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NAKAZONO, Atsuyuki, Sigeharu TATEYAMA, Kenji TAKIGAWA und Haruo KONISHI. „Rice Plantlets Regeneration Culture in 1Kl Bioreactor.“ Plant tissue culture letters 13, Nr. 3 (1996): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology1984.13.325.
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Naranjo, T., P. Fernández-Rueda, P. G. Goicoechea, A. Roca und R. Giráldez. „Homoeologous pairing and recombination between the long arms of group 1 chromosomes in wheat × rye hybrids“. Genome 32, Nr. 2 (01.04.1989): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-443.
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The relationship between homoeologous pairing at metaphase I and recombination at anaphase I between the arms 1AL, 1BL, 1DL, and 1RL was analyzed in ph1b, 5B-deficient, and ph2b wheat × rye hybrids. All four arms could be identified at metaphase I, as well as the arms 1BL and 1RL at anaphase I, by means of C-banding. On the basis of the C-heterochromatin constitution that 1BL and 1RL showed at anaphase I and that association at metaphase I was essentially homoeologous, the following anaphase I chromosome types could be distinguished: parental type, single and double recombinant types between 1BL and 1AL or 1DL, between 1BL and 1RL, and between 1RL and 1AL or 1DL. Recombinant types 1AL – 1DL did not differ from the parental type for the C-banding pattern and was not considered. In the three genotypes, most if not all of 1BL – 1AL, 1BL – 1DL, and 1BL – 1RL metaphase I bonds were chiasmatic. 1RL – 1AL and 1RL – 1DL associations were scarce. Frequencies of one chiasma and two chiasmata for the arm combinations 1BL – 1AL plus 1BL – 1DL, 1BL – 1RL, and 1RL – 1AL plus 1RL – 1DL were estimated. Values decreased in the order ph1b, 5B-deficient, and ph2b hybrids.Key words: C-banding, chiasmata, homoeologues, anaphase I, ph genes.
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Gorman, M. R., und I. Zucker. „Environmental induction of photononresponsiveness in the Siberian hamster, Phodopus sungorus“. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 272, Nr. 3 (01.03.1997): R887—R895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.3.r887.
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In seasonally breeding rodent species, a fraction of the population is unresponsive to short day lengths (DL) and remains reproductively competent during winter. We previously observed that incidence of nonresponsiveness to short days was affected by photoperiodic history. Here we tested whether exposure to long DL (18 h light/day; 18L) renders animals unresponsive to short DL (10L). Hamsters, maintained from birth in 10L, were transferred at week 6 to 18L or 14L. Ten weeks later (week 16), groups were transferred to 10L for 10 wk. All hamsters maintained in short DL from birth had undeveloped testes at week 6. At week 26, however, 92% of hamsters previously kept in 18L failed to undergo complete gonadal regression in 10L, compared with only 10% of hamsters previously in 14L. Entrainment of locomotor activity in 10L in nonresponsive hamsters resembled that typically observed under long DL. Exposure to 18L may induce nonresponsiveness by altering interactions of component circadian oscillators that mediate gonadal regression in short DL.
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Gorman, M. R., und I. Zucker. „Testicular regression and recrudescence without subsequent photorefractoriness in Siberian hamsters“. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 269, Nr. 4 (01.10.1995): R800—R806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.4.r800.
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Adult male Siberian hamsters transferred from 16 h light/day (16L) to 14 h light/day (14L) underwent gonadal regression and recrudescence over the course of 24 wk; the duration of reproductive quiescence was shorter by 10 wk than in hamsters transferred from 16L to 10L. A decrease in day length (DL) at week 12 from 14L to 10L greatly extended the duration of testicular involution, whereas transfer at week 12 from 10L to 8L was without effect. Hamsters that had manifested gonadal regression and recrudescence in 14L immediately initiated a second regression when challenged with 10L. Intermediate DLs induce gonadal regression and recrudescence without rendering hamsters refractory to shorter DLs. Intermediate DLs sufficient to initiate gonadal regression may be too long to trigger the interval timer that eventually induces refractoriness to shorter DLs and may be successively interpreted as short and long days, respectively, by Siberian hamsters.
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Hu, Gan, Xingchen Li, Junlong Yang, Qingqing Yuan, Shijun Yang, Wenjun Fu, Xianchen Zhang, Yeyun Li, Zhougao Shen und Jiayue Jiang. „Effects of Photoperiod and Light Quality on Germination and Growth of Camellia sinensis ‘HuangKui’“. Plants 13, Nr. 13 (27.06.2024): 1782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13131782.
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Light, as a critical environmental factor, plays a pivotal role in photosynthesis, ultimately influencing the timing of bud flush in tea plants. However, the synergistic effects of different photoperiods and light qualities on the timing of bud flush in the albino tea cultivar ‘HuangKui’ (later germination variety) remain unknown. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different photoperiods (12L/12D, 14L/10D, 16L/8D, and 18L/6D, where L = the number of daylight hours and D = the number of hours of darkness) and ratios of red (R) to blue (B) light (R/B 1:1, R/B 1:2, R/B 1:3, and R/B 2:1) on the germination and growth of the albino tea variety ‘HuangKui’. In our study, we examined how different photoperiods and red light and blue light affected tea germination and growth by investigating the timing of bud flush, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and growth indicators. First, our study showed that ‘HuangKui’ germinated 4 days, 2 days, and 1 day earlier under the 16L/8D photoperiod at the one bud and one leaf period compared with plants cultivated under the 12L/12D, 14L/10D, and 18L/6D photoperiods under light simulating the solar spectrum. Also, the growth of ‘HuangKui’ was maximumly promoted under the 16L/8D photoperiod treatment. Additionally, the earliest germination of ‘HuangKui’ was observed for the 16L/8D photoperiod under the R/B 2:1 (red/blue) treatment compared with the other treatments. Moreover, the greatest plant height, length of the new shoots, and new leaf areas were detected in the albino tea variety ‘HuangKui’ under R/B 2:1. Moreover, the contents of auxin (indole acetic acid, IAA) and trans-zeatin (tZ) under R/B 2:1 were significantly higher than those under the R/B 1:1 and control treatments with the 16L/8D photoperiod. Additionally, the auxin-related expression levels of CsIAA13, CsGH3.1, CsAUX1, and CsARF2 under the R/B 2:1 treatment were significantly higher than those in the control. The expression of CsARR-B, a positive regulator of cytokinin-related genes, was significantly higher under the R/B 2:1 treatment than under the control treatment, while the opposite result was found for the expression of the negative regulator CsARR-A. Therefore, the R/B 2:1 treatment with the 16L/8D photoperiod was an appropriate means of timing the bud flush for the albino tea variety ‘HuangKui’, which may be related to IAA or tZ signal transduction. In conclusion, our research offers a novel lighting strategy that promotes the germination and growth of albino tea cultivars.
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Galka, Brian E., und Reinhart A. Brust. „The effect of temperature and photoperiod on the induction of embryonic diapause in the mosquito Aedes togoi (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae)“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, Nr. 9 (01.09.1987): 2266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-342.
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Aedes togoi (Theobald) from Vancouver, B.C., enters embryonic diapause when immatures, adults, and eggs are maintained at temperatures ranging from 22 to 28 °C, at photoperiods shorter than 15 h light/day. There was little to no embryonic diapause when the population was maintained at 24 °C and 17L:7D. The critical photoperiod was 14.4L:9.6D at 22 °C. A decrease in the frequency of diapause was observed as (i) temperature of the pupae, adults, and eggs increased from 18 to 28 °C when larvae were maintained at 24 °C 17L:7D; (ii) temperature of the egg stage increased from 15 to 30 °C, at 10L:14D, and stages preceding the egg stage were maintained at 24 °C 17L:7D; (iii) stages preceding the egg stage were maintained at 24 °C 17L:7D and the photoperiod was increased from 10L:14D to 18L:6D; (iv) temperature of the egg stage increased from 18 to 25 °C, at 10L:14D, and stages preceding the egg stage were maintained at 24 °C 17L:7D.
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Robinson, F. E., R. A. Renema, L. Bouvier, J. J. R. Feddes, J. L. Wilson, M. Newcombe und R. I. McKay. „Effects of photostimulatory lighting and feed allocation in female broiler breeders 1. Reproductive development“. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, Nr. 4 (01.12.1998): 603–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-017.
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Changes in carcass traits during sexual maturation were studied with female Shaver Starbro breeders in a 2 × 2 factorial design with two lighting programs and two feeding programs. Pullets were individually caged in a light tight facility at 20 wk of age. The light period of fast photoperiod (FP) hens was changed from 8L:16D to 15L:9D at 20 wk of age. Slow photoperiod (SP) hens were switched from a 8L:16D photoperiod at 20 wk to 11L:13D, with increases to 12L:12D, 13L:11D, 14L:10D, and 15L:9D weekly to 24 wk of age. Slow feed (SF) hens were given small (5 g or less) weekly increases in feed allocation from 20 to 25 wk. Fast feed (FF) hens received larger feed allocations than the SF birds from 20 to 25 wk (maximum difference of 25 g more feed than SF hens received). Birds were processed at weekly intervals between 20 and 26 wk of age (Group A) or at sexual maturity (Group B), which was considered to be the day of the first oviposition.Age at sexual maturity did not differ due to photostimulation or feeding treatment. Whereas feeding program had no effect on carcass composition parameters at sexual maturity, the SP hens had a higher relative carcass lipid content at the expense of protein and ash content compared to FP hens. The weight of the large yellow ovarian follicles (LYF) at sexual maturity was affected by feeding regimen (FF, 50.2 g; SF, 43.6 g) and photoperiod (FP, 43.2 g; SP, 50.6 g). While hens on the SP photostimulation program had 8.9 LYF compared to 8.0 in FP hens at sexual maturity, the FF feeding regimen hens had 9.0 LYF compared to 7.9 in SF hens. The gradual feeding program of the SF treatment may be a potential means of limiting follicle recruitment and thereby potentially increasing settable egg production compared with feeding programs using more rapidly increasing feed allocations. Key words: Broiler breeders, photostimulation program, feed restriction, ovary morphology
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Robinson, F. E., R. A. Renema, L. Bouvier, J. J. R. Feddes, M. J. Zuidhof, J. L. Wilson, M. Newcombe und R. I. McKay. „Effects of photostimulatory lighting and feed allocation in female broiler breeders 2. Egg and chick production on characteristics“. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, Nr. 4 (01.12.1998): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-018.
