research in personality, 42(1), 96-132. Hsieh, H-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005).Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 277-1288. Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press. Landauer, T. K., Foltz, P. W., & Laham, D. (1998). An introduction to latent semantic ana­lysis. Discourse processes, 25(2-3), 259-284. Lund, K., & Burgess, C. (1996). Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28(2), 203-208. Massó, G., Lambert, P., Penagos, C. R., & Saurí, R. (2013, December). Generating New LIWC Dictionaries by Triangulation. In Asia Information Retrieval Symposium (pp. 263-271). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Newman, M., Groom, C.J., Handelman, L.D., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2008). Gender differences in language use: An analysis of 14,000 text samples. Discourse Processes, 45(3), 211-236. Pennebaker, J.W., Boyd, R.L., Jordan, K., & Blackburn, K. (2015). The development and psychometric properties of LIWC 2015. Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin. Tausczik, Y. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of language and social psychology, 29(1), 24-54. Van Wissen, L., & Boot, P. (2017, September). An Electronic Translation of the LIWC Dictionary into Dutch. In: Electronic lexicography in the 21st century: Proceedings of eLex 2017 Conference. (pp. 703-715). Lexical Computing.

In North America, elm yellows, aster yellows (AY), and X-disease phytoplasmas have been detected in American grapevines (1), and recently, Bois noir was detected in Canadian vineyards from British Columbia (BC) and Ontario (ON) (2). Typical symptoms of grapevine yellows (GY) include leaf rolling and chlorosis, uneven or total lack of lignification of canes, flower abortion or berry withering, and stunting. In 2006 and 2007, independent surveys were conducted by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) to detect phytoplasmas in Canadian vineyards containing different cultivars in BC, ON, Québec (QC), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. The CFIA collected and tested 651 fresh leaf samples from recently imported grapevines and older grapevines in the same or neighboring blocks displaying symptoms typical of those associated with disease caused by phytoplasmas. Many vineyards were surveyed only once. AAFC collected and tested 3,485 samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic grapevines from established vineyards in ON, BC, and QC. The same vineyards were sampled in ON and BC both years; QC vineyards were only sampled in 2007. AAFC-collected leaf samples were freeze dried and stored at –20°C before processing. CFIA samples were tested by a modified real-time PCR assay and TaqMan probe targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene that detects a wide range of known phytoplasmas (2). Positive samples were confirmed by conventional PCR using the phytoplasma-specific primers P1/P7 (3) and the resulting ~1,800-bp fragment was cloned and sequenced as previously described (2). DNA extracted by AAFC was amplified by nested PCR technology with universal phytoplasma specific primer pairs P1/P6 and R16R2/R16F2 (3) and the resulting 1,200-bp fragment was cloned and sequenced. Two plants, one located in ON in 2006 and the other in BC in 2007, were found to be infected with an AY-like phytoplasma by the CFIA. The phytoplasmas detected in both infected plants had a 99.9% nt sequence identity with AY phytoplasma sequences from GenBank (Accession Nos. AF222063 and AY665676, respectively), with the BC isolate also showing 100% identity to a strain of AY, ash witches'-broom phytoplasma (GenBank Accession No. AY566302). AAFC detected phytoplasma DNA in both years in a total of 17 symptomatic plants and 21 asymptomatic plants from different vine varieties in ON, BC, and QC. Positive samples were found to have a 99.0% nt sequence identity to AY subgroup 16SrI-A (GenBank Accession No. AY180956). Sequences were exchanged for confirmation of phytoplasma identity and were deposited in Genbank under Accession Nos. FJ659844 and FJ824597. Phytoplasma strains were identified for all plants in which phytoplasmas were detected. Results show that AY is present in vineyards in the provinces of ON, BC, and QC. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AY being detected in grapevines in Canada. References: (1) E. Boudon-Padieu. Bull. O I V, 79:299, 2003. (2) M. Rott et al. Plant Dis. 91:1682, 2007. (3) E. Tanne et al. Phytopathology 91:741, 2001.

LACHENMANN: Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern (Tokyo Version, 2000) c. Sylvain Cambreling. ECM New Series 1858/9 (2-CD set).DÖHL: Sound of Sleat; Bruchstücke zur Winterreise for piano; String quintet: Winterreise; Notturno. James Tocco (pno), Hugo Noth (accordion), Ovidiu Dabila (double bass), Auryn Quartet with Boris Pergamenschikov (vlc), Lasalle Quartet. Dreyer-Gaido 21013.HÖLLER: Piano Works. Kristi Becker, Pi-hsien Chen (pnos). cpo 999 954-2.PINTSCHER: Figura I–V; String Quartet No. 4, Portrait of Gesualdo; Dernier espace avec introspecteur. Theodoro Anzelotti (accordion), Arditti String Quartet. Winter & Winter 910 097-2.

Nontraditional manufacturing processes (NTMPs) are especially preferred when it is necessary to machine very small and delicate parts, obtain complex shapes or process very hard and high strength materials. New NTMPs are developed continually and the total number of NTMPs being used in the machining industry is increasing so that ranking and selection of the most proper NTMP requires multi-level and systematic models. [M. Yurdakul and C. Cogun, Development of a multi-attribute selection procedure for non-traditional machining processes, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. J. Eng. Manuf.217 (2003) 993–1009] developed such an NTMP ranking model. The developed NTMP ranking model in [M. Yurdakul and C. Cogun, Development of a multi-attribute selection procedure for non-traditional machining processes, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. J. Eng. Manuf.217 (2003) 993–1009] had a two-level structure and used crisp Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) together to rank feasible NTMPs. This study aims to replace crisp (nonfuzzy) versions of the AHP and TOPSIS with the fuzzy ones. Application of the fuzzy NTMP ranking model is illustrated and its results are compared with the ones obtained in [M. Yurdakul and C. Cogun, Development of a multi-attribute selection procedure for non-traditional machining processes, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. J. Eng. Manuf.217 (2003) 993–1009] to evaluate the significance of the differences in ranking results. The comparisons show that using fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS approaches instead of the crisp ones in the ranking model provided considerable ranking differences. The fuzzy NTMP ranking model is studied furthermore in the paper by updating the NTMP list and fine-tuning fuzzy weights of the pertinent attributes.

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A has been reported to be important for the establishment of replication by adaptive mutations or localization, although its role in viral replication remains unclear. It was previously reported that NS5A interacts with NS5B via two regions of NS5A in the isolate JK-1 and modulates the activity of NS5B RdRp (Y. Shirota et al., J. Biol. Chem., 277:11149-11155, 2002), but the biological significance of this interaction has not been determined. In this study, we addressed the effect of this interaction on HCV RNA replication with an HCV replicon system derived from the isolate M1LE (H. Kishine et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 293:993-999, 2002). We constructed three internal deletion mutants, M1LE/5Adel-1 and M1LE/5Adel-2, each encoding NS5A which cannot bind NS5B, and M1LE/5Adel-3, encoding NS5A that can bind NS5B. After transfection into Huh-7 cells, M1LE/5Adel-3 was replication competent, but both M1LE/5Adel-1 and M1LE/5Adel-2 were not. Next we prepared 20 alanine-substituted clustered mutants within both NS5B-binding regions and examined the effect of these mutants on HCV RNA replication. Only 5 of the 20 mutants were replication competent. Subsequently, we introduced a point mutation, S225P, a deletion of S229, or S232I into NS5A and prepared cured Huh-7 cells that were cured of RNA replication by alpha interferon. Finally, with these point mutations and cured cells, we established a highly improved replicon system. In this system, only the same five mutants were replication competent. These results strongly suggest that the interaction between NS5A and NS5B is critical for HCV RNA replication in the HCV replicon system.

Abstract Tseng, C-T., Su, N-J., Sun, C-L., Punt, A. E., Yeh, S-Z., Liu, D-C., and Su, W-C. 2013. Spatial and temporal variability of the Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) distribution in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 991–999. Logbook data for the Taiwanese Pacific saury fishery and multi-sensor satellite images for 2006–2010 were used to characterize the habitat of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) in the northwestern Pacific (NWP). An empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF) approach identified that high cpue (catch per unit of effort) of Pacific saury occurred when sea surface temperature (SST) ranged from 14 to 16°C, chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl a) ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 mg m−3, and net primary production (NPP) ranged from 600 to 800 mg C m−2 d−1. A generalized additive model (GAM) and spatial non-stationary geographically weighted regression (GWR) were applied to predict the habitats of Pacific saury in the NWP. The spatial distributions of Pacific saury in the NWP estimated using the two approaches were similar and matched the nominal cpue distributions and those inferred from preferred habitat ranges based on ECDF. The density of Pacific saury is higher in coastal waters close to the island of Hokkaido and near the southern Kuril Islands than in the open sea. SST, Chl a, and NPP were substantially higher in the fishing grounds for Pacific saury during the main fishing season (September and October), corresponding to a high cpue for Pacific saury (23.1 t fishing day−1). The GAM explained more variability in spatial distribution (35.7%) than GWR (20.5%) VGPM (Vertically Generalized Production Model). Results derived from this study could improve our understanding of Pacific saury habitat distributions, which could be used to forecast fishing grounds and to develop fishery management advice based on oceanographic conditions that might be impacted by climate change.

