Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „1997 k-589“

Experiments were conducted on high-energy surface treatment of a structural steel substrate with a flow of tungsten, nickel, and titanium nitride powder particles. The impact pressure of the steel target and particles accelerated by explosion energy was estimated using the momentum conservation equation and the linear equation of the particle material shock adiabat. It was found that the impact pressure of the target and particles is 62 GPa for a tungsten particle, 48 GPa for a nickel particle, and 41 GPa for a titanium nitride particle. The heating temperature of particles during their collision with the steel target surface was calculated taking into account the conditions of mass and momentum conservation at the shock wave front. The maximum heating temperature of particles at the point of their collision with the substrate surface (at a particle velocity of 2000 m/s) is 1103 K for tungsten particles, 755 K for nickel particles, and 589 K for titanium nitride particles. It was shown that the steel target strength increases when it is subjected to high-energy treatment with a flow of particles. The maximum hardening of the steel target surface layer increases by 32–55 % compared to initial microhardness and is observed at a depth of 2–4 mm from the treatment surface. Then it decreases to the value of starting material microhardness (170 HV) at a distance of 15–20 mm from the treated surface.

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Streaming potential in rocks is the electrical potential developing when an ionic fluid flows through the pores of rocks. The zeta potential is a key parameter of streaming potential and it depends on many parameters such as the mineral composition of rocks, fluid properties, temperature etc. Therefore, the zeta potential is different for various rocks and liquids. In this work, streaming potential measurements are performed for five rock samples saturated with six different monovalent electrolytes. From streaming potential coefficients, the zeta potential is deduced. The experimental results are then explained by a theoretical model. From the model, the surface site density for different rocks and the binding constant for different cations are found and they are in good agreement with those reported in literature. The result also shows that (1) the surface site density of Bentheim sandstone mostly composed of silica is the largest of five rock samples; (2) the binding constant is almost the same for a given cation but it increases in the order KMe(Na+) < KMe(K+) < KMe(Cs+) for a given rock.References Corwin R. F., Hoovert D.B., 1979. The self-potential method in geothermal exploration. Geophysics 44, 226-245. Dove P.M., Rimstidt J.D., 1994. Silica-Water Interactions. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 29, 259-308. Glover P.W.J., Walker E., Jackson M., 2012. Streaming-potential coefficient of reservoir rock: A theoretical model. Geophysics, 77, D17-D43. Ishido T. and Mizutani H., 1981. Experimental and theoretical basis of electrokinetic phenomena in rock-water systems and its applications to geophysics. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86, 1763-1775. Jackson M., Butler A., Vinogradov J., 2012. Measurements of spontaneous potential in chalk with application to aquifer characterization in the southern UK: Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology, 45, 457-471. Jouniaux L. and T. Ishido, 2012. International Journal of Geophysics. Article ID 286107, 16p. Doi:10.1155/2012/286107. Kim S.S., Kim H.S., Kim S.G., Kim W.S., 2004. Effect of electrolyte additives on sol-precipitated nano silica particles. Ceramics International 30, 171-175. Kirby B.J. and Hasselbrink E.F., 2004. Zeta potential of microfluidic substrates: 1. Theory, experimental techniques, and effects on separations. Electrophoresis, 25, 187-202. Kosmulski M., and Dahlsten D., 2006. High ionic strength electrokinetics of clay minerals. Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicocemical and Engineering Aspects, 291, 212-218. Lide D.R., 2009, Handbook of chemistry and physics, 90th edition: CRC Press. Luong Duy Thanh, 2014. Electrokinetics in porous media, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Luong Duy Thanh and Sprik R., 2016a. Zeta potential in porous rocks in contact with monovalent and divalent electrolyte aqueous solutions, Geophysics, 81, D303-D314. Luong Duy Thanh and Sprik R., 2016b. Permeability dependence of streaming potential coefficient in porous media. Geophysical Prospecting, 64, 714-725. Luong Duy Thanh and Sprik R., 2016c. Laboratory Measurement of Microstructure Parameters of Porous Rocks. VNU Journal of Science: Mathematics-Physics 32, 22-33. Mizutani H., Ishido T., Yokokura T., Ohnishi S., 1976. Electrokinetic phenomena associated with earthquakes. Geophysical Research Letters, 3, 365-368. Ogilvy A.A., Ayed M.A., Bogoslovsky V.A., 1969. Geophysical studies of water leakage from reservoirs. Geophysical Prospecting, 17, 36-62. Onsager L., 1931. Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes. I. Physical Review, 37, 405-426. Revil A. and Glover P.W.J., 1997. Theory of ionic-surface electrical conduction in porous media. Physical Review B, 55, 1757-1773. Scales P.J., 1990. Electrokinetics of the muscovite mica-aqueous solution interface. Langmuir, 6, 582-589. Behrens S.H. and Grier D.G., 2001. The charge of glass and silica surfaces. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 115, 6716-6721. Stern O., 1924. Zurtheorieder electrolytischendoppelschist. Z. Elektrochem, 30, 508-516. Tchistiakov A.A., 2000. Physico-chemical aspects of clay migration and injectivity decrease of geothermal clastic reservoirs: Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, 3087-3095. Wurmstich B., Morgan F.D., 1994. Modeling of streaming potential responses caused by oil well pumping. Geophysics, 59, 46-56.

Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) are the most serious viral pathogens in the production of ornamental plants in Europe and North America (1). During a survey for the presence of tospoviruses in July 2012, potted begonia hybrids (Begonia × tuberhybrida Voss) exhibiting foliar chlorotic rings and zonal spots accompanied by leaf necrosis and distortion, were observed in a greenhouse in the vicinity of Banja Luka (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Leaf samples collected from 12 symptomatic plants were analyzed for the presence of INSV and TSWV by commercial double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA kits (Bioreba AG, Reinach, Switzerland). Commercial positive and negative controls and extracts from healthy begonia leaves were included in each ELISA. INSV was detected serologically in all 12 begonia samples and all tested samples were negative for TSWV. Five healthy plants of each Petunia × hybrida and Nicotiana benthamiana were mechanically inoculated with sap from an ELISA-positive sample (157-12) using chilled 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7) containing 0.1% sodium sulphite. Local necrotic lesions on P. × hybrida and systemic chlorotic mottling on N. benthamiana were observed on all inoculated plants 4 and 10 days post-inoculation, respectively. For further confirmation of INSV infection, total RNAs were extracted from all ELISA-positive begonia plants as well as mechanically inoculated N. benthamiana plants with the RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and used as template in reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. RT-PCR was performed with the OneStep RT-PCR Kit (Qiagen) using primer pair INSV-589 and TOS-R15 (3), specific to the partial INSV nucleocapsid (N) gene. Total RNA obtained from Serbian INSV isolate from a begonia (GenBank Accession No. HQ724289) and RNA extracts from healthy begonia plants were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. All naturally and mechanically