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Changes in egg production, chick production, and egg laying patterns were examined in individually caged female Shaver Starbro breeders in a 2 × 2 factorial design based on two photostimulation programs and two feeding programs. The light period of Fast Photoperiod (FP) hens was changed from 8L:16D to 15L:9D at 20 wk of age. Slow Photoperiod (SP) hens were switched from a 8L:16D photoperiod at 20 wk to 11L:13D, with increases to 12L:12D, 13L:11D, 14L:10D, and 15L:9D weekly to 24 wk of age. Slow Feed (SF) hens were provided small (5 g or less) weekly increases in feed allocation from 20 to 25 wk. Fast Feed (FF) hens received larger feed allocations from 20 to 25 wk (maximum difference of 25 g more feed than SF hens received). Individual body weight, egg production, sequence length profiles, fertility, and hatchability were monitored to 64 wk of age.Whereas all treatments had a high rate of egg production, total egg production was 10.9 eggs greater in the SF feeding program (200.3) compared to the FF program (189.4). Hen-day production of SF birds was 68.2% for the laying period compared to 64.5% for FF birds over the 42 wk laying period. The mean laying sequence length of SF birds was 36.4% longer than for FF birds, indicating superior egg laying patterns and ability to maintain egg production. Sequence length was longer in FP than in SP hens in early lay (22 to 35 wk of age), although this effect appeared to be transient. Hatch of fertile and hatchability were increased in the SP compared to the FP birds, indicating an advantage to the SP program with regard to total number of chicks produced. Examination of embryonic mortality by 7-d periods of incubation indicated that the FF birds had a higher incidence of early and mid-term embryonic mortality than the SF birds, possibly relating to developmental problems associated with eggs of birds with excessive follicle development. These data demonstrate that minor differences in feed allocation can have an influence on egg and chick production traits and that precise early breeder hen management is paramount to optimize chick output. Exposing 20-wk old pullets to small, multiple feed increases can increase egg production. Key words: Broiler breeders, photostimulation program, feed restriction, egg production, fertility
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Bhardwaj, Sanjay Kumar, Rohit Kumar Pandey und Amit Kumar. „Responsiveness to photostimulation in two passeriform birds“. Environment Conservation Journal 12, Nr. 3 (22.12.2011): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2011.120305.
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Two studies were performed to analyze the photoperiodic interaction of testicular growth in brahminy myna and weaver bird. In the first study, birds were exposed to stimulatory long day lengths (15L:9D) and natural day length (NDL) for 60 days. The second study investigated the interpretation of a light pulse as ‘morning (entraining)’ or ‘evening (inducing)’ depends on the time during night at which they fall. Five groups (6L:6D:1L:11D, 6L:13D:1L:4D, 11L:13D, 13L:11D and NDL respectively) of birds were exposed under skeleton and complete photoperiods for two months. Body mass and testicular volume was measured on monthly intervals. In the first study, testicular volume among both groups (15L:9D) and (NDL) gradually increased, but more inductive effect was found in 15L:9D. In the second study more induction occurred in testicular volume of groups 6L: 6D: 1L: 11D and 13L: 11D with different magnitude as if it was exposed to long days. Taken together, results demonstrate that birds were sensitive to the stimulatory photoperiod and strongly show that brahminy myna and weaver bird at 290N, 770 45’E latituderesponded similar to the populations living at higher latitudes and these species use the photoperiodic cues from the environment to regulate their reproductive cycles.
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Santos, F. D., A. F. S. L. Veiga, L. C. Alves, V. Wanderley-Teixeira und A. A. C. Teixeira. „ASPECTOS HISTOLÓGICOS DO APARELHO REPRODUTOR FEMININO E MORFOMETRIA DOS OVÁRIOS DE TROPIDACRIS COLLARIS (STOLL, 1813) (ORTHOPTERA: ROMALEIDAE) SUBMETIDO A TRÊS FOTOPERÍODOS“. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 73, Nr. 3 (Juli 2006): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657v73p3432006.
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RESUMO A pesquisa teve o objetivo de descrever a histologia dos ovários, ovidutos laterais, oviduto comum e espermateca, e realizar a morfometria dos ovários de Tropidacris collaris (Stoll, 1813) (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), submetido aos fotoperíodos de 10L:14E, 12L:12E e 14L:10E. Para morfometria utilizou-se uma lupa binocular adaptada com uma ocular milimétrica, sendo registrado o comprimento e as larguras dos ovários. Posteriormente, os ovaríolos foram separados e contados. Para análise histológica, os órgãos foram fixados em Boüin alcoólico, incluídos em “paraplast” e corados pela H.E., tricrômico de Mallory e P.A.S (Ácido Periódico de Schiff). Os resultados mostraram que não houve influência dos fotoperíodos sobre a morfometria dos ovários, número de ovaríolos e histologia dos órgãos. Foram encontrados ovários préreprodutivos e reprodutivos. As médias do número de ovaríolos foram de 195,62, 202,62 e 208,25 para os fotoperíodos de 10L:14E, 12L:12E e 14L:10E, respectivamente, sendo mais numerosos no ovário esquerdo. Cada ovaríolo apresentou morfologia tubular com regiões bem distintas (filamento terminal, germário e vitelário). O oviduto lateral é revestido internamente por tecido epitelial simples cúbico com numerosas dobras, apoiado no tecido conjuntivo e externamente por uma camada de tecido muscular estriado. O oviduto comum apresenta a mesma constituição histológica do oviduto lateral, exceto pela presença de epitélio com íntima cuticular e uma camada muscular bem desenvolvida. A espermateca é constituída por tecido epitelial pseudo-estratificado colunar com íntima cuticular e tecido muscular estriado associado a tecido conjuntivo.
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Ferreira, A. V. S., V. Wanderley-Teixeira, F. A. B. Santos, A. F. S. L. Veiga und A. A. C. Teixeira. „HISTOLOGIA DO APARELHO REPRODUTOR MASCULINO E MORFOMETRIA DA POPULAÇÃO CELULAR DOS FOLÍCULOS TESTICULARES DE CHROMACRIS SPECIOSA (THUNBERG, 1824) (ORTHOPTERA: ROMALEIDAE) SUBMETIDO A TRÊS FOTOPERÍODOS“. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 73, Nr. 3 (Juli 2006): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657v73p3492006.
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RESUMO A pesquisa teve o objetivo de descrever a histologia dos ovários, ovidutos laterais, oviduto comum e espermateca, e realizar a morfometria dos ovários de Tropidacris collaris (Stoll, 1813) (Orthoptera: Romaleidae), submetido aos fotoperíodos de 10L:14E, 12L:12E e 14L:10E. Para morfometria utilizou-se uma lupa binocular adaptada com uma ocular milimétrica, sendo registrado o comprimento e as larguras dos ovários. Posteriormente, os ovaríolos foram separados e contados. Para análise histológica, os órgãos foram fixados em Boüin alcoólico, incluídos em “paraplast” e corados pela H.E., tricrômico de Mallory e P.A.S (Ácido Periódico de Schiff). Os resultados mostraram que não houve influência dos fotoperíodos sobre a morfometria dos ovários, número de ovaríolos e histologia dos órgãos. Foram encontrados ovários préreprodutivos e reprodutivos. As médias do número de ovaríolos foram de 195,62, 202,62 e 208,25 para os fotoperíodos de 10L:14E, 12L:12E e 14L:10E, respectivamente, sendo mais numerosos no ovário esquerdo. Cada ovaríolo apresentou morfologia tubular com regiões bem distintas (filamento terminal, germário e vitelário). O oviduto lateral é revestido internamente por tecido epitelial simples cúbico com numerosas dobras, apoiado no tecido conjuntivo e externamente por uma camada de tecido muscular estriado. O oviduto comum apresenta a mesma constituição histológica do oviduto lateral, exceto pela presença de epitélio com íntima cuticular e uma camada muscular bem desenvolvida. A espermateca é constituída por tecido epitelial pseudo-estratificado colunar com íntima cuticular e tecido muscular estriado associado a tecido conjuntivo.
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Webster, J. R., I. D. Corson, R. P. Littlejohn, S. K. Stuart und J. M. Suttie. „Photoperiodic requirements for rapid growth in young male red deer“. Animal Science 67, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1998): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800010146.
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AbstractWinter growth of young male red deer can be increased by exposure to 16 h of light (L) and 8 h of dark (D) per day (16L: 8D). This study tested the duration of photoperiod required for this growth response, determined if the time to reach slaughter weight can be reduced and monitored plasma IGF-1, prolactin and reproductive development. Fifty male calves were allocated to five equal groups. Four groups were housed indoors and for 33 weeks from the winter solstice (22 June, southern hemisphere) until 11 February were placed under either 16L: 8D (16L), 13·25L: 10·75D (13L), 10·751:13·25D (111) or 8L: 16D (8L) photoperiods. The fifth group of deer (OC) remained outside in a gravelled enclosure. All groups were given a pelleted diet ad libitum. Group food intake was recorded daily, individual live weight was measured weekly and testes diameter and blood samples taken at weekly or 2-week intervals.Plasma prolactin concentrations in 16L increased within 4 weeks of treatment and were different (P < 0·001) between groups from 14 August to 4 September. IGF-1 increased in both 16L and 13L 4 weeks after treatments and then increased further in 16L above that of 13L (P < 0·01). All groups grew at the same rate for the first 7 weeks. 16L then gained more weight (P < 0·001) than the other groups over the next 19 weeks (50·7 kg v. 38·5 for 13L, 35·7 for 11L, 37·0 for 8L and 37·4 for OC; s.e.d. 3·76). Food intake was positively related to growth rate in a similar way among the inside groups (P < 0·001), however there was a higher energy requirement outdoors (P < 0·05). A target live weight for slaughter of 95 kg was reached 7 weeks earlier for 16L than the other groups (P < 0·01). Testes diameter of 16L was larger than in the other groups from 13 November until 24 December (P < 0·001). The growth oflSL slowed from 1 January while that of OC increased and the live weight ofOC was equal to 16L by the end of the experiment. OC also had the largest testes diameter from 5 February onwards (P < 0·01). The live-weight increase in OC was associated with increases in both prolactin and IGF-1 levels.This study confirmed that 16L: 8D stimulates rapid growth of young male red deer during winter for sufficient time to achieve an earlier slaughter date. The live-weight advantage was lost by late summer however. The increased growth rate was mediated by food intake and associated with increases in IGF-1 and prolactin and earlier reproductive development. Photoperiods of 13 h of light per day or less did not stimulate growth and increases in IGF-1 and prolactin were of a lower amplitude than under 16L: 8D.
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Peterswald, Tyson James, Jos Cornelis Mieog, Razlin Azman Halimi, Nelson Joel Magner, Amy Trebilco, Tobias Kretzschmar und Sarah Jane Purdy. „Moving Away from 12:12; the Effect of Different Photoperiods on Biomass Yield and Cannabinoids in Medicinal Cannabis“. Plants 12, Nr. 5 (27.02.2023): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12051061.