In recent years, lily (Lilium spp.) has become an important ornamental crop in diverse regions of Mexico. Since 2005, unusual symptoms have been observed on lily plants grown from imported bulbs in both greenhouse and production plots at San Pablo Ixayo, Boyeros, and Tequexquinauac, Mexico State. Symptoms included a zigzag line pattern on leaves, dwarfism, enlargement of stems, shortened internodes, leaves without petioles growing directly from bulbs, air bulbils, death of young roots, atrophy of flower buttons, and flower abortion. Symptoms were experimentally reproduced on healthy lily plants by graft inoculation. Total DNA was extracted from 50 diseased, 10 symptomless, and 10 graft-inoculated plants by the method of Dellaporta et al. (2). DNA samples were analyzed for phytoplasma presence by two different nested PCR assays. One assay employed ribosomal RNA gene primer pair P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 (1), whereas ribosomal protein (rp) gene primer pairs rpF1/rpR1 and rp(I)F1A/rp(I)R1A (4) were used in a second assay. A DNA fragment approximately 1.2 kb long was consistently amplified from all symptomatic plant samples only by both assays. A comparative analysis of 16S rDNA sequences (Genbank Accession Nos. EF421158–EF421160 and EU124518–EU124520) and rp gene sequences (EU277012–EU277014), derived from PCR products, revealed that phytoplasma infecting lily were most similar (99.9% to 16S rDNA and 99.7% to rp) to carrot phytoplasma sp. ca2006/5 and also were similar (99.8% to 16SrDNA and 99.2% to rp) to broccoli phytoplasma sp. br273. Both carrot and broccoli phytoplasmas were classified as members of aster yellow 16S rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism subgroup 16SrI-B (3). Although infection of lilies by aster yellows (‘Ca. phytoplasma asteris’) subgroup 16SrI-B and 16SrI-C was reported from the Czech Republic and Poland, to our knowledge, this is the first report of ‘Ca. phytoplasma asteris’-related strains associated with lily plants in Mexico. References: (1) R. F. Davis et al. Microbiol. Res. 158:229, 2003. (2) S. L. Dellaporta et al. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 1:19, 1983. (3) B. Duduk et al. Bull. Insectol. 60 2:341, 2007. (4) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54:337, 2004.

A monoclonal antibody based capture immunoassay has been recently developed for the specific quantitation of bovine milk alkaline phosphatase (ALP) without interference by contaminating microbial or fungal ALPs (Geneix et al. 2007). This immunoassay was used to study the kinetics of ALP heat denaturation in bovine milk over a range 50–60°C for 5 to 60 min using a colorimetric quantification of the enzyme activity as a reference test. A denaturation midpoint was obtained at 56°C for a 30 min heating. Thermal inactivation was found to follow first order kinetics and is characterized by z value of 6·7 deg C (D60°C=24·6 min) and 6·8 (D60°C=23·0 min) for respectively immunoassay and colorimetric assay. The high values of enthalpy of activation and the positive values of the entropy of activation and free energy of activation indicate that during denaturation ALP underwent a large change in conformation. The results of the immunoassay were highly correlated (r=0·994) with those obtained by the colorimetric assay. A similar high correlation (r=0·998) was obtained when industrially thermized milks (62–67°C for 20–90 s) were analysed by both techniques. These results indicated that 1) thermally induced epitopic structural changes recognized by the capture monoclonal antibody are concomitant with or occur after the loss of enzymatic activity and 2) quantification of ALP by the specific immunoassay is appropriate for determining mild time/temperature treatment of milk and for the control of milk pasteurization.

We disclose the use of a suitable pair of phase-only masks for generating sinusoidal phase gratings, or sinusoidal phase zone plates, with tunable optical path delays. We show that these gratings can have either 1-D structure or a 2-D radial structure. Full Text: PDF ReferencesB. Berge and J. Peseux, "Variable focal lens controlled by an external voltage: An application of electrowetting", Eur. Phys. J. E 3, 159-163 (2000). CrossRef H. W. Ren, Y. H. Fan, S. Gauza, and S. T. Wu, "Tunable-focus flat liquid crystal spherical lens", Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4789-4791 (2004). CrossRef T. Martinez, D. V. Wick, D. M. Payne, J. T. Baker, and S. R. Restaino, "Non-mechanical zoom system", Proc. SPIE 5234, 375-378 (2004). CrossRef D. Y. Zhang, N. Justis, and Y. H. Lo, "Fluidic adaptive zoom lens with high zoom ratio and widely tunable field of view", Opt. Commun. 249, 175-182 (2005). CrossRef B. H. W. Hendriks, S. Kuiper, M. A. J. Van As, C. A. Renders and T. W. Tukker, "Electrowetting-Based Variable-Focus Lens for Miniature Systems", Opt. Rev. 12, 255-259 (2005). CrossRef M. Duocastella and C. B. Arnold, "Enhanced depth of field laser processing using an ultra-high-speed axial scanner", Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 06113-1--06113-3 (2013). CrossRef Jorge Ojeda-Casta-eda, José Enrique A. Landgrave and Cristina M. Gómez-Sarabia, "Conjugate phase plate use in analysis of the frequency response of imaging systems designed for extended depth of field", Appl. Opt. 47, E99 (2008). CrossRef A.W. Lohmann, British Patent 998, 191 (May 29, 1964).A.W. Lohmann, Republic Française 1, 398, 351 (June 10, 1964).A.W. Lohmann, Italy Patent 727, 848 (June 19, 1964).A.W Lohmann, "A New Class of Varifocal Lenses", Appl. Opt. 9, 1669 (1970). CrossRef L.W. Alvarez, U.S. patent 3,305,294 (21 February 1967).L.W. Alvarez , W. E. Humphrey, U.S. patent 3,507,565 (21 April, 1970).L.W. Alvarez, J. Am. Optometric Assoc. 49, 24 (1978).S. Bernet and M. Ritsch-Marte, U.S. patent application 20100134869 A1 (June 3, 2010).Jorge Ojeda-Castaneda, S. Ledesma, and C. M. Gómez-Sarabia, "Tunable apodizers and tunable focalizers using helical pairs", Phot. Lett. Poland 5, 20 (2013). CrossRef J. Ojeda-Casta-eda, C. M. Gómez-Sarabia, and S. Ledesma, "Novel free-form optical pairs for tunable focalizers", J. Opt. 43, 85 (2014). CrossRef J. Ojeda-Castaneda, A. L. Barragán-Chávez, and C. M. Gómez-Sarabia, "Aberration generators in tandem", Phot. Lett. Poland 7, 8 (2015). CrossRef Adolf W. Lohmann and Donald A. Silva, "An interferometer based on the Talbot effect", Optics Comm. 2, 413 (1971). CrossRef S. Yokozeki and T. Suzuki, "Shearing Interferometer Using the Grating as the Beam Splitter", Appl. Opt. 10, 1575 (1971). CrossRef Jason Geng, "Structured-light 3D surface imaging: a tutorial", Adv. Opt. Phot. 3, 128 (2011). CrossRef Jorge Ibarra and J. Ojeda-Casta-eda, "Talbot interferometry: a new geometry", Opt. Commun. 96, 294 (1993). CrossRef J. Ojeda-Castaneda, C.M. Gómez-Sarabia, S. Ledesma, "Novel zoom systems using a vortex pair", Asian J. Phys. 23, 415 (2014). DirectLink J. Ojeda-Castaneda, C.M. Gómez-Sarabia, S. Ledesma, Asian J. Phys. 23, 535 (2014). DirectLink J. Ojeda-Casta-eda and Cristina M. Gómez-Sarabia, "Nonconventional optical systems using varifocal lenses", Phot. Lett. Poland 7, 14 (2015). CrossRef

Temperature seasonality, the difference between summer and winter temperature, has significant influences on global terrestrial and marine ecosystems. However, most of proxy-based climate records are of limited temporal resolution and thus insufficient to quantify the past temperature seasonality. In this study, high-resolution Sr/Ca ratios of modern (live-caught) and fossil (dead-collected) Tridacna gigas shells from the South China Sea (SCS) were used to reconstruct the seawater temperature seasonality during the late Holocene. The averaged seawater temperature seasonality around 2165 ± 75 BC (4.46 ± 1.41°C, derived from the data of 18 yr) were similar to the seasonality of recent decade (4.41 ± 0.82°C during AD 1994–2005), but the temperature seasonality around AD 50 ± 40 (3.69 ± 1.37°C, derived from the data of 48 yr) and AD 990 ± 40 (3.64 ± 0.87°C, derived from the data of 11 yr) was significantly lower than that during AD 1994–2005. The reduced seasonality around AD 990 ± 40 was attributable to the unusually warm winter during the medieval times, probably caused by the weakening of East Asian Winter Monsoon. Our study highlighted the potential of T. gigas shells in providing high-resolution seasonality climate information during the late Holocene.

The objective of this study was to identify key elements from the 2007 Canada’s Food Guide that should be included in a diet quality score aiming to reflect the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Dietary intakes of 998 adults (mean age: 43.2 years, 50% women) were used to obtain the Canadian Healthy Eating Index 2007 (C-HEI 2007) and Alternative Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI) scores, as well as a dietary pattern (DP) generated by the reduced rank regression (RRR) method. Based on these three scores, a modified version of the C-HEI 2007 (Modified C-HEI) was then proposed. The prevalence ratio (PR) of MetS was examined across diet quality scores using multivariate binomial regression analysis. A higher AHEI, Modified C-HEI, and a lower score for DP were all associated with a significantly lower prevalence of MetS (PR = 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28, 0.64; PR = 0.39; 95% CI 0.23, 0.63; and PR = 0.48; 95% CI 0.31, 0.74, respectively), whereas C-HEI 2007 was not (PR = 0.68; 95% CI 0.47, 1.00). Results suggest that a Modified C-HEI that considers key elements from the C-HEI 2007 and the AHEI, as well the DP, shows that participants with a higher score are less likely to have MetS.

We use orthogonal and biorthogonal projections to post-process the gradient of the finite element solution produced by a non-conforming finite element approach. This leads to a better approximation property of the recovered gradient. We use an L2-projection, where the trial and test spaces are different but form a biorthogonal system. This leads to an efficient numerical approach. We also modify our projection by applying the boundary modification method to obtain a higher order approximation on the boundary patch. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency and optimality of the approach. References R. E. Bank and J. Xu. Asymptotically exact a posteriori error estimators, Part I: Grids with superconvergence. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 41 (2003), pp. 2294–2312. doi: 10.1137/S003614290139874X J. H. Bramble and A. H. Schatz. Higher order local accuracy by averaging in the finite element method. Math. Comput. 31 (1977), pp. 94–111. doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-1977-0431744-9. M. Crouzeix and P.-A. Raviart. Conforming and nonconforming finite element methods for solving the stationary Stokes equations I. RAIRO 7.R3 (1973), pp. 33–75. doi: 10.1051/m2an/197307R300331 H. Guo and Z. Zhang. Gradient recovery for the Crouzeix–Raviart element. J. Sci. Comput. 64.2 (2015), pp. 456–476. doi: 10.1007/s10915-014-9939-5. B.-O. Heimsund, X.-C. Tai, and J. Wang. Superconvergence for the gradient of finite element approximations by L2 projections. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 40.4 (2002), pp. 1263–1280. doi: 10.1137/S003614290037410X Y. Huang and N. Yi. The superconvergent cluster recovery method. J. Sci. Comput. 44 (2010), pp. 301–322. doi: 10.1007/s10915-010-9379-9 M. Ilyas, B. P. Lamichhane, and M. H. Meylan. A gradient recovery method based on an oblique projection and boundary modification. Proceedings of the 18th Biennial Computational Techniques and Applications Conference, CTAC-2016. Ed. by J. Droniou, M. Page, and S. Clarke. Vol. 58. ANZIAM J. 2017, pp. C34–C45. doi: 10.21914/anziamj.v58i0.11730 M. Kˇríˇzek and P. Neittaanmäki. Superconvergence phenomenon in the finite element method arising from averaging gradients. Numer. Math. 45 (1984), pp. 105–116. doi: 10.1007/BF01379664 B. P. Lamichhane, R. P. Stevenson, and B. I. Wohlmuth. Higher order mortar finite element methods in 3D with dual Lagrange multiplier bases. Numer. Math. 102 (2005), pp. 93–121. doi: 10.1007/s00211-005-0636-z A. Naga and Z. Zhang. A posteriori error estimates based on the polynomial preserving recovery. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 42.4 (2004), pp. 1780–1800. doi: 10.1137/S0036142903413002 R. Rannacher and S. Turek. Simple nonconforming quadrilateral Stokes element. Num. Meth. Part. Diff. Eq. 8.2 (1992), pp. 97–111. doi: 10.1002/num.1690080202 Z. Zhang and A. Naga. A new finite element gradient recovery method: Superconvergence property. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 26.4 (2005), pp. 1192–1213. doi: 10.1137/S1064827503402837 O. C. Zienkiewicz and J. Z. Zhu. The superconvergent patch recovery and a posteriori error estimates. Part 1: The recovery technique. Int. J. Num. Meth. Eng. 33 (1992), pp. 1331–1364. doi: 10.1002/nme.1620330702

The 16th International Symposium on Organometallic Chemistry Directed Towards Organic Synthesis (OMCOS 16) was held in Shanghai, China during the period of 24-28 July 2011. It was jointly organized by the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and East China Normal University under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. It was held at the Shanghai International Convention Center, located in the heart of the Lujiazui-Shanghai Financial and Trade zone, adjacent to the Oriental Pearl TV Tower and facing the multinational styles of architecture along the Bund across the Huangpu River, nicely showing part of the history and the dynamic nature of China at this moment.It was the first time for mainland China to host the OMCOS meeting following the successful series of symposia held at Fort Collins (1981), Dijon (1983), Kyoto (1985), Vancouver (1987), Florence (1989), Utrecht (1991), Kobe (1993), Santa Barbara (1995), Gottingen (1997), Versailles (1999), Taipei (2001), Toronto (2003), Geneva (2005), Nara (2007), and Glasgow (2009).The symposium program featured 11 plenary lectures, 13 invited lectures, 12 oral presentations, one OMCOS Award Lecture (sponsored by Springer Verlag and the Yen-Chuang Foundation), and one OBC Award Lecture (sponsored by the Royal Society of Chemistry). Notably, the plenary lecture given by the Nobel laureate, Prof. Ei-ichi Negishi, was delivered right after the reception dinner on 24 July. Prof. Frank Glorius from Universität Münster received the OMCOS Award, and Prof. Michael C. Willis from the University of Oxford received the OBC Award.The symposium was attended by 993 participants from 21 countries and areas. The scientific program also presented well-supported poster sessions comprising 507 posters of remarkably high quality. On the basis of assessment by the distinguished international committee, 20 posters were awarded with the OMCOS-16 Poster Prizes, sponsored by Henkel, John Wiley, IUPAC, Thieme, the Royal Society of Chemistry, and Elsevier.This issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry comprises a collection of 9 papers based upon lectures delivered at OMCOS-16 (Conference Editor, Shuli You), offering the readers a glimpse of the fascinating achievements in this area communicated at the symposium.The series will continue with OMCOS-17, which will be held in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (www.omcos17.com), 28 July-1 August 2013, under the chairmanship of Prof. Tomislav Rovis.Shengming Ma and Kuiling DingConference Chairs

This study presents the effects of the geometry of the notches on the fatigue life, crack initiation, and growth in mixed mode and first mode of the fracture. For this purpose, some samples were tested with U-shaped notches with different radii and depths and various orientations with respect to the loading directions under fatigue loads. Using the fatigue crack growth rates, the Paris law coefficients were obtained for the used material in different conditions. It was shown that these coefficients are independent of the geometry of the samples. Fatigue crack growth behaviors in the mixed mode tests were also in good agreement with the result of the numerical simulations. Predictions of the maximum tangential stress criterion and numerical simulation for the position of the crack initiation on the notch root were compared with the tested observations, which showed good agreement. The fatigue life of the test samples was compared with the analytical results provided by the Manson-Coffin law. It was shown that a 25% decrease in notch depth increases the fatigue life by 3 times, also, an increase of 0.5 mm in the notch radius increases the fatigue life by 40%. Finally, the fracture surface of the samples was checked using an optical microscope. This study showed that the fracture surfaces have one or two lateral shear lips and plane stress conditions were established. REFERENCES [1] X.-L. Zheng, Modelling fatigue crack initiation life, Int. J. Fatigue, 15 (1993) 461-466, https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-1123(93)90257-Q. [2] M. De Freitas, L. Reis, B. Li, Evaluation of small crack growth models for notched specimen under axial/torsional fatigue loading, Facta universitatis-series: Mechanics, Automatic Control and Robotics, 3 (2003) 657-669, [3] H. Zhang, A. Fatemi, Short fatigue crack growth from a blunt notch in plate specimens, Int. J. 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Jyotiprasad Chatterjee and Suprio Basu. Left Front and After: Understanding the Dynamics of Poriborton in West Bengal. New Delhi, India: Sage. 2020. 255 pages. ₹1,195. Suman Nath. People-Party-Policy Interplay in India: Micro-dynamics of Everyday Politics in West Bengal, c. 2008–2016. New Delhi, India: Routledge. 2020. 221 pages. ₹995.