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The standard practice to initiate flowering in medicinal cannabis involves reducing the photoperiod from a long-day period to an equal duration cycle of 12 h light (12L)/12 h dark (12D). This method reflects the short-day flowering dependence of many cannabis varieties but may not be optimal for all. We sought to identify the effect of nine different flowering photoperiod treatments on the biomass yield and cannabinoid concentration of three medicinal cannabis varieties. The first, “Cannatonic”, was a high cannabidiol (CBD)-accumulating line, whereas the other two, “Northern Lights” and “Hindu Kush”, were high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) accumulators. The nine treatments tested, following 18 days under 18 h light/6 h dark following cloning and propagation included a standard 12L:12D period, a shortened period of 10L:14D, and a lengthened period of 14L:10D. The other six treatments started in one of the aforementioned and then 28 days later (mid-way through flowering) were switched to one of the other treatments, thus causing either an increase of 2 or 4 h, or a decrease of 2 or 4 h. Measured parameters included the timing of reproductive development; the dry weight flower yield; and the % dry weight of the main target cannabinoids, CBD and THC, from which the total g cannabinoid per plant was calculated. Flower biomass yields were highest for all lines when treatments started with 14L:10D; however, in the two THC lines, a static 14L:10D photoperiod caused a significant decline in THC concentration. Conversely, in Cannatonic, all treatments starting with 14L:10D led to a significant increase in the CBD concentration, which led to a 50–100% increase in total CBD yield. The results show that the assumption that a 12L:12D photoperiod is optimal for all lines is incorrect as, in some lines, yields can be greatly increased by a lengthened light period during flowering.
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Pivnick, Kenneth A. „DIAPAUSE INITIATION AND PUPATION SITE SELECTION OF THE BRACONID PARASITOID MICROPLITIS MEDIATOR (HALIDAY): A CASE OF MANIPULATION OF HOST BEHAVIOUR“. Canadian Entomologist 125, Nr. 5 (Oktober 1993): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent125825-5.
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AbstractMicroplitis mediator (Haliday), a braconid parasitoid reared on the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Walker), entered diapause at 16 °C and a 12L:12D (100%) or 14L:10D photoperiod (99%) but not at 16 °C or 21 °C under a 16L:8D photoperiod or at 21 °C and a 12L:12D photoperiod. Diapause development was accelerated by cold treatment; adults emerged from diapause more rapidly with increasing duration of cold exposure at least up to 120 days. The main pupation site was found to be on senescent canola leaves which formed a leaf litter on or near the plants. Nearly all unparasitized fourth-instar hosts (98–100%) were found on host plants, whether the conditions induced diapause or not. Only 16–23 and 0% of parasitoids pupated on host plants under conditions of non-diapause or diapause induction, respectively. Because the pupation site of the parasitoid depends on movement of the host, these results suggest that mature parasitoid larvae modify movement of their host.
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Zaniboni-Filho, Evoy, David Reynalte-Tataje, Alex Pires de Oliveira Nuñer und Samira Meurer. „Photoperiod influence on the cultivation of Steindachneridion scriptum (Pisces, Pimelodidae) juvenile“. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 51, Nr. 3 (Juni 2008): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132008000300016.
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This study aimed to evaluate the influence of photoperiod on juvenile suruvi (Steindachneridion scriptum) in six photoperiods: 24L-0D (L= Light; D= Dark), 18L-6D, 14L-10D, 10L-14D, 6L-18D and 0L-24D. Juveniles measuring 176.8 ± 13.2mm and weighing 60.2 ± 16.0g were distributed in eighteen 150-L aquariums, stocked with 8 juveniles per aquarium. At the end of the study, treatments 24L-0D (105.7 ± 5.8g and 845.9 ±46g) and 0L-24D (93.3 ± 4.9g and 746.4 ± 39.5g) were different (P<0.05) on weight and biomass. Survival (100 ± 0.0%) and length (212.5 ±2.5mm) were the same (P>0.05) in all the treatments. The results showed that suruvi (Steindachneridion scriptum) reached better weight and biomass in extended light periods.
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Milosevic, N., M. Veljic, M. Djukic-Stojcic, L. Peric und S. Bjedov. „Effect of lighting program and energy level in the ration on the slaughter traits of broilers“. Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 29, Nr. 4 (2013): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1304607m.
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Investigations were carried out to assess the effect of lighting program and energy levels in the diet on carcass characteristics of broilers. The experiment was performed on chickens Cobb 500 hybrids for up to 42 days. The setting was reflected by the principle of two factorial experiments (2x2) at the 40 broiler carcasses of both sexes (10 per replications). The first factor was the lighting program where a group represented by the application of broiler chickens lighting 23L: 1D and group B of the regime 1. wk - 23L: 1D; 2. wk - 12L: 12D, 3. wk -14L: 10D; 4. wk - 16L: 8D; 5.wk -18L: 6D, 6. wk -20L: 4D. Another factor was the energy level where meals are in the "A" group were carcasses of broiler chickens fed diets with standard protein and energy in group "B" were the carcasses of chickens fed diets with high energy content to 0.40 ME MJ / kg compared the standard mixtures. Tests have shown that a lighting program and energy level as factors have no significant effect on carcass yield of broiler chickens, but significant differences (p <0.05) emerged as the interaction Axb and Bxa combinations of the parameters "ready to roast" and "ready to grill". The amount of abdominal fat was significantly higher (p <0.05) in group A and Axb combination compared to Bxa and Bxb. Share weight edible offal expressed as % of "carcass cut classic" was significantly higher (p <0.05) in group B. The combination of Axb had a significantly lower proportion of edible offal compared to the combination of Bxa.
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Bambozzi, Andrea Cecchetto, José Teixeira de Seixas Filho, Luciana Almada Thomaz und Lídia Miyako Yoshii Oshiro. „Efeito do fotoperíodo sobre o desenvolvimento de girinos de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802)“. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 33, Nr. 1 (Februar 2004): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982004000100001.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes fotoperíodos sobre o peso, comprimento e a metamorfose de girinos de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802). Foram utilizados 720 animais de uma mesma desova, no estágio 25, segundo Gosner (1960), distribuídos em 24 caixas de polietileno, com 30 litros de volume d'água, resultando em uma densidade de 1 girino por litro. Os tratamentos consistiram em seis fotoperíodos [0L:24D; 8L:16D; 12L:12D; 14L:10D (natural, como testemunho); 16L:8D e 24L:0D] e quatro repetições, sob temperatura ambiente, sendo observados durante os meses de dezembro de 2000 a abril de 2001. O fotoperíodo foi programado utilizando-se cobertura das caixas com plástico preto, exceto para o fotoperíodo natural (plástico incolor), e três programadores para as lâmpadas fluorescentes de 21watts referentes aos fotoperíodos 8L:16D, 16L:8D e 12L:12D. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas split-plot (coletas no tempo). O experimento foi analisado, utilizando-se o melhor modelo de regressão. Os girinos apresentaram ganhos de comprimento e de peso com tendência cúbica para maioria dos tratamentos, exceto para o comprimento referente ao fotoperíodo 24L:0D, que apresentou tendência quadrática. Para avaliar a metamorfose, foram realizadas análises estatísticas pela ANOVA (Análise de Variância) e teste de Duncan, em nível de 5%. O melhor tratamento deu-se com os animais submetidos ao fotoperíodo 12L:12D, aos 120 dias, que apresentaram o maior peso (1,80 g) e melhor taxa final de metamorfose, com cerca de 50% da população neste processo. O pior resultado foi obtido com os animais que receberam 24L:0D de fotoperíodo, apresentando aos 135 dias maior peso (2,0 g), com 4% de taxa metamórfica. Este resultado demonstrou que este fotoperíodo inibiu o desenvolvimento do girino. O pior resultado seguinte foi obtido para o tratamento 16L:8D. Os tratamentos 0L:24D, 8L:16D e natural apresentaram resultados intermediários quanto à metamorfose.
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Lyalko, I. I., O. V. Dubrovna und B. V. Morgun. „Meiosis analysis in soft winter wheat varieties — carriers of wheat-rye translocations 1BL.1RS and 1AL.1RS“. Visnik ukrains'kogo tovaristva genetikiv i selekcioneriv 16, Nr. 2 (01.03.2019): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/visnyk.utgis.16.2.1055.
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Aim. Investigation of the features of the meiosis flow in winter wheat varieties — carriers wheat-rye translocations 1BL.1RS and 1AL.1RS. Methods. A comparative analysis of the meiosis flow in winter wheat varieties, the carriers of various translocations, was carried out using the method of temporary pressure preparations. Results. The frequency and spectrum of meiosis anomalies in introgressive winter wheat varieties with wheat-rye translocations 1BL.1RS and 1AL.1RS are established. The variability of the frequency of violations at different stages of microsporogenesis in the carrier classes of a certain translocation is shown, which may be due to a different period of stabilization of their genomes. It was found that the frequency of violations in varieties with different translocations did not exceed 10 %, which is normal for stable introgressive varieties. Conclusions. It was found that in all stages of microsporogenesis in the number of cells with violations and their spectrum, varieties with translocation of 1BL.1RS are slightly different from those with translocation of 1AL.1RS. Keywords: bread winter wheat, translocations 1BL.1RS and 1AL.1RS, meiotic flow.
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Mourão, Ana P. M., und Antônio R. Panizzi. „Estágios ninfais fotossensíveis à indução da diapausa em Euschistus heros (Fabr.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)“. Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 29, Nr. 2 (Juni 2000): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0301-80592000000200003.
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Foram desenvolvidos estudos em laboratório com o percevejo-marrom Euschistus heros (Fabr.) para se determinar o estágio fotossensível à indução da diapausa. Utilizaram-se duas combinações de fotoperíodo 10L: 14E e 14L: 10E mantendo-se constante a temperatura em 25 ± 1ºC e a umidade relativa em 65 ± 5%. Fases distintas do desenvolvimento dos insetos foram submetidas às combinações fotoperiódicas, com os seguintes tratamentos: T1 = 10L: 14E (ovo-adulto); T2 = 14L: 10E (ovo) e 10L: 14E (1º ínstar-adulto); T3 = 14L: 10E (ovo-1º ínstar) e 10L: 14E (2º ínstar-adulto); T4 = 14L: 10E (ovo-2º ínstar) e 10L: 14E (3º ínstar-adulto); T5 = 14L: 10E (ovo-3º ínstar) e 10L: 14E (4º ínstar-adulto); e T6 = 14L: 10E (ovo-4º ínstar) e 10L: 14E (5º ínstar-adulto). Sob fotoperíodo de dias curtos, de ovo a adulto (T1), o tempo de incubação dos ovos foi maior (6,1 dias) do que o observado nos demais tratamentos (5,3 a 5,6 dias). O tempo total de desenvolvimento foi maior (35,5 dias) para insetos submetidos a fotoperíodo de dias curtos, a partir do ovo (T1), do 1º ínstar (T2), do 2º ínstar (T3) ou do 4º ínstar (T4), do que para os insetos sob fotoperíodo de dias curtos a partir do 4º (T5) ou 5º ínstar (T6; cerca de 32,0 dias). A mortalidade total foi maior (56,7%) para os insetos que permaneceram sob fotoperíodo de dias curtos, de ovo a adulto (T1), do que para aqueles nos demais tratamentos (26,7 a 45,0%). Insetos submetidos ao fotoperíodo de dias curtos, a partir do ovo (T1), 1º ínstar (T2), 2º ínstar (T3) ou 3º ínstar (T4) apresentaram de 84,8% a 100% dos indivíduos em diapausa. A partir do tratamento com fotoperíodo longo, até o 3º ínstar (T5), não ocorreu mais diapausa. Esses resultados demonstram que a fotossensibilidade de E. heros inicia-se nos primeiros estágios de desenvolvimento, e que se acentua a partir do 3º ínstar.