Background: Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Objectives: We described LDL-C distributions across the age span and compared the trends in three distinct cross-sectional surveys during 2007-2010, 2011-2014, and 2015-2018. Methods: This is an observational study. Blood lipid measurements, taken from 40,977 noninstitutionalized participants, aged 12 to 80, were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) study. Results: The LDL-C values changed by age and differed by sex. Mean LDL-C levels increased with age through middle age and then decreased with age. In males, mean LDL-C declined from 104.5 (95% CI, 103.6-105.3) in 2007-2010, to 100.5 (95% CI, 99.7-101.4) in 2011-2014, and 100.8 (95% CI, 99.9-101.7) in 2015-2018 (p<0.001 for linear trend). In females, mean LDL-C declined from 110.3 (95% CI, 109.5-111.1) in 2007-2010, to 108.3 (95% CI, 107.6-109.1) in 2011-2014, and 106.8 (95% CI, 105.9-107.7) in 2015-2018 (p<0.001 for linear trend). Conclusions: Between 2007 and 2018, favorable trends in LDL-C levels were observed among noninstitutionalized residents in the US.

Stripe rust (yellow rust) of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, has become more severe in eastern United States, Australia, and elsewhere since 2000. Recent research has shown that this coincided with a global spread of two closely related strains that were similar based on virulence phenotype and amplified fragment length polymorphism. The objective of this research was to quantify differences in aggressiveness among isolates representative of the pre-2000 and post-2000 populations. Representative isolates were evaluated at low (10 to 18°C) and high (12 to 28°C) temperature regimes for latent period, lesion length, lesion width, lesion area, and spore production on adult plants of a susceptible wheat cultivar with no known genes for resistance to stripe rust. “New” isolates (since 2000) were significantly more aggressive than “old” isolates (before 2000) for all variables. At the low temperature regime, new isolates sporulated 2.1 days (16%) sooner, grew 0.3 mm per day (18%) faster, produced 999 (140%) more spores per inoculation site per day, and produced 6.5 (71%) more spores per mm2 of lesion per day compared with old isolates. At the high temperature regime, new isolates sporulated 3 days (26%) sooner, grew 0.2 mm per day (18%) and 2.2 mm2 per day (88%) faster, grew 1.2 mm (50%) wider, produced 774 (370%) more spores per inoculation site per day, and produced 6.2 (159%) more spores per mm2 of lesion per day than old isolates. New isolates showed significant adaptation to the warm temperature regime for all variables. Based on these results and previously published models for stripe rust epidemics, recent severe stripe rust epidemics were most likely enhanced by the pathogen's increased aggressiveness, especially at higher temperature. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that wheat rust fungi can adapt to warmer temperatures and cause severe disease in previously unfavorable environments.

Antimicrobial resistance is an issue of increasing global concern. Several investigators have suggested that antibiotic use in food-producing animals is a major contributor to the increasing incidence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms causing illness in humans (F. J. Angulo, K. R. Johnson, R. V. Tauxe, and M. L. Cohen, Microb. Drug Res. 6:77–83, 2000; P. D. Fey, T. J. Safranek, M. E. Rupp, E. F. Dunne, R. Efrain, P. C. Iwen, P. A. Bradford, F. J. Angulo, and S. H. Hinrichs, N. Engl. J. Med. 342:1242–1249, 2000; S. A. McEwen and P. J. Fedorka-Cray, Commun. Infect. Dis. 34(Suppl. 3):S93–S106, 2002; D. L. Smith, A. D. Harris, J. A. Johnson, E. K. Silbergeld, and J. G. Morris, Jr., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:6434–6439, 2002; D. G. White, S. Zhao, R. Sudler, S. Ayers, S. Friedman, S. Chen, P. F. McDermott, D. D. Wagner, and J. Meng, N. Engl. J. Med. 345:1147–1154, 2001; W. Witte, Science 279:996, 1998). In this paper, we discuss this and other assumptions relevant to a quantitative risk assessment model for salmonellosis in humans. We also discuss other important aspects of modeling food safety and food-associated antimicrobial resistance risk to humans. We suggest that the role of food-producing animals in the origin and transmission of antimicrobial resistance and “foodborne” pathogens has been overestimated and overemphasized in the scientific literature; consequently, nonfoodborne transmission, including pet-associated human cases, has been underemphasized. Much evidence exists for the potential contribution to infectious disease that may be of human or pet origin (that may contact humans through food but not be of a food origin). Risk analyses that do not acknowledge the potential for these sources of cross-contamination will understate the contribution that origin has in the realm of foodborne and food-associated diseases (e.g., Salmonella) and the resulting uncertainty levels in the food system, thus leading to biased inferences. We emphasize the importance of evaluating both the foodborne and nonfoodborne transmission risk for salmonellosis and outline the basics of an analytical modeling approach in food safety with examples to illustrate strengths and limitations in the modeling. Examples illustrate, on a simplistic level, how varying assumptions and other inputs can influence the output of food-associated quantitative risk models.

Language makes human communication possible. Apart from everyday applications, language can provide insights into individuals’ thinking and reasoning. Machine-based analyses of text are becoming widespread in business applications, but their utility in learning contexts are a neglected area of research. Therefore, the goal of the present work is to explore machine-assisted approaches to aid in the analysis of students’ written compositions. A method for extracting common topics from written text is applied to 78 student papers on technology and ethics. The primary tool for analysis is the Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm. The results suggest that this machine-based topic extraction method is effective and supports a promising prospect for enhancing classroom learning and instruction. The method may also prove beneficial in other applied applications, like those in clinical and counseling practice. References Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y., & Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research 3, 993-1022. Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Chen, K. Y. M., & Wang, Y. (2007). Latent dirichlet allocation. http://acsweb.ucsd.edu/~yuw176/ report/lda.pdf. Chung, C. K., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2008). Revealing dimensions of thinking in open-ended self-descriptions: An automated meaning extraction method for natural language. Journal of research in personality, 42(1), 96-132. Feldman, S. (1999). NLP meets the Jabberwocky: Natural language processing in information retrieval. Online Magazine, 23, 62-73. Retrieved from: http://www.onlinemag.net/OL1999/ feldmann5.html Mishlove, J. (2010). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XTDLq34M18 (Accessed June 12, 2018). Ostrowski, D. A. (2015). Using latent dirichlet allocation for topic modelling in twitter. In Semantic Computing (ICSC), 2015 IEEE International Conference (pp. 493-497). IEEE. Pennebaker, J. W. (2004). Theories, therapies, and taxpayers: On the complexities of the expressive writing paradigm. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(2), 138-142. Pennebaker, J.W., Boyd, R.L., Jordan, K., & Blackburn, K. (2015). The development and psychometric properties of LIWC 2015. Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin. Pennebaker, J. W., Chung, C. K., Frazee, J., Lavergne, G. M., & Beaver, D. I. (2014). When small words foretell academic success: The case of college admissions essays. PLoS ONE, 9(12), e115844. Pennebaker, J. W., & King, L. A. (1999). Linguistic styles: Language use as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1296-1312. Recchia, G., Sahlgren, M., Kanerva, P., & Jones, M. N. (2015). Encoding sequential information in semantic space models: Comparing holographic reduced representation and random permutation. Computational intelligence and neuroscience, 2015, 1-18. Salzmann, Z. (2004). Language, Culture, and Society: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology (3rd ed). Westview Press. Schank, R. C., Goldman, N. M., Rieger III, C. J., & Riesbeck, C. (1973). MARGIE: Memory analysis response generation, and inference on English. In IJCAI, 3, 255-261. Taraban, R., Marcy, W. M., LaCour Jr., M. S., & Burgess II, R. A. (2017). Developing machine-assisted analysis of engineering students’ ethics course assignments. Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference, Columbus, OH. https://www.asee.org/public/conferences/78/papers/19234/view. Taraban, R., Marcy, W. M., LaCour, M. S., Pashley, D., & Keim, K. (2018). Do engineering students learn ethics from an ethics course? Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education – Gulf Southwest (ASEE-GSW) Annual Conference, Austin, TX. http://www.aseegsw18.com/papers.html. Taraban, R., & Marshall, P. H. (2017). Deep learning and competition in psycholinguistic research. East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 4(2), 67-74. Weizenbaum, J. (1966). ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine. Communications of the ACM, 9(1), 36-45. Winograd, T. (1972). Understanding natural language. New York: Academic Press.

RESUMENEl objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de financiación y de control de las instituciones religiosas por los laicos en las primeras décadas de la conquista y colonización de Hispanoamérica. Investigar sobre la inversión laica en lo sagrado supone en un primer lugar aclarar la historiografía sobre laicos, religión y dinero en las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen y su trasposición en América, planteando una mirada desde el punto de vista de las motivaciones múltiples de los actores seglares. A través del ejemplo de restituciones, donaciones y legados en losAndes, se explora el papel de los laicos españoles, y también de las poblaciones indígenas, en el establecimiento de la densa red de instituciones católicas que se construye entonces. La propuesta postula el protagonismo de actores laicos en la construcción de un espacio cristiano en los Andes peruanos en el siglo XVI y principios del XVII, donde la inversión económica permite contribuir a la transición de una sociedad de guerra y conquista a una sociedad corporativa pacificada.PALABRAS CLAVE: Hispanoamérica-Andes, religión, economía, encomienda, siglos XVI y XVII.ABSTRACTThis article aims to reflect on the mechanisms of financing and control of religious institutions by the laity in the first decades of the conquest and colonization of Spanish America. Investigating lay investment in the sacred sphere means first of all to clarifying historiography on laity, religion and money within Ancien Régime societies and their transposition to America, taking into account the multiple motivations of secular actors. The example of restitutions, donations and legacies inthe Andes enables us to explore the role of the Spanish laity and indigenous populations in the establishment of the dense network of Catholic institutions that was established during this period. The proposal postulates the role of lay actors in the construction of a Christian space in the Peruvian Andes in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, when economic investment contributed to the transition from a society of war and conquest to a pacified, corporate society.KEY WORDS: Hispanic America-Andes, religion, economics, encomienda, 16th and 17th centuries. BIBLIOGRAFIAAbercrombie, T., “Tributes to Bad Conscience: Charity, Restitution, and Inheritance in Cacique and Encomendero Testaments of 16th-Century Charcas”, en Kellogg, S. y Restall, M. 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Abstract Background Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is endemic to South Africa, where vaccine use is negligible. We describe the epidemiology of IMD in South Africa. Methods IMD cases were identified through a national, laboratory-based surveillance program, GERMS-SA, from 2003–2016. Clinical data on outcomes and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) statuses were available from 26 sentinel hospital sites. We conducted space-time analyses to detect clusters of serogroup-specific IMD cases. Results Over 14 years, 5249 IMD cases were identified. The incidence was 0.97 cases per 100 000 persons in 2003, peaked at 1.4 cases per 100 000 persons in 2006, and declined to 0.23 cases per 100 000 persons in 2016. Serogroups were confirmed in 3917 (75%) cases: serogroup A was present in 4.7% of cases, B in 23.3%, C in 9.4%; W in 49.5%; Y in 12.3%, X in 0.3%; Z in 0.1% and 0.4% of cases were non-groupable. We identified 8 serogroup-specific, geo-temporal clusters of disease. Isolate susceptibility was 100% to ceftriaxone, 95% to penicillin, and 99.9% to ciprofloxacin. The in-hospital case-fatality rate was 17% (247/1479). Of those tested, 36% (337/947) of IMD cases were HIV-coinfected. The IMD incidence in HIV-infected persons was higher for all age categories, with an age-adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR) of 2.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2–2.8; P < .001) from 2012–2016. No patients reported previous meningococcal vaccine exposure. Patients with serogroup W were 3 times more likely to present with severe disease than those with serogroup B (aRRR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1–6.3); HIV coinfection was twice as common with W and Y diseases (aRRR W = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.9; aRRR Y = 1.9, 95% CI 1.0–3.4). Conclusions In the absence of significant vaccine use, IMD in South Africa decreased by 76% from 2003–2016. HIV was associated with an increased risk of IMD, especially for serogroup W and Y diseases.

В статье рассматривается значение слова «рыба», не только в современном турецком языке, но и в древних исторических текстах. Кроме того, раскрывается роль рыболовного хозяйства в жизни тюркских племен, а также образ рыбы в искусстве. В данном отношении слово «рыба», которая соответствует значениям города и животного объясняется в свете письменных источников. У каких тюркских племен рыболовная деятельность, основная экономика которых − животноводство, мало упоминается в письменных источниках. За этим, вероятно, стоит тот факт, что животноводство было выдвинуто на первый план с точки зрения экономики. Тем не менее, в некоторых письменных источниках упоминается несколько турецких племен, занимающихся рыболовством. В этом отношении, у каких тюркских племен существовало рыболовное хозяйство, устанавливается на основании арабских и персидских географических источников. Помимо конкретных значений слова рыба, не связанных с рыболовной деятельностью, смысловая нагрузка, приписываемая этому изображению в тюркской устной письменной традиции и искусстве, кратко истолковывается с помощью фольклора и археологических материалов. Изучение изменений, которые претерпела рыба в историческом процессе, важно с точки зрения выявления меняющихся филологических, религиозных и социальных факторов в турецком обществе, как внутренних, так и внешних. Библиографические ссылки Aitkali A. Arkeolojik ve Tarihi Açıdan Doğu Kazakistan’daki Türk Dönemi Anıtları (VI−XII yy). Akdeniz Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Tarih ABD. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, 2021. 292 s. Akdeniz D., Sırtlı A. Erken Dönem Mitolojisinde Afrodizyak Yiyeceklere Ait İnanışlar // Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies. 2020. 8 (4). S. 2745–2768. Artamanov M. İ. Hazar Tarihi. İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları, 2008. 670 s. Badakoğlu U. Antik Kaynaklar ve Güncel Çalışmalar Işığında Sarmatlar-İskitler. 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ABSTRACT Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas in the troposphere controlling ozone concentration in the stratosphere through nitric oxide production. In order to quantify bacteria capable of N2O reduction, we developed a SYBR green quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the nosZ gene encoding the catalytic subunit of the nitrous oxide reductase. Two independent sets of nosZ primers flanking the nosZ fragment previously used in diversity studies were designed and tested (K. Kloos, A. Mergel, C. Rösch, and H. Bothe, Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 28:991-998, 2001). The utility of these real-time PCR assays was demonstrated by quantifying the nosZ gene present in six different soils. Detection limits were between 101 and 102 target molecules per reaction for all assays. Sequence analysis of 128 cloned quantitative PCR products confirmed the specificity of the designed primers. The abundance of nosZ genes ranged from 105 to 107 target copies g−1 of dry soil, whereas genes for 16S rRNA were found at 108 to 109 target copies g−1 of dry soil. The abundance of narG and nirK genes was within the upper and lower limits of the 16S rRNA and nosZ gene copy numbers. The two sets of nosZ primers gave similar gene copy numbers for all tested soils. The maximum abundance of nosZ and nirK relative to 16S rRNA was 5 to 6%, confirming the low proportion of denitrifiers to total bacteria in soils.