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Tuell, Jacob R., Jun-Young Park, Weichao Wang, Bruce Cooper, Tiago Sobreira, Heng-Wei Cheng und Yuan H. Brad Kim. „Effects of Photoperiod Regime on Meat Quality, Oxidative Stability, and Metabolites of Postmortem Broiler Fillet (M. Pectoralis major) Muscles“. Foods 9, Nr. 2 (19.02.2020): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9020215.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of photoperiod on meat quality, oxidative stability, and metabolites of broiler fillet (M. Pectoralis major) muscles. A total of 432 broilers was split among 4 photoperiod treatments [hours light(L):dark(D)]: 20L:4D, 18L:6D, 16L:8D, and 12L:12D. At 42 days, a total of 48 broilers (12 broilers/treatment) was randomly selected and harvested. At 1 day postmortem, fillet muscles were dissected and displayed for 7 days. No considerable impacts of photoperiods on general carcass and meat quality attributes, such as carcass weight, yield, pH, water-holding capacity, and shear force, were found (p > 0.05). However, color and oxidative stability were influenced by the photoperiod, where muscles from 20L:4D appeared lighter and more discolored, coupled with higher lipid oxidation (p < 0.05) and protein denaturation (p = 0.058) compared to 12L:12D. The UPLC–MS metabolomics identified that 20 metabolites were different between the 20L:4D and 12L:12D groups, and 15 were tentatively identified. In general, lower aromatic amino acids/dipeptides, and higher oxidized glutathione and guanine/methylated guanosine were observed in 20L:4D. These results suggest that a photoperiod would result in no considerable impact on initial meat quality, but extended photoperiods might negatively impact oxidative stability through an alteration of the muscle metabolites.
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S., Chaitra. „Photoperiodic Induction of Diapause Character and Sorbitol Level in the Silkworm Eggs of APM1, MU303 and PM Strains/Races“. Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 11, Nr. 3 (30.06.2023): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.9006.
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Embryonic diapause is the suspended animation responsible for the onset of Voltinism in the silkworm. The embryo is completely arrested during the developmental event to overcome unfavourable environmental conditions. This further results in the synthesis of sorbitol from glucose and examines the differences between sorbitol levels in the diapause-induced silkworm eggs of APM1, MU303 and PM strains by exposure to photoperiodic regime of 16L:08D, 14L:10D and 12L:12D. The results obtained revealed the fact that the sorbitol level is high during the 6th day in all the selected strains at their 7th and 8th generation. This indicates that the enhancement of the sorbitol is independent of the induced diapause in all three strains of the mulberry silkworm. Further, it is also clear that the enhancement of sorbitol concentration is devoid of a photoperiodic regime.
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Borah, B. K., Z. Renthlei, A. Tripathi und A. K. Trivedi. „Role of photoperiod, temperature and food on development of Polypedates teraiensis (Dubois, 1987) tadpoles“. Journal of Environmental Biology 43, Nr. 03 (02.05.2022): 448–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/43/3/mrn-2053.
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Aim: To determine the effect of environmental factors on the growth and development of Polypedates teraiensis (Dubois, 1987) tadpoles. Methodology: The study was conducted in two phases. In the first study effect of light on tadpole growth and development was conducted. Experiment No. 1 examined the effects of natural light (NDL), continuous light (LL), and constant dark (DD). Experiment No. 2 investigated the role of day length by exposing three groupsof tadpoles to either a short photoperiod (8L:16D) or a long photoperiod (13L:11D and 16L:8D). Experiment No. 3 examined the effects of light quality on tadpoles by exposing them to either short wave length (450 nm; blue light), long wavelength (650 nm; red light), or white light at equal intensity (0.45 W m2) under an equinox photoperiod (12L:12D). In the second study, the effects of food quantity and quality, as well as temperature (30±2oC vs. 20±2oC) was calculated on tadpole growth and development. Results: DD photoperiod produced the fastest growth,but long photoperiods (13L:11D and 16L:8D) delayed the growth when compared to short photoperiods (8L:16D). Furthermore, although long wavelength (650 nm; red light) delayed growth, short wave length (450 nm; blue light) speed it up. Food restriction delayed the growth and development, with 4hr group growing at a slower rate than the 12hr group. A protein-rich food combined with high temperature (30±2oC) accelerated growth. Taken together, these findings suggest that interactions among environmental factors may affect anuran development and metamorphosis. Interpretation: These findings can potentially improve amphibians' captive breeding programs and aid tools for amphibian conservation.
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Sales, A. D., G. C. Veras, M. F. Brabo, F. A. Abrunhosa, A. X. Alves, B. C. B. Dias, D. A. V. Campelo und M. S. S. Ferreira. „Fotoperíodo e frequência alimentar na larvicultura do peixe beta“. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 68, Nr. 4 (August 2016): 1062–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-8746.
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RESUMO Com este trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento, a uniformidade e a sobrevivência das larvas de Betta splendens, submetidas a diferentes fotoperíodos e frequências de alimentação. Foram distribuídos aleatoreamente 480 indivíduos (4,53mg ± 0,32 e 5,51 ± 0,58mm) em 48 recipientes plásticos (1L), com densidade de 10 larvas/ L. Foi utilizado um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial 6x2, com seis fotoperíodos (0L:24E, 6L:18E, 12L:12E, 16L:8E, 20L:4E, 24L:0E) e duas frequências de alimentação (duas ou quatro vezes/ dia). Durante um período de 15 dias, as larvas foram alimentadas com náuplios de Artemia, na proporção de 800 náuplios/ larva/ dia. Larvas de beta submetidas aos fotoperíodos de 12L:12E e 16L:8E apresentaram o maior crescimento em peso (P<0,10), enquanto as que foram alimentadas quatro vezes ao dia apresentaram maior crescimento em comprimento e uniformidade (P<0,10). No entanto, os indivíduos que foram alimentados quatro vezes ao dia apresentaram menor sobrevivência quando submetidos aos fotoperíodos de 16L:8E, 20L:4E e 24L:0E (P<0,10). Por outro lado, as larvas submetidas aos fotoperíodos de 12L:12E, 16L:8E e 20L:4E apresentaram maior taxa de sobrevivência quando alimentadas duas vezes ao dia (P<0,10). Portanto, ao se preconizar maior crescimento, uniformidade e sobrevivência das larvas de Betta splendens, recomenda-se a realização da larvicultura dessa espécie sob o fotoperíodo de 12L:12E, com o fornecimento de náuplios de Artemia em duas alimentações diárias.
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Polavarapu, Sridhar, und William D. Seabrook. „SEASONAL DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT, EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON POSTDIAPAUSE EGG DEVELOPMENT, AND VALIDATION OF A DEGREE-DAY MODEL PREDICTING LARVAL ECLOSION OF BLUEBERRY LEAFTIER, CROESIA CURVALANA (KEARFOTT) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)“. Canadian Entomologist 128, Nr. 2 (April 1996): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent128187-2.
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AbstractEggs of blueberry leaftier, Croesia curvalana (Kearfott), were transferred from outdoors at 15-day intervals from 15 November to 1 March and held in the laboratory at 20°C, 16L:8D. Mean hatching time continually decreased with each successive transfer date and was significantly shorter for eggs transferred on 1 March compared with any previous transfer date. Transfer date also had a significant effect on percentage hatch, which generally increased with longer exposure of eggs to outdoor conditions. Mean hatching time was longer under 10L:14D photoperiod than at 13L:11D or 16L:8D conditions at all three temperatures studied. Rate of postdiapause development was linearly related to constant temperatures in the range from 6 to 25°C, but appeared to have deviated from linearity at 30°C. The lower threshold temperature for postdiapause development of eggs was estimated to be 3.4°C. Means of 60, 77, and 97 degree-days above a lower threshold of 3.5°C were required for hatching of the 10th, median, and 90th percentile of eggs under laboratory conditions, respectively. In each of 3 years, eclosion of first-instar larvae occurred over a 10- to 17-day period in late April to mid-May. Degree-day accumulations based on litter temperatures in the field predicted the dates of 10th, 50th and 90th percentile eclosion of first-instar larvae within ±2 days of the observed dates.
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Skene, D. J., P. Pevet, B. Vivien-Roels, M. Masson-Pevet und J. Arendt. „Effect of different photoperiods on concentrations of 5-methoxytryptophol and melatonin in the pineal gland of the Syrian hamster“. Journal of Endocrinology 114, Nr. 2 (August 1987): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1140301.
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ABSTRACT Specific, sensitive and direct radioimmunoassays have been used to determine the daily patterns of 5-methoxytryptophol (ML) and melatonin in the pineal glands of Syrian hamsters kept in different photo-periods: 8 h light: 16 h darkness (8L:16D), 14L: 10D and 16L: 8D. A rhythm in pineal ML was evident in animals in all the photoperiods, with high daytime levels (641±35 (s.e.m.) fmol/gland; n=162) which dropped to 119±16 fmol/gland (n = 44) 7·1– 7·5 h after lights out. The duration of low night-time ML levels was proportional to the length of the dark phase (1·2 h in 16L:8D, 5·4 h in 14L: 10D and 8·4 h in 8L: 16D). A marked daily rhythm in melatonin was also present in hamsters in the different photoperiods, with daytime levels of 323 ± 34 fmol/gland (n = 129) and night-time peak concentrations of 3676 ± 336 fmol/gland (n = 22). The duration of high nocturnal melatonin levels was dependent upon the length of the dark phase (4·1 h in 16L: 8D, 4·5 h in 14L: 10D and 12·5 h in 8L: 16D). Linear regression analysis revealed a statistically significant inverse relationship between pineal ML and melatonin levels in 8L: 16D (P< 0·001), 14L: 10D normal (P<0·05) and 14L: 10D shifted (P<0·001) photoperiods. After advancing the lighting schedule by 10 h (14L: 10D, lights off at 04.00 h), pineal ML and melatonin rhythms became entrained to the new lighting regimen. The daily rhythms in pineal ML and melatonin in the Syrian hamster thus depend on the prevailing photoperiod, a reciprocal relationship existing between pineal ML and melatonin concentrations. J. Endocr. (1987) 114, 301–309
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Dubovyk, N., Sabadyn V., V. Kyrylenko, Yu Humeniuk und V. Lobachov. „Breeding and genetic features of the manifestation of the number of grains per main ear manifestation in hybrids with 1BL.1RS and 1AL.1RS wheatrye translocations in the Forest Steppe of Ukraine“. Agrobìologìâ, Nr. 1(171) (24.06.2022): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2022-171-1-85-94.
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The study examines the level of manifestation of the heterosis effect in hybrid populations, which increases the efciency of the selection process of winter wheat based on the number of grains in the main ear. 30 hybrid combinations were created using a complete diallel crossings scheme for six varieties of soft winter wheat with wheat-rye translocations (WRT): 1AL.1RS – Ekspromt, Zolotokolosa, Kolumbiia and 1BL.1RS – Kalynova, Svitanok Myronivskyi, Lehenda Myronivska. The Svitanok Myronivskyi variety used in crossbreeding gave the hybrids inheriting the studied trait mainly by additive effect, while with the use of Ekspromt, Zolotokolosa, Lehenda Myronivska, Kalynova, Kolumbiia varieties the hybrids inherited the trait by non-additive effect. The best in terms of the number of cases with high effects of total combining ability (TCA) on the number of grains per main ear were the WRT-carriers varieties: 1BL.1RS – Lehenda Myronivska, 1AL.1RS – Zolotokolosa and Kolumbiia. Regardless of the weather conditions of the year, a heterosis effect was found in the 1BL.1RS / 1BL.1RS crossing group and transgressive forms were selected in the following generations. The highest value of the trait was found in the following populations: F2 – Zolotokolosa / Kolumbiia, Svitanok Myronivskyi / Ekspromt (32.1 % each), Kalynova / Zolotokolosa (31.7 %); F3 – Kolumbiia / Zolotokolosa (41.5 %), Kolumbiia / Ekspromt (36.5 %) and others. In most of them, the translocation 1AL.1RS carrier varieties were the parent components. Key words: soft winter wheat, wheat-rye translocations, number of grains per main ear, general combining ability, specifc combining ability, heterosis, transgressions.
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Lytvynenko, M. A., Ye A. Holub und Ya S. Fanin. „Influence of wheat-rye translocations on grain quality indices during bread winter wheat breeding in the South of Ukraine“. Scientific Journal Grain Crops 6, Nr. 2 (02.03.2023): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0227.
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Topicality. The use of introgressive material developed due to the involvement of wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS, 1BL.1RS in the modern gene pool of bread winter wheat is quite relevant at this stage of breeding development. This makes it possible to expand the genetic diversity of breeding material to identify new genetic sources of valuable traits and obtain genotypes based on introgressive material with wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS, 1BL.1RS with a sufficiently high grain quality in breeding programs in the southern Ukraine. Purpose. To establish the role of genetic environment as a factor of directional influence of wheat-rye translocations on baking properties, and to develop breeding techniques for neutralizing the negative effects of translocations to produce genotypes with high grain quality indices of valuable and strong wheat. Materials and Methods. Field experiments were carried out in the fields of the Plant Breeding and Genetic Institute - National Center for Seed Breeding and Variety Research in the 2010–2020. Meteorological conditions over the years of research were generally typical arid for the Steppe zone. The lines developed by crossing local varieties-carriers of translocations and the best varieties of the Plant Breeding and Genetic Institute breeding were studied that to identify the influence of wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS, 1BL.1RS on the quality of winter wheat grain in the process of breeding. Results. It was established that the winter wheat grain quality indices were changed (protein content increased, rheological properties decreased) by the introduction of wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS, 1BL.1RS into the local gene pool. These changes depend on the genetic environment, hybrid combination and the influence of genetic factors that reduce the negative effect of wheat-rye translocations on baking properties of the lines. It was proved that development of recombinant lines combining high yield and increased baking properties increases when using introgressive lines with wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS. Conclusions. It is possible to reduce the negative impact of wheat-rye translocations on the bread winter wheat grain quality and develop varieties with quality parameters of valuable and strong wheat by combining wheat-rye translocations with alleles in genotype positively influencing baking properties, and also by creating heterogeneity in genotypes with and without wheat-rye translocations in a certain ratio. An example is the highly heat-resistant variety of strong wheat Oktava Odeska, which is included in the State Register for dissemination in all agroclimatic zones of Ukraine. Keywords: bread winter wheat, recombinant lines, baking quality, wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS
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Ramos, Shayenne Elizianne, Aline Ferreira Souza de Carvalho, Tássia Flávia Dias Castro, Ana Carina Nogueira Vasconcelos, Galileu Crovatto Veras, Carlos Alberto Mourão Júnior und Luis David Solis Murgas. „Cannibalism, growth performance, and body composition of giant trahira juveniles under different photoperiods“. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 53, Nr. 6 (Juni 2018): 664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2018000600002.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the effect of photoperiod on the cannibalism, growth, and body composition of giant trahira (Hoplias intermedius) juveniles. A completely randomized design was employed, with four photoperiods - 0L:24D, 6L:18D, 12L:12D, and 18L:6D, hours of light (L): dark (D) - and four replicates, for a period of 90 days. The analyzed parameters were: cannibalism, growth in weight and length, food consumption, feed conversion, protein efficiency rate, muscle growth, and body composition (moisture, lipid, ash, and crude protein). Fish from the 12L:12D photoperiod showed the highest survival rate and no cannibalism, as well as a great uniformity for length and mass values at the end of the experiment. The best photoperiod for giant trahira juveniles is 12L:12D, as these fish showed growth uniformity and no cannibalism, while fish from the 6L:18D and 18L:6D groups had a greater diameter of white muscle fibers and a higher frequency of greater diameter fibers. Giant trahira showed the lowest value for lipids at 6L:18D and the highest value at 12L:12D. Photoperiod affects survival and cannibalism; regarding body composition, only lipids are influenced by photoperiod.
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Orengo-Green, José J., José L. Casas und Mª Ángeles Marcos-García. „Effect of Abiotic Climatic Factors on the Gonadal Maturation of the Biocontrol Agent Sphaerophoria rueppellii (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Syrphidae)“. Insects 13, Nr. 7 (24.06.2022): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13070573.
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The hoverfly Sphaerophoria rueppellii is currently one of the most effective predators commercially available for aphid pest control. However, knowledge of the reproductive system of males and females of this syrphid is limited. The present article aims to report how changes in the temperature and photoperiod may affect development of the gonads (ovaries and testes), oviposition, and fecundity during the lifespan of S. rueppellii. Four environmental conditions (14L:10D, T: 20 ± 1 °C; 12L:12D, T: 20 ± 1 °C; 14L:10D, T: 25 ± 1 °C; and 12L:12D, T: 25 ± 1 °C) were used to determine oviposition, hatching percentage, and lifespan during a period of 30 days after the adult emergence. The maturation of the ovaries was done under three treatments (barley leaves with aphids always available; barley leaves two days per week with aphids available; no barley leaves available), and in the same environmental conditions noted above. Males at 14L:10D, 20 ± 1 °C; and 14L:10D, 25 ± 1 °C; were used to analyze and study the maturation of the testes. Females at 14L:10D; T: 25 ± 1 °C showed a significant difference in oviposition, percentage of hatching, and rate of eggs. A detailed description of the male and female gonads was undertaken, and it was determined that the conditions in which males sexually mature early are at 14L:10D, 25 ± 1 °C. These results will improve the application of S. rueppellii in crops, for the control of aphid pests.
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Lytvynenko, M. A., E. A. Holub und T. M. Khomenko. „Efficiency of using of wheat-rye translocations (WRT) 1AL/1RS and 1BL/1RS in soft winter wheat breeding“. Plant varieties studying and protection 18, Nr. 2 (01.08.2022): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.18.2.2022.265177.
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Purpose. To determine the genetic effects of WRT 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS on the yield, plant productivity elements and quality indices of recombinant lines, to determine the effectiveness of using each of the WRT for creating more perfect varieties of soft winter wheat in these traits under soil-air drought in the steppe zone of Ukraine and development of breeding techniques to reduce the negative effects of translocation to produce genotypes with high quality indices of valuable and strong wheat grain. Methods. Field experiments, intraspecific hybridization, evaluation of breeding material in the field, methods of laboratory determination of baking quality indices of grain, electrophoresis of spare proteins, statistical. Results. Under arid conditions of the South of Ukraine on the large experimental material of breeding process, a positive effect of 1AL.1RS on the yield of recombinant lines and the main elements of plant productivity were determined, which was manifested against the background of simultaneous positive effect of this transposition on the drought and heat tolerance. The use of 1BL.1RS in wheat breeding in this region is less promising technique. It has been determined that introduction of 1AL.1RS, 1BL.1RS translocations into local gene pool of soft winter wheat by hybridization changes the grain quality indices. In particular, the protein content tends to increase more significantly under the influence of 1BL.1RS translocation. It has been shown that the frequency of obtaining recombinant lines which combine high yield and sufficient level of baking properties (not lower than valuable and strong wheat) is quite low (1,7–6,1%), but introgressive lines with 1AL.1RS have the advantages in this parameter. Using such genetic factors as hybridization combining WRT with alleles with high positive effect on baking properties, and also creating heterogeneity in the composition of genotypes with and without WRT, one can purposefully reduce the negative impact of WRT on the quality of soft winter wheat grain and create varieties with quality parameters of valuable and strong wheat. Conclusions. In general, the results achieved give reason to assert that the use of WRT 1AL.1RS is a promising direction for further breeding increase of genetic capacity of soft winter wheat varieties in the arid conditions of the South of Ukraine. As a result of full cycle of breeding process on the material with 1AL.1RS WRT a series of varieties of soft winter wheat ‘Zhytnytsia odeska’, ‘Oktava odeska’, ‘Liha odeska’, ‘Duma odeska’, ‘Versiia odeska’, providing 10 – 15% increase in yield to standards was created and included in the State Register of Ukraine and Moldova.
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Whittier, Joan M., Robert T. Mason, David Crews und Paul Licht. „Role of light and temperature in the regulation of reproduction in the red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, Nr. 8 (01.08.1987): 2090–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-320.
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The influence of photoperiodic manipulation on sexual behavior and ovarian recrudescence of male and female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) was examined over a 4-year period. Snakes were exposed to photoperiodic manipulations before, during, and after a 17-week cold temperature dormancy; sexual behavior of males and females and ovarian recrudescence were observed after emergence from cold temperature dormancy. In the 1st year (1982), males were exposed to two conditions representing minimum and maximum exposure to daylight: (i) 6 weeks of a short-day prehibernation period (10L:14D, 28:18 °C), followed by 17 weeks of hibernation in complete darkness (0L:24D, 4 °C) and emergence into warm dark conditions (0L:24D, 28:18 °C); and (ii) 6 weeks of a long-day prehibernation period (14L:10D, 28:18 °C), followed by 17 weeks of hibernation with exposure to light (12L:12D, 4 °C) and emergence into warm, long days (14L:10D, 28:18 °C). Males in both conditions exhibited intense courtship behavior on emergence from hibernation. Females in 1982 were significantly influenced only by long-day prehibernation conditions (14L:10D, 28:18 °C); under these conditions, ovarian recrudescence on emergence was inhibited. Long prehibernation photoperiod did not significantly influence female receptive behavior on emergence, indicating that neuroendocrine control of ovarian activation and sexual behavior may be separate in this species. In three subsequent years (1983, 1984, 1985) none of the photoperiodic conditions significantly influenced male or female sexual behavior or ovarian recrudescence. Slight differences in experimental protocol in these subsequent years that may account for differences in results from 1982 are discussed. Finally, ovarian development was found to be clearly tied to the duration of cold temperature dormancy in this species. Females receiving 7 or 17 weeks of exposure to cold (4 °C) underwent vitellogenesis at similar frequencies. Most females receiving 0 or only 4 weeks of exposure to cold (4 °C) did not become vitellogenic. Mating on emergence was not a requirement for the initiation of vitellogenesis in this study.
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Ciucă, Matilda, Daniel Cristina und Alina Gabriela Turcu. „SSR Marker TsM106 Is a Convenient Tool for Identifying Wheat-Rye 1AL.1RS Translocation“. Romanian Agricultural Research 35 (2018): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.59665/rar3502.
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Wheat continues to be one of the most cultivated cereals in the world. The research undertaken to find new genetic resources and new favourable alleles are a priority in wheat breeding programs. Increasing genetic diversity is necessary to cope with the social, natural and economic challenges. Rye (Secale cereale L.) represents an important genetic resource for wheat breeding. The short arm of the rye chromosome 1 (1RS) contains several genes inducing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, increase yield and better adaptation to various environments. Therefore, identification of new tools for detection/selection of favourable alleles can help obtaining fast and reliable results. Molecular markers-SSRs are such convenient tools. In our study, conducted on 17 genotypes (rye cultivar - Harkovskaya; five Romanian wheat cultivars; four 1AL.1RS translocation genotypes, including “Amigo” derived from “Insave” rye, and seven 1BL.1RS translocation), we used SSR markers to detect the presence of 1RS translocation. We found that the SSR-TSM 106(~170bp) marker clearly distinguished the wheat-rye 1AL.1RS translocation, coming from “Insave” or related rye chromatin, from the wheat-rye 1BL.1RS translocation, coming from other rye sources. Therefore, SSR-TSM marker could be used in MAS (Marker-Assisted Selection) for 1AL.1RS translocation.
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Korobkova, Varvara A., Ludmila A. Bespalova, Aleksey S. Yanovsky, Anastasiya G. Chernook, Pavel Yu Kroupin, Andrey V. Arkhipov, Anna I. Yurkina et al. „Permanent Spreading of 1RS.1AL and 1RS.1BL Translocations in Modern Wheat Breeding“. Plants 12, Nr. 6 (07.03.2023): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12061205.
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Wheat-rye translocations 1RS.1BL and 1RS.1AL are used in bread wheat breeding worldwide because a short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) when introgressed into the wheat genome confers resistance to diseases, pests and better performance under drought-stress conditions. However, in durum wheat genotypes, these translocations occur only in experimental lines, although their advantages could enhance the potential of this crop. P.P. Lukyanenko National Grain Centre (NGC) has successfully developed commercially competitive cultivars of bread and durum wheat demanded by many agricultural producers in the South of Russia for decades. Here, 94 accessions of bread and 343 accessions of durum wheat, representing lines and cultivars from collection, competitive variety trials and breeding nursery developed at NGC were screened for 1RS using PCR markers and genomic in situ hybridization. The 1RS.1BL and 1RS.1AL translocations were detected in 38 and 6 bread wheat accessions, respectively. None of the durum wheat accessions showed translocation, despite the fact that some of them had 1RS.1BL donors in their pedigree. The absence of translocations in the studied durum wheat germplasm can be caused by the negative selection of 1RS carriers at different stages of the breeding process due to low quality and difficulties in transferring rye chromatin through wheat gametes.
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Nie, Xiangxing, Cuixue Huang, Jie Wei, Yakun Wang, Kunhao Hong, Xidong Mu, Chao Liu, Zhangjie Chu, Xinping Zhu und Lingyun Yu. „Effects of Photoperiod on Survival, Growth, Physiological, and Biochemical Indices of Redclaw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) Juveniles“. Animals 14, Nr. 3 (26.01.2024): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14030411.
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Through a 30-day experiment, this study investigated the effects of five photoperiods (0L:24D, 6L:18D, 12L:12D, 18L:6D, and 24L:0D) on the survival, enzyme activity, body color, and growth-related gene expression of redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) juveniles. The results showed that C. quadricarinatus juveniles under 18L:6D and 24L:0D photoperiods exhibited the highest survival rate, which was significantly higher than the survival rates of juveniles under the other three photoperiods (p < 0.05). However, the 0L:24D group had the highest final body weight and weight gain rate, significantly surpassing those of the 12L:12D, 18L:6D, and 24L:0D groups (p < 0.05). Regarding enzyme activity and hormone levels, juveniles under the 18L:6D photoperiod exhibited relatively higher activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), and lysozyme (LZM) enzymes than those under other photoperiods, but their levels of melatonin and cortisol were relatively low. In addition, the 24L:0D group showed the highest malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Analysis of gene expression levels revealed that retinoid X receptor (RXR) and α-amylase (α-AMY) genes in C. quadricarinatus juveniles exhibited significantly higher expression levels under the 18L:6D photoperiod than those under the other four photoperiods (p < 0.05). With increasing daylight exposure, the body color of C. quadricarinatus changed from pale blue to yellow–brown. In summary, C. quadricarinatus juveniles achieved high survival rates, good growth performance, strong antioxidant stress response, and immune defense capabilities under an 18 h photoperiod. Therefore, in the industrial seedling cultivation of redclaw crayfish, it is recommended to provide 18 h of daily light. Further, the study demonstrated the ability to manipulate the body color of C. quadricarinatus through controlled artificial photoperiods. These findings provide essential technical parameters needed for the industrial cultivation of C. quadricarinatus juveniles.
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Lukaszewski, Adam J. „Frequency of 1RS.1AL and 1RS.1BL Translocations in United States Wheats“. Crop Science 30, Nr. 5 (1990): 1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183x003000050041x.
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Laing, J. E., und J. E. Corrigan. „DIAPAUSE INDUCTION AND POST-DIAPAUSE EMERGENCE IN TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM RILEY (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE): THE ROLE OF HOST SPECIES, TEMPERATURE, AND PHOTOPERIOD“. Canadian Entomologist 127, Nr. 1 (Februar 1995): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent127103-1.
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AbstractTrichogramma minutum Riley entered diapause, in the prepupal stage, in eggs of Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Guenée held at 15°C, 12L:12D, but failed to do so in eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller), Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), or Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) held under these conditions. The parasitoids emerged without diapause from eggs of all host species held at 25°C, 16L:8D, indicating a role of temperature or photoperiod, or both, in the diapause of the parasitoids in eggs of L. fiscellaria held at 15°C, 12L:12D. Percentage emergence of parasitoids from eggs of L. fiscellaria was virtually the same (>80%) after passing the winter outdoors or after approximately 3 months at 2 °C in the laboratory as it was when reared indoors in this host at 25°C, 16L:8D. Emergence of T. minutum was very poor (<20%) after long-term, low-temperature storage in eggs of C. fumiferana, E. kuehniella, or S. cerealella. Apparently, T. minutum must parasitize diapause host eggs in order to enter diapause, and good survival after long-term low-temperature storage is possible only when T. minutum is in diapause. Trichogramma minutum will enter diapause in L. fiscellaria after 14 days at 15°C, 12L:12D, but the parasitoids need a period of storage at 2°C, 0L:24D for a high percentage of emergence to happen. Over 50% emergence was recorded for T. minutum, held for 300 days in eggs of L. fiscellaria.
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Farhadi, Sara, Behrooz Atashbar Kangarloei, Ahmad Imani und Kourosh Sarvi Moghanlou. „Biological Impact of Photoperiod on Fairy Shrimp (Branchinecta orientalis): Life History and Biochemical Composition“. Biology 10, Nr. 8 (22.07.2021): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10080695.
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B. orientalis, fairy shrimp, is often among the most conspicuous invertebrates inhabiting temporary aquatic habitats with a typical variation in environmental conditions. Its life history characteristics and biochemical composition were studied under four different photoperiodic regimes (24L:0D, 0L:24D, 16L:8D, and 12L:12D). The significantly highest cumulative and initial hatching rates (48 h) were obtained at 24L:0D (p < 0.05). Cultivating the larvae under different photoperiods did not significantly affect specific growth rate (SGR) (p > 0.05). However, higher final total body length and daily growth rate were recorded under constant darkness. Higher lipid content was found at 24L:0D to the extent that it was more than two times higher than that at 16L:8D and 12L:12D (p < 0.05). There was also a remarkable increase in body crude protein content at 24L:0D (p < 0.05). Body fatty-acid profiles of the fairy shrimps were also affected by culture condition (p < 0.05). Extension of lighting period resulted in a subtle increase in body contents of arginine, lysine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine, especially in the group kept under a 16L:8D regime. The highest and lowest digestive enzyme activity was observed at 0L:24D and 24L:0D, respectively (p < 0.05). In contrast, the highest and lowest soluble protein content was recorded at 24L:0D and 0L:24D, respectively (p < 0.05). Similarly, antioxidant status was significantly higher at 0L:24D (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a 16L:8D light–dark cycle might be an optimal condition in terms of growth performance and physio-biochemical characteristics. These findings could be helpful in optimizing the rearing conditions for upscaling B. orientalis production.
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Schwan, Adrian L., Michael R. Roche, John F. Gallagher und George Ferguson. „On the conformational preferences of the dehydrochlorination of α-chlorosulfoxides“. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, Nr. 2 (01.02.1994): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-049.
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Several acyclic α-chlorosulfoxides have been shown to undergo a γ-dehydrochlorination upon treatment with LDA. The proposed immediate products of γ-dehydrochlorination, thiirane-S-oxides, are unstable under the basic conditions and react further with the LDA; the isolated products are usually E-alkenes and (or) E-vinyl sulfoxides. Some of the proposed intermediate thiirane-S-oxides, compounds 6, 7, 8, and 18, were synthesized independently and treated with one equivalent of LDA in order to mimic the second step of the overall dehydrochlorination/ring opening sequence. The products obtained from the reactions of compounds 6 and 18 compared favourably with those products which were believed to arise from certain conformations of α-chlorosulfoxides 1kB and 1e, respectively. The addition of one equivalent of LDA to 1kA afforded a mixture containing thiirane-S-oxide 8, which is proposed as the immediate product of γ-dehydrochlorination of 1kA. The configurations of 1kB and 1hA were both shown to be threo by X-ray crystallographic studies. Those conformations which are preferred for the dehydrochlorination possess a geometry where the sulfinyl oxygen is anti to any of the substituents of the ring carbons.
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Mulier, G., T. Bohme, H. Borschel, U. Vahl und A. Wiberg. „Die Nutzung der Antherenkulturmethode im Zuchtprozess von Winterweizen. III. Zur Antherenkultureignung von Winterweizen-F1-Populationen mit den beiden heterozygoten Chromosomcnpaaren 1AL-1AS/1AL-IRS und 1BL-1BS/1BL-IRS“. Plant Breeding 104, Nr. 4 (Juli 1990): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1990.tb00436.x.
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Vieira, Rita, Álvaro Queiroz, Leonor Morais, Augusta Barão, T. Mello-Sampayo und Wanda Viegas. „Genetic control of 1R nucleolus organizer region expression in the presence of wheat genomes“. Genome 33, Nr. 5 (01.10.1990): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-107.
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The expression of rRNA genes located in the nucleolar organizing region (NOR) present on the short arm of chromosome 1R from rye (Secale cereale L.) was examined in several hexaploid (Triticum aestivum L.) and tetraploid wheats (Triticum turgidum L.) containing the entire chromosome 1R from rye (disomic substitution 1B(1R)), its full haploid genome (hexaploid wheat–rye F1 hybrid), or only its short arm translocated to the long arms of wheat chromosomes from the homoeologous group 1 (disomic translocations 1AL/1RS, 1BL/1RS, or 1DL/1RS) or added to the complete hexaploid wheat genotype (monotelosomic addition 1RS). By silver staining and determination of the number of Ag-NORs and the average number of nucleoli per root-tip cell it became apparent that the expression of 1R NORs, in the presence of wheat genomes, depends on the absence of the long arm of rye chromosome 1R. In wheat-rye F1 hybrids and in hexaploid wheat with a disomic substitution 1B(1R), 1R NOR was morphologically absent, even when only one wheat major NOR was present, in contrast with its frequent expression in wheat–rye translocation or addition lines where only its short arm was added. It is suggested that wheat nucleolar dominance over rye as expressed by heterochromatic and silent NOR in 1RS is under a complex genetic control which involves interaction between 1RL and unidentified wheat genes.Key words: 1R nucleolus organizer region, gene activity, amphiplasty.
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Dhillon, M. K., F. Hasan, A. K. Tanwar und A. S. Bhadauriya. „Effects of thermo-photoperiod on induction and termination of hibernation in Chilo partellus (Swinhoe)“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 107, Nr. 3 (10.11.2016): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000870.
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AbstractDetermination of critical threshold for induction and termination of diapause (hibernation) are important for better understanding the bio-ecology and population dynamics of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) under varying climatic conditions. We studied initiation and termination of hibernation under five temperature and photoperiod regimes viz., 27°C + 12L:12D, 22°C + 11.5L:12.5D, 18°C + 11L:13D, 14°C + 10.5L:13.5D and 10°C + 10L:14D under fixed and ramping treatments, and the observations were recorded on various phenological and developmental characteristics at weekly intervals. Present studies revealed that the induction of hibernation in C. partellus larvae takes from 46 to 56 days depending upon temperature and photoperiod conditions. Induction of hibernation varied from 7.9 to 18.3% across treatment conditions, indicating that not all C. partellus larvae undergo diapause under prevailing environmental conditions. Weight, length and head capsule width of diapausing larvae were found significantly lower than the non-diapausing larvae. The non-diapausing C. partellus larvae required a thermal threshold of 1068 degree-days under ambient conditions, while in case of hibernating larvae it varied significantly across treatment conditions. Diapausing larvae underwent up to five supernumerary moults, wherein highest percentage of diapausing larvae (35.7%) exhibited two supernumerary moults. The developmental time of diapausing larvae varied from 94.9 to 160.4 days across treatments. A population loss of 17.2–28.3% was recorded in C. partellus due to hibernation, which has implications for population buildup of post-hibernation first brood and management strategies.
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Hassanzadeh, M., M. H. Bozorgmehri Fard, J. Buyse und E. Decuypere. „Beneficial effects of alternative lighting schedules on the incidence of ascites and on metabolic parameters of broiler chickens“. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 51, Nr. 4 (01.10.2003): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.51.2003.4.9.
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The beneficial effects of different lighting programmes on the incidence of ascites was investigated in an experiment with 360 three-day-old male broiler chickens. At 3 days of age, chicks were randomly divided over three rooms in a high-altitude farm, 2000 m above sea level. During days 14 to 28 ambient temperature decreased during the night but the minimum temperature did not descend below 15°C. In the first room the continuous lighting schedule (CL, 23L:1D) was maintained and in the second room an intermittent lighting schedule (IL, 1L:3D), repeated six times daily, was imposed from 3 days of age. In the third room, an increasing photoperiod schedule (IP, 4 to 14 days, 6L:18D; 15 to 21 days, 10L:14D; 22 to 28 days, 14L:10D; 29 to 35 days, 18L:6D; 36 to 42 days, 23L:1D) was provided. Mortality associated with right ventricular failure and ascites was numerically lower in birds reared under the IL and IP schedules compared to birds reared under the CL schedule, which can be attributed to the temporary reduction in relative growth and feed intake in IL and IP birds. It was concluded that the beneficial effect of lighting schedules could be due to a reduced metabolic rate as a consequence of the altered growth trajectory, as also reflected in the lower haematocrit and plasma T3 levels of IL and IP birds compared to CL birds.
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Martin, Graeme B., Soedjiharti Tjondronegoro, Rachid Boukhliq, Margaret A. Blackberry, Jan R. Briegel, Dominique Blache, James A. Fisher und Norman R. Adams. „Determinants of the annual pattern of reproduction in mature male Merino and Suffolk sheep: modification of endogenous rhythms by photoperiod“. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 11, Nr. 6 (1999): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd00005.
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In mediterranean environments, pastures are very poor during the autumn and consequently small ruminants, such as sheep, would have been losing body mass for many months so, during mating, gamete production would be depressed in both sexes. Effectively, the nutritive requirements for a photo-period-driven, annual reproductive cycle are out of phase with seasonal changes in food availability. The problem could be overcome through more flexible timing of reproduction, perhaps explaining variations in seasonality between breeds that originate from differing latitudes. To study these concepts and the mechanisms involved, the endogenous rhythms and responses to photoperiod were compared in rams of ‘mediterranean origin’ (Merino) and ‘temperate origin’ (Suffolk). Groups of 16 rams of each breed were given a constant food supply and subjected to 16 months of constant equinoctial photoperiod (12L : 12D) or simulated ‘mediterranean’ changes in daylength (from 14L : 10D to 14D : 10L). With nutritional and photoperiodic inputs held constant, Merino and Suffolk rams showed similar endogenous rhythms in reproductive activity. Under constant nutritional inputs and a mediterranean photoperiodic cycle, the endogenous rhythms were modified differently in the two breeds, with the Merinos starting and finishing their seasons about 2 months earlier than the Suffolks. These observations partially explain the patterns observed in rams kept under field conditions. It is now necessary to test whether the rhythms of reproduction in these breeds are also modified by changes in nutrition and social cues.
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Fisenko, А. V., О. А. Lyapunova, Е. V. Zuev und А. Yu Novoselskaya-Dragovich. „Dynamics of Rye Translocations Frequency in Russian Common Wheat <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L. Cultivars“. Генетика 59, Nr. 6 (01.06.2023): 648–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016675823050053.
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The widespread using 1RS/1BL and 1RS/1AL translocation cultivars in wheat breeding was due to their high complex resistance provided by genes on 1RS chromosomes. Numerous data on the emergence of new virulent pathogen races that caused the loss of protective properties by genes on 1RS make it relevant to analyse the prospects for using both rye translocations in modern breeding programs. The use of various genetic sources of the 1RS rye chromosome in introgressive hybridization poses the problem of studying the diversity of 1RS linkage groups. We have studied the rye translocations dynamics in 240 genotypes of the wheat cultivars from 3 breeding centers of the Russian Federation. Multiple alleles of storage protein genes specific for 1RS were used to mark 1RS. The effectiveness of 1RS resistance genes to a number of pathogens, in particular to powdery mildew and stem rust, has been established. The grain quality dynamics of the 1RS/1BL cultivars has been traced. A statistically significant grain quality improvement of winter wheat cultivars since the 2000s has been confirmed. The spring cultivars quality does not depend on the presence of rye translocations in the genotypes. Accumulation of cultivars with TR:1RS/1BL observed in all three centers. A high allelic diversity of the secalin coding locus on 1RS chromosome was shown. However, all cultivars with rye translocations, regardless of 1RS origin, carried the same allele. Possible reasons for this uniformity are discussed. Translocation 1RS/1AL was not detected in the studied cultivars. Possible reasons are discussed.
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Adam, L., W. Hack und Matthias Olzmann. „The Four Isotopomer Reactions of NH(a) and ND(a) with NH3(X̃) and ND3(X̃)“. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 218, Nr. 4 (01.04.2004): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.218.4.439.29201.
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AbstractThe reactionsNH(a) + NH3(X̃) → products (1)ND(a) + NH3(X̃) → products (2)NH(a) + ND3(X̃) → products (3)ND(a) + ND3(X̃) → products (4)were studied in a quasi-static reaction cell at room temperature and pressures of 10 and 20mbar with He as the main carrier gas. The electronically excited reactants NH(a) and ND(a) were generated by laser-flash photolysis of HN3 and DN3, respectively, at λ = 308nm and detected by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Also the ground state species NH(X) and ND(X) as products were detected by LIF.From the measured concentration-time profiles of NH(a) and ND(a) under pseudo-first order conditions, the following rate constants were obtained:NH(a) + NH3(X̃) → products (1)ND(a) + NH3(X̃) → products (2)NH(a) + ND3(X̃) → products (3)ND(a) + ND3(X̃) → products (4)k1 = (9.1 ± 0.9) × 1013 cm3mol−1s−1k2 = (9.6 ± 1.0) × 1013 cm3mol−1s−1k3 = (8.0 ± 1.0) × 1013 cm3mol−1s−1k4 = (7.2 ± 0.8) × 1013 cm3mol−1s−1.The major products are the corresponding NHiD2 − i(X̃) radicals (i = 0, 1, 2), whereas quenching processes such as NH(a) + ND3 → NH(X) + ND3 are of minor importance (1%). The isotope exchange NH(a) + ND3 → ND(X) + NHD2 is negligible, and the corresponding channel on the singlet surface NH(a) + ND3(X~) → ND(a) + NHD2(X̃) contributes with 1% to the overall NH(a) depletion in that reaction. The experimental findings are discussed in terms of a chemical activation mechanism by means of statistical rate theory.
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Mater, Yehia, Stephen Baenziger, Kulvinder Gill, Robert Graybosch, Lynda Whitcher, Cheryl Baker, James Specht und Ismail Dweikat. „Linkage mapping of powdery mildew and greenbug resistance genes on recombinant 1RS from 'Amigo' and 'Kavkaz' wheat–rye translocations of chromosome 1RS.1AL“. Genome 47, Nr. 2 (01.04.2004): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g03-101.
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Cultivated rye (Secale cereale L., 2n = 2x = 14, RR) is an important source of genes for insect and disease resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42). Rye chromosome arm 1RS of S. cereale 'Kavkaz' originally found as a 1BL.1RS translocation, carries genes for disease resistance (e.g., Lr26, Sr31, Yr9, and Pm8), while 1RS of the S. cereale 'Amigo' translocation (1RSA) carries a single resistance gene for greenbug (Schizaphis graminum Rondani) biotypes B and C and also carries additional disease-resistance genes. The purpose of this research was to identify individual plants that were recombinant in the homologous region of.1AL.1RSV and 1AL.1RSA using both molecular and phenotypic markers. Secale cereale 'Nekota' (1AL.1RSA) and S. cereale 'Pavon 76' (1AL.1RSV) were mated and the F1 was backcrossed to 'Nekota' (1AL.1AS) to generate eighty BC1F2:3 families (i.e., ('Nekota' 1AL.1RSA × 'Pavon 76' 1AL.1RSV) × 'Nekota' 1AL.1AS). These families were genotyped using the secalin–gliadin grain storage protein banding pattern generated with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to discriminate 1AL.1AS/1AL.1RS heterozygotes from the 1AL.1RSA+V and 1AL.1AS homozygotes. Segregation of the secalin locus and PCR markers based on the R173 family of rye specific repeated DNA sequences demonstrated the presence of recombinant 1AL.1RSA+V families. Powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) and greenbug resistance genes on the recombinant 1RSA+V arm were mapped in relation to the Sec-1 locus, 2 additional protein bands, 3 SSRs, and 13 RFLP markers. The resultant linkage map of 1RS spanned 82.4 cM with marker order and spacing showing reasonable agreement with previous maps of 1RS. Fifteen markers lie within a region of 29.7 cM next to the centromere, yet corresponded to just 36% of the overall map length. The map position of the RFLP marker probe mwg68 was 10.9 cM distal to the Sec-1 locus and 7.8 cM proximal to the powdery mildew resistance locus. The greenbug resistance gene was located 2.7 cM proximal to the Sec-1 locus.Key words: microsatellites, SSRs, RFLP, secalin-gliadin, alien genes introgression.
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Usova, Z., O. Y. Leonov, N. O. Kozub und I. O. Sozinov. „Identification of winter common wheat samples of Kharkiv breeding by protein markers“. Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 29 (31.08.2021): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v29.1406.
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Aim. Identification of new winter wheat breeding material developed in Kharkiv by electrophoretic patterns of storage proteins to select the most promising lines. Methods. Protein fractionation was performed by APAG- and SDS-electrophoresis. Results. The genotypes of winter wheat samples of the competitive variety trial at seven storage protein loci Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-D1, Gli-A3, Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1 were studied. We identified eight alleles at the Gli-A1 locus, seven at Gli-B1, five at Gli-D1, four at Gli-A3, five at Glu-B1, three at Glu-A1, and two at Glu-D1. Most of the identified alleles are typical for Ukrainian winter wheat varieties. Along with them, theree were lines with introgressed alleles marking for the wheat-rye translocations 1AL/1RS and 1BL/1RS. The biotype of the line Erythrospermum 484-19 carries an introgressed allele from Ae. tauschii at the Gli-D1 locus. Conclusions. According to field and laboratory trials of samples, there were neither significant advantages nor disadvantages of lines with wheat-rye translocations compared to lines without translocations (typical for the East Forest-Steppe zone). The promising line of the use of the 1AL/RS or 1BL/RS translocations (carrying disease resistance genes) is their coupling with the allele Glu-B1al associated with high grain quality.
Keywords: winter wheat, storage proteins, alleles, translocations.
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Toporash, M. K., I. I. Motsnyy, A. Börner, P. Sourdille und S. V. Chebotar. „Polymorphism in the short arm of 1R rye chromosomes in wheat lines with 1RS.1BL translocation and 1R(1B) substitution from different sources“. Visnik ukrains'kogo tovaristva genetikiv i selekcioneriv 16, Nr. 2 (01.03.2019): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/visnyk.utgis.16.2.1059.
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Aim. The short arm of 1R rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome is widely used in the breeding of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), in particular 1RS.1BL, to introsgress genes of resistance to leaf (Lr26), stem (Sr31), striped (Yr9) rusts, as well as powdery mildew (Pm8); 1RS.1AL carries Gb2/Gb6 resistance genes to the wheat aphid (Schizaphis graminum Rondani), powdery mildew (Pm17), and the Cmc4 resistance gene to the Aceria tosichella Koifer mite, which is a vector for spreading of wheat mosaic virus. The aim of the research is to reveal molecular genetic polymorphisms of short arm rye 1RS chromosomes of different origins in bread wheat lines with 1RS.1BL translocation or 1R(1B) substitution from different sources. Methods. Genetic polymorphism of lines was analyzed by using PCR with a number of rye and wheat microsatellite markers. Results. It was shown that the CWXs line has a recombinant 1RS arm that contains the chromosomes parts of 1RS of the parental lines H242/97-2 and H273/97, due to crossover event, which led to the recombination of marked loci. Conclusions. Molecular genetic polymorphism has been reviled in 1RS.1BL translocations and 1R substituted rye chromosomes of different origins in H242/97-2, CWXs, H273/97, PavonMA1, Salmon lines, as there are different alleles present at loci: Xscm9, Xtsm422, Xgwm752, Xgwm18, Taglgap. Keywords: polymorphism, 1RS.1BL translocation, PCR analysis, microsatellites markers.
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Moser, D. E., C. L. Cupelli, I. R. Barker, R. M. Flowers, J. R. Bowman, J. Wooden und J. R. Hart. „New zircon shock phenomena and their use for dating and reconstruction of large impact structures revealed by electron nanobeam (EBSD, CL, EDS) and isotopic U–Pb and (U–Th)/He analysis of the Vredefort domeThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of Geochronology in honour of Tom Krogh.“ Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, Nr. 2 (Februar 2011): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e11-011.
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Integrated electron nanobeam (EBSD, CL, EDS) and isotopic measurements (U–Pb, (U–Th)/He) of zircon from the collar and centre of the 80 km wide central uplift of the 2020 ± 3 Ma Vredefort impact structure reveal new shock features in a microstructural progression related to impact basin formation and degree of U–Pb age resetting: (1) planar fractures in {1K0} and {1K2} orientation during initial shock wave compression; (2) curviplanar fractures in {1K1} orientation, now annealed, which host glassy inclusions of partial melt of the host rock; (3) microtwin lamellae in an orientation of 65° about [110], attributed to shock wave rarefaction; (4) nucleation of impact-age crystallites, possibly on microtwins, during post-shock heating by impact melt; and (5) crystal-plastic deformation linked to crater modification of the core of the central uplift. Planar fracturing and microtwinning ≥20 GPa in “cold shock” zircon in granitoid at a radial distance of 25 km failed to reset zircon age. Single-grain ID–TIMS data extend between pre-impact age of 2077 ± 11 Ma and a secondary Pb-loss event at ca. 1.0 Ga — the latter reflecting Kibaran igneous activity between 1.110 and 1.021 Ga. Age resetting by the impact event operated in an ∼15 km wide “hot shock” zone of impact-elevated temperatures ≥700 °C at the core of the central uplift. Mechanisms include internal recrystallization, defect-accelerated Pb diffusion via shock microstructures and melt films, and late crystal-plastic deformation. Igneous zircons from a 2019 ± 2 Ma foliated norite impact melt yield a mean (U–Th)/He date of 923 ± 61 Ma, indicating exposure of the present surface after this time.
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Naranjo, T., A. Roca, P. G. Goicoechea und R. Giraldez. „Arm homoeology of wheat and rye chromosomes“. Genome 29, Nr. 6 (01.12.1987): 873–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-149.
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Meiotic pairing was studied at metaphase I in three different cv. Chinese Spring × rye hybrid combinations (5B deficient, 3D deficient, and normal ABDR) to establish the arm homoeology of wheat and rye chromosomes. The majority of individual wheat chromosomes and their arms, as well as the arms of chromosomes 1R and 5R, were identified by means of C-banding. The results on pairing relationships support the genome reallocation of chromosomes 4A and 4B. The short arms of wheat chromosomes belonging to homoeologous groups 1, 3, 5, and 6 and of chromosome pairs 4A–4D and 7A–7D showed full pairing homoeology as well as the long arms of wheat chromosomes of groups 1, 3, 6, and 7 and of chromosome pairs 4A–4D and 5B–5D. Chromosomes 2A, 2B, and 2D were homoeologous, but the homoeologies of their arms were not identified. Reduced homoeologies of the 4BL arm to 7AS and 7DS, of the 5AL arm to 4AL and 4DL, and of the 7BS arm to 5BL and 5DL were identified. Arms 4BL, 5AL, and 7BS are involved in a double translocation that arose during the evolution of common wheat. The homoeology relationships of chromosome arm 4BS were not identified since this arm seldom paired. The homoeologous pairing pattern between wheat chromosomes was characterized by a remarkable predominance of A–D associations, altered only by structural changes in groups 4 and 5. Chromosome arm 1RL showed full pairing homoeology to 1AL, 1BL, and 1DL, while 5RL was homoeologous to 5AL and partially homoeologous to 4AL and 4DL. It is concluded that 5RL carries a translocated segment from 4RL. Key words: homoeologous pairing, translocations, wheat evolution, C-banding.