Lypsykarjatilojen määrä on vähentynyt 57 % vuodesta 2000 vuoteen 2012, mutta lehmien lukumäärä vain 22%. Vuonna 2000 lypsykarjatiloilla oli keskimäärin 15,9 lehmää, kun taas vuonna 2011 lehmiä oli 26,9. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin lypsykarjatilojen tuotantokustannusten muuttumista MTT:n kannattavuuskirjanpitotoimintaan osallistuvilla lypsykarjatiloilla 2000–2011. Tuotantokustannuksia tarkasteltiin yksikkötasolla siten, että lypsykarjatilan kokonaistuotantokustannukset jaettiin tuotetulla maitomäärällä (c/l). Tutkimusaineisto oli paneelimuotoinen kirjanpitoaineisto, joka mahdollisti tilojen välisten erojen huomioimisen, kun niiden ominaisuudet muuttuivat aikajaksolla 2000–2011. Aineistossa oli yhteensä 4 205 havaintoa ja 633 tilaa. Kustannukset deflatoitiin kuluttajahintaindeksillä vuoden 2011 tasoon. Tarkastelut tehtiin lineaarisella sekamallilla. Kuvailevan tarkastelun mukaan tuotantokustannus oli 2000–2011 keskimäärin 99,9 c/l. Vuodesta 2000 vuoteen 2011 mennessä tuotantokustannus pienentyi noin 7%. Tuotantokustannus on vaihdellut eri tukialuilla. A-, C1- ja C2-tukialueilla tarkastelujakson keskimääräinen tuotantokustannus oli lähestulkoon sama (95,5 c/l, 96,2 c/l ja 96,7 c/l, vastaavasti). Tukialueilla B ja C2P–C4 tuotantokustannus oli 108,6 c/l ja 106,3 c/l (tutkimuksessa tukialueet C2P, C3 ja C4 yhdistettiin). Tarkasteltaessa tuotantokustannusta tilojen kokoluokkien (luokittelu standardituotoksen perusteella) mukaan, havaittiin pienillä tiloilla (standardituotos alle 50 000 €) selvästi keskisuuria (50 000–100 000 €) ja suuria (yli 100 000 €) kokoluokkia suurempi kustannustaso. Myös kustannusten vuotuinen vaihtelu oli pienillä tiloilla suurempaa. Mallin tulosten perusteella tilojen tuotantokustannusten vuosien välinen korrelaatio on suuri (0,492; p<0,001). Kustannukset muuttuvat tiloilla ajan kuluessa eri nopeudella (p<0,020). Mallissa aikamuuttujan vaikutus (1,485; p<0,001) on kaksinkertainen lehmämäärän vaikutukseen (–0,708; p<0,001) verrattuna. Tulos voidaan tulkita niin, että tilaa pitäisi kasvattaa vuosittain kahdella lehmällä, jotta voitaisiin kompensoida vuotuinen ajan kuluessa tapahtunut kustannusten kasvu. Tukialue selittää heikosti tuotantokustannusten eroja. Vain B-tukialue erottuu pohjoisimmista tukialueista (C1, C2 ja C2P–C4) siten, että B-alueella on muita tukialueita suurempi kustannus. Mallin mukaan pienin kokoluokka eroaa muista kokoluokista merkitsevästi (p<0,001) siten, että yksikkökustannukset ovat suuremmat pienillä tiloilla. Keskisuuri ja suuri kokoluokka eivät eroa toisistaan merkitsevästi (p=0,161).

AbstractThe clinical features of lipid infiltration in the parotid glands (LIPG) have not been studied. Monitoring of atomic-bomb survivors for late effects of radiation exposure has provided the opportunity to review the clinical findings of LIPG.A total of 992 atomic-bomb survivors in Nagasaki, Japan underwent lachrymal and salivary secretion tests and anthropometric, biochemical, and abdominal ultrasonographic examinations between 2002 and 2004. Among 465 subjects who had reduced tear and/or salivary excretion, 176 subjects took a salivary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination.LIPG was detected in 53 of the 176 subjects who had salivary MRI. LIPG cases showed a preponderance of females and fatty liver compared with the subjects without LIPG. Age-and-sex-adjusted regression analysis revealed that body mass index (BMI), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, hemoglobin A1c, and C-reactive protein were higher, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and adiponectin were lower, in the subjects with LIPG. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that BMI and fatty liver were mutually associated with LIPG independently from radiation dose.LIPG associated with BMI, fatty liver, and coronary risk factors was a clinical manifestation of metabolic syndrome.

We report on thermal analysis and a continuous wave (CW) laser operation at (1.998µm) of end pumped Tm: YAP cylindrical laser rod. The Tm: YAP laser rod is pumped at a wavelength of 1.064 µm emitting from Nd: YAG laser source. A 3W incident pump power is used to generate a maximum laser output of 700 mW, representing 18% slope efficiency. The power of thermally induced lens in Tm:YAP laser rod is numerically analyzed and validated experimentally. The focal lengths of the thermally induced lens are directly measured using Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. We have detected blue up-conversion fluorescence emission before laser operation at 1.998 µm. The obtained experimental results were in good agreement with the numerical calculations. Full Text: PDF ReferencesI. F. Elder, J. Payne, "Diode-pumped, room-temperature Tm:YAP laser", Applied Optics 36 (33), 8606 (1997) CrossRef Y. Li, B. Yao, Y. Wang, Y. Ju, G. Zhao, Y. Zong, J. Xu, "High efficient diode-pumped Tm:YAP laser at room temperature", Chinese Opt. Lett. 5 (5), 286 (2007). DirectLink H. Ni, S. C. Rand, "Avalanche upconversion in Tm:YALO3", Opt. Lett. 16 (8), 1424 (1991). CrossRef Z. G. Wang, C. W. Song, Y. F. Li, Y. L. Ju, Y. Z. Wang, "CW and pulsed operation of a diode-end-pumped Tm:GdVO4 laser at room temperature", Laser Phys. Lett. 6 (2), 105 (2009). CrossRef Baoquan Yao, Yi Tian, Wei Wang, Gang Li, Yuezhu Wang, "Analysis and compensation of thermal lens effects in Tm:YAP lasers", Chinese Opt. Lett. 8 (10), 996 (2010). CrossRef F. Cornacchia, D. Parisi, C. Bernardini, M. Toncelli, "Efficient, diode-pumped Tm3+:BaY2F8 vibronic laser", Opt. Expr. 12 (9), 1982 (2004). CrossRef Xiaojin Cheng, Mi Fan, Jiandong Cao, Jianhua Shang, "Research on the thermal effect and laser resonator of diode-pumped thin-slab Tm:YAP lasers", Optik 176, 32 (2019). CrossRef W. Koechner, Solid-state Laser Engineering, Springer, (2013). DirectLink https://www.crytur.cz DirectLink http://www.laserlabcomponents.com/ DirectLink R. M. El-Agmy, N.AlHosiny, "2.31 [micro sign]m laser under up-conversion pumping at 1.064 [micro sign]m in Tm3+:ZBLAN fibre lasers", Elect. Lett. 46 (13), 936 (2010). CrossRef R. M. El-Agmy, N. M. Al-Hosiny, "870 mW blue laser emission at 480 nm in a large core thulium doped ZBLAN fiber laser", Laser Phys. 20 (4), 838 (2010). CrossRef R. M. El-Agmy, N. M. Al-Hosiny, "Power scaling of end-pumped Nd:YLF lasers, modeling and experiments", Optik 140, 584 (2017). CrossRef R. M. El-Agmy, N. Al-Hosiny, "Thermal analysis and experimental study of end-pumped Nd: YLF laser at 1053 nm", Photonic sensors 7 (4), 329 (2017). CrossRef S. C. Tidwell, J. F. Seamans, M. S. Bowers, A. K. Cousins, "Scaling CW diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG lasers to high average powers", IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 997 (1992). CrossRef P. J. Hardman, W. A. Clarkson, G. J. Friel, M. Pollnau, D. C. Hanna, "Energy-transfer upconversion and thermal lensing in high-power end-pumped Nd:YLF laser crystals", IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 35, 647 (1999). CrossRef

The impact of storage conditions on compound stability and compound solubility has been debated intensely over the past 5 years. At Novartis, the authors decided to opt for a storage concept that can be considered controversial because they are using a DMSO/water (90/10) mixture as standard solvent. To assess the effect of water in DMSO stocks on compound stability, the authors monitored the purity of a subset of 1404 compounds from ongoing medicinal chemistry projects over several months. The study demonstrated that 85% of the compounds were stable in wet DMSO over a 2-year period at 4 °C. This result validates the storage concept developed at Novartis as a pragmatic approach that takes advantage of the benefits of DMSO/water mixtures while mediating the disadvantages. In addition, the authors describe how purity data collected over the course of the chemical validation of high-throughput screening actives are used to improve the analytical quality of the Novartis screening deck. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2008:999-1006)

AbstractPEEM allows ‘real-time’ observations to be made of solid-state transformations and other high-temperature processes taking place during vacuum-heating up to c. 2000°C The solid state transformations of an amphibole-rich hornblendite specimen have been observed in the temperature range of 750–1000°C (± 50°C Between c. 970–990°C a rapid change in orientation contrast was observed, indicating a structural rearrangement from an oxyhornblende crystal lattice to a clinopyroxene structure. This phase retains the original amphibole shape and texture (including two 120°C intersecting cleavage traces), but possesses a clinopyroxene crystal structure. At higher temperatures this phase is seen to decompose, forming iron oxides and other fine-grained products. PEEM has provided useful information on both the nature and rates of transformation of natural amphiboles which has proved invaluable in our understanding of the mineralogically-controlled mechanisms of argon release during 40Ar/39Ar dating of amphibole samples.

Absolute differential cross section measurements of the $^{12}C(d,p_{1,2,3})^{13}C$ reaction were performed in the projectile energy region Ed,lab = 900-2000 keV (in steps of 25 keV) and for detector angles between 145° and 170° (in steps of 5°) using as targets 99.9% purity self-supported natural carbon (98.9% 12C – 1.1% 13C) foils of nominal thickness ca. 1×10$^{18}$ at/cm2. The overall error in the absolute differential cross section measurements varied between ~8-30%. The results, presented in both graphical and tabular form, are compared with already published data and an attempt is made to explain the occurring differences. The strong influence of the resonance mechanism is presented and discussed.

Aims. To compare HB&L and BACTEC systems for detecting the microorganisms contaminating the corneal storage liquid preserved at 31°C.Methods. Human donor corneas were stored at 4°C followed by preservation at 31°C. Samples of the storage medium were inoculated in BACTEC Peds Plus/F (aerobic microorganisms), BACTEC Plus Anaerobic/F (anaerobic microorganisms), and HB&L bottles. The tests were performed (a) after six days of storage, (b) end of storage, and (c) after 24 hours of preservation in deturgescent liquid sequentially. 10,655 storage and deturgescent media samples were subjected to microbiological control using BACTEC (6-day incubation) and HB&L (24-hour incubation) systems simultaneously. BACTEC positive/negative refers to both/either aerobic and anaerobic positives/negatives, whereas HB&L can only detect the aerobic microbes, and therefore the positives/negatives depend on the presence/absence of aerobic microorganisms.Results. 147 (1.38%) samples were identified positive with at least one of the two methods. 127 samples (134 identified microorganisms) were positive with both HB&L and BACTEC. 14 HB&L+/BACTEC− and 6 BACTEC+/HB&L− were identified. Sensitivity (95.5%), specificity (99.8%), and positive (90.1%) and negative predictive values (99.9%) were high with HB&L considering a 3.5% annual contamination rate.Conclusion. HB&L is a rapid system for detecting microorganisms in corneal storage medium in addition to the existing methods.

ObjectivesTo compare treatment patterns, risk factors and cardiovascular disease (CVD) event rates in the UK from 2008 to 2017.DesignRetrospective cohort study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink.SettingUK primary care.ParticipantsWe selected 10 annual cohorts of patients with documented CVD receiving lipid-lowering therapy and the subsets with myocardial infarction (MI). Each cohort included patients ≥18 years old, with ≥1 year of medical history and ≥2 lipid-lowering therapy prescriptions in the prior year.Primary and secondary outcome measuresFor each annual cohort, we identified cardiovascular risk factors and lipid-lowering therapy and estimated the 1-year composite rate of fatal and non-fatal MI, ischaemic stroke (IS) or revascularisation.ResultsThe documented CVD cohort mean age was 71.6 years in 2008 (N=173 424) and 72.5 (N=94 418) in 2017; in the MI subset, mean age was 70.1 years in 2008 (N=38 999) and 70.4 in 2017 (N=25 900). Both populations had larger proportions of men. In the documented CVD cohort, the proportion receiving high-intensity lipid-lowering therapy from 2008 to 2017 doubled from 16% to 32%; in the MI subset, the increase was 20% to 48%. In the documented CVD cohort, the proportion of patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) <1.8 mmol/L increased from 28% to 38%; in the MI subset, the proportion with LDL-C <1.8 mmol/L increased from 32% to 42%. The composite event rate per 100 person-years declined over time, from 2.5 to 2.0 in the documented CVD cohort, and from 3.7 to 2.8 in the MI subset. After excluding revascularisation from the composite outcome, the decline in the event rate in both populations was substantially attenuated.ConclusionsDespite an increase in high-intensity therapy use and a decline in revascularisation, more than half of patients did not receive high-intensity lipid-lowering therapy by 2017 and incidence rates of MI and IS remained virtually unchanged.

В статье исследуются истоки градостроительства волжских болгар. Вопрос тесно связан с процессом оседания кочевых и полукочевых болгар на землю. При исследовании ранних постоянных поселений болгар VIII–X вв. на основе археологических и письменных источников мы видим, что формирование этих поселений происходило на разных территориях их обитания (Хазарский каганат, ранняя Булгария). Истоки градостроительной культуры волжских булгар связаны с эпохой хуннов, Тюркских каганатов и Хазарского каганата. Первые постоянные поселения болгар появляются в VIII–IX вв., а укрепленные поселения городского типа – не позднее рубежа IX–X вв. Библиографические ссылки Артамонов М.И. Саркел – Белая Вежа // МИА. № 62 / Отв. ред. М.И. Артамонов. М.-Л.: АН СССР, 1958. С. 7–84. Археологические памятники Центрального Закамья / Отв. ред. А.Х. Халиков. Казань: ИЯЛИ КФАН СССР, 1988. 98 с. Габяшев Р. Нижнее Прикамье в эпоху неолита // Очерки по археологии Татарстана / Ред. П.Н. Старостин и др. 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Градостроительная культура Татарского народа и его предков. Казань: КГАСУ, 2012. 291 с. Плетнева С.А. Кочевнический могильник близ Саркела–Белой вежи // МИА. № 109. М.: Наука,1963. С. 216−259. Плетнева С.А. Маяцкое городище // Маяцкое городище / Отв.ред. С.А. Плетнева. М.: Наука, 1984. С. 3–19. Руденко К. А. Возникновение городов в Волжской Булгарии и Булгарской области Золотой Орды (по данным археологии) // Поволжская археология. 2012. №1. С. 68–77. Семыкин Ю.А. К вопросу о поселениях ранних Болгар на Самарской Луке // Культуры Евразийских степей второй половины I тысячелетия н. э. / Отв. ред. Д.А. Сташенков. Самара: Самарский областной историко-краеведческий музей им. П.В. Алабина, 1996. С. 66−82. Смирнов А.П. Волжские булгары / Труды ГИМ. Вып. XIX. М.: ГИМ, 1951. 275 с. Старостин П. Н. Именьковская культура // Очерки по археологии Татарстана / Ред. П. Н. Старостин. Казань, 2001. С. 100–118. Флеров В.С. 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It has been widely recognized that Chinese and Japanese languages are exceptionally difficult to learn. One of the reasons is their logographic characters (i.e. hanzi in Chinese, kanji in Japanese) that are extremely different from alphabet-based orthography (Tong & Yip, 2015; Xu & Padilla, 2013). Accordingly, there have been research investigating how L2 learners of Chinese and Japanese deal with the difficulty by exploring learners’ strategy (Gamage, 2003; Shen, 2005). However, learning strategies for a certain aspect of characters (i.e. shape, sound) have not been investigated as much as learning strategies in general (but see Shen, 2005). In addition, there are limited longitudinal research exploring how learners change their strategies. Therefore, the researchers investigate strategies that L2 learners of American university students are using most frequently for Chinese and Japanese character learning. The study had 66 L2 learners taking either Chinese or Japanese course at an American university. They took a questionnaire at the beginning and at the end of a semester. It was found that reading, context, decomposition, rote-writing, and listening were the most frequently used strategies. Moreover, the results indicated that strategies vary depending on which aspect of characters they learn. Furthermore, learners did not change their learning strategies over three months to a notable extent. References Chikamatsu, N. (1996). The effects of L1 orthography on L2 word recognition: A study ofAmerican and Chinese learners of Japanese. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18,403–432. Everson, M. E. (1998). Word recognition among learners of Chinese as a foreign language:Investigating the relationship between naming and knowing. The Modern LanguageJournal, 82, 194–204. Everson, M. E. (2011). Best practices in teaching logographic and non-Roman writingsystems to L2 learners. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 31, 249–274. Haththotuwa Gamage, G. (2003). Perceptions of kanji learning strategies: Do they differamong Chinese character and alphabetic background learners? Hayes, E. B. (1988). Encoding strategies used by native and non‐native readers ofChinese Mandarin. The Modern Language Journal, 72, 188–195. Ke, C. (1998). Effects of language background on the learning of Chinese charactersamong foreign language students. Foreign Language Annals, 31, 91–102. Liskin-Gasparro, J. (1982). ETS Oral Proficiency Testing Manual. Educational TestingService, Princeton, NJ. McGinnis, S. (1999). Student goals and approaches. Mapping the course of the Chineselanguage field, 151–188. Mori, Y., Sato, K., & Shimizu, H. (2007). Japanese language students' perceptions on kanjilearning and their relationship to novel kanji word learning ability. LanguageLearning, 57, 57–85. Packard, J. L. (1990). Effects of time lag in the introduction of characters into the Chineselanguage curriculum. The Modern Language Journal, 74, 167–175. Rose, H. (2013). L2 learners' attitudes toward, and use of, mnemonic strategies whenlearning Japanese kanji. The Modern Language Journal, 97, 981–992. Shen, H. H. (2005). An investigation of Chinese-character learning strategies among nonnative speakers of Chinese. System, 33, 49–68. Tong, X., & Yip, J. H. Y. (2015). Cracking the Chinese character: radical sensitivity inlearners of Chinese as a foreign language and its relationship to Chinese wordreading. Reading and Writing, 28, 159–181. Yuki, M. (2009). Kanji Learning Strategies: From the Viewpoint of Learners with Nonkanji Background. 関西外国語大学留学生別科日本語教育論集, 19, 143–150. Xu, Y., Chang, L. Y., & Perfetti, C. A. (2014). The Effect of Radical‐Based Grouping inCharacter Learning in Chinese as a Foreign Language. The Modern Language Journal, 98,773–793. Xu, X., & Padilla, A. M. (2013). Using meaningful interpretation and chunking to enhancememory: The case of Chinese character learning. Foreign Language Annals, 46, 402–422.

The complexity of Indonesia's diversity and cultural patterns have undergone a major evolution, especially with multicultural education in several parts of Indonesia. Multicultural education is an echo of the government in maintaining peace between ethnicities, races, and religions in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of Google Scholar articles about the evolution of multicultural education trends in Indonesia by searching for 2000-2022 through the productivity of scientific articles, productive authors, thematic mapping, the emergence of shared keywords, and the collaboration of authors. This analysis uses Vos viewer software. This study managed to collect 994 articles, and 32,497 citations, with an author/paper ratio of 1.81. Multicultural research in Indonesia came to the fore in 2002 and continues to increase sharply in 2020, 2021, and 2022. The first-ranked researcher for the past 22 years is Wekke with 11 articles published, while the highest h-index is C Mahfud in 2013 with an h-index of 1475, he wrote a multicultural educational book. Multicultural education resulted in 4012 links, with several titles and abstracts related to it. The originality in this study as far as is known has never been done, especially how the evolution of multicultural education in Indonesia by utilizing artificial intelligence technology.

Изучена динамика углерода микробной биомассы различных подтипов серой лесной почвы в условиях длительного воздействия нефти. На ранних стадиях после загрязнения во всех подтипах почв происходило резкое увеличение микробной биомассы (Смик). Максимальный уровень Смик и наивысшая скорость снижения концентрации нефтепродуктов в почве обнаруживались на 365 сутки инкубации. Выявлены особенности изменения содержания микробного углерода в разных подтипах почв. Как правило, внесение высоких исходных доз нефти (15‒20%) способствовало максимальному накоплению микробной биомассы и более длительному поддержанию ее высокого уровня в почве. После пятилетней инкубации опытных образцов содержание Смик в серой лесной почве было на уровне контроля, тогда как в светло-серой лесной и темно-серой лесной оно было ниже показателей чистых почв. 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Abstract The paper presents the adaptation of the modified pulse method for investigating temperature characteristics of thermal diffusivity in the vicinity of the second-order phase transition points. The principle of the adaptation consists in the modified in relation to the original method, development of the characteristics of temperature changes between boundary surfaces of a flat-parallel specimen after the laser shot onto its front surface. The application of this adaptation was illustrated with investigation into thermal diffusivity of nickel (99.9% wt) in the temperature range of 20-380◦C. In all cases the measurement error was less than 3%, and the averaging interval for the measured values of thermal diffusivity was not greater than 1.2 K.

Enzootic bovine hematuria (HEB) is a disease caused by exposure to, and consumption of pastures invaded by common fern (Pteridium aquilinum), also known as llashipa. The objective of the research was to identify the cattle areas of Cantón Chilla, establishing a relationship between their location and the incidence of enzootic bovine hematuria. Three zones were studied, each with four sectors, which were grouped according to their height - Zone A (300 - 999 masl), Zone B (1000 - 1999 masl) and Zone C (2000 - 3300 masl). The presence of llashipa in the surveyed areas corresponds to: 20% in Zone A, 60% in Zone B, and 50% in Zone C; data corresponding to recurrent invasive weeds in pastures. The urinary test strip techniques (TRU) and microscopic analysis of the urinary sediment (AMSU) were applied for the analysis of the samples. The results found were 36.1% (130/360) for AMSU and 5.28% (19/360) for TRU; whereupon the two methods demonstrate the existence of this disease in the canton of Chilla. Regarding the relation of the cellular elements variables (AMSU and TRU) and livestock areas (A, B and C), by means of the Chi square statistic test, it shows that the significance value p is less than 0.005, which indicates that there is a connection between the variables. It is concluded that the sectors grouped in the different livestock areas of Canton Chilla are endemic to enzootic bovine hematuria according to the height at which they are located.

Studies have reported the significant economic impact of smoking cannabis and drinking alcohol In the USA. It was estimated that the costs of cannabis-related treatment, hospitalization and loss of work-related pay have amounted to $200 billion. (Andersen AM, Dogan MV, Beach SRH, Philibert RA. 2015 Genes 6 , 991–1022. ( doi:10.3390/genes6040991 )). Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions showed that individuals with general anxiety disorder and substance use disorder (GAD-SUD) have higher psychiatric comorbidity rates than those without substance use disorder (Alegría AA, Hasin DS, Nunes EV, Liu SM, Davies C, Grant BF, Blanco C. 2010 J. Clin. Psychiatry 71, 1187–1195. ( doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05328gry )). Moreover, the criminal justice system is significantly impacted by this cost (Andersen AM, Dogan MV, Beach SRH, Philibert RA. 2015 Genes 6 , 991–1022. ( doi:10.3390/genes6040991 )). Despite the increasing use of cannabis, there are still too many obscure facts. One of the new areas that scientific evidence shows is impacted negatively by cannabis use is the epigenome, which is an understudied area that we are still learning about. In addition, over the past few decades, we have seen various social and healthcare changes that have raised critical questions about their ongoing roles in regulating marijuana and alcohol use. This is important because of the increasing popularity and usage across various ages especially young adults and teenagers. More than 97.5 million Americans over 12 years old have used cannabis for non-medical use despite the significant side effects, with 1 in 10 users developing cannabis dependence (Crean RD, Crane NA, Mason BJ. 2011 J. Addict. Med. 5, 1–8. ( doi:10.1097/ADM.0b013e31820c23fa ), Office of Applied Studies. 2006 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, USA.). It was reported that 16% of substance abuse admissions in the USA were for cannabis-related symptoms, which is second only to alcohol-related disorders (Agalioti T, Lomvardas S, Parekh B, Yie J, Maniatis T, Thanos D. 2000 Cell 103, 667–678. ( doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00169-0 ), Soutoglou E, Talianidis I. 2002 Science 295, 1901–1904. ( doi:10.1126/science.1068356 )). Today there are thirty-one states and the District of Columbia that currently have legalized marijuana for either medical or recreational use. Data about marijuana use from NIAAA's National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) indicates that ‘in total, 79 000 people were interviewed on alcohol and drug use. When examined by age young adults (ages 18–21) were found to be at highest risk for marijuana use and marijuana use disorder, with use increasing from 10.5 to 21.2% and disorder increasing from 4.4 to 7.5%’. ‘Given these facts, George Koob, PhD, director of NIAAA stated the importance for the scientific community to convey this information to the public about the potential hazards of marijuana and it's use’. On the other hand, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 16 million adults suffer from alcohol use disorders. To the best of our knowledge, epigenetic mechanisms have been previously studied in alcohol and cannabis abuse separately. Recent studies highlighted the molecular mechanisms that are linked with drug-induced transcriptional regulation, behavioural abnormalities and neurodegeneration, which has emphasized the role of chromatin modification/remodelling in the generation of drug activation of certain genes and the disabling of others, and the effect of that on addiction (Maze I, Nestler EJ. 2011 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1216, 99–113. ( doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05893.x ); Renthal W, Nestler EJ. 2008 Trends Mol. Med . 14, 341–350. ( doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2008.06.004 )). In this review, we will give an overview of epigenome science relevant to cannabis/the endocannabinoid system and the potential of epigenetic overlap between alcohol and cannabinergic activity at different stages, to aid further investigations that could bring more treatment options to our horizon.

Nanostructured nickel cobalt sulfide (NiCo 2 S 4 ) electrodes are successfully fabricated using a simple alternate-dip-coating method. The process involves dipping a TiO 2 nanoparticles-covered substrate in a nickel/cobalt precursor solution and sulfur precursor solution alternately at room temperature. The fabricated bimetallic sulfide electrode exhibits a synergetic improvement compensating for the disadvantages of the two single metal sulfide electrodes, i.e. the poor cycle stability of the nickel sulfide electrode and the low specific capacitance ( C sp ) of the cobalt sulfide electrode. The two capacitive properties are optimized by adjusting the ratio of nickel and cobalt concentrations in the metal precursor solution, reaching a C sp of 516 F g −1 at a current density of 1 mA cm −2 , with its retention being 99.9% even after 2000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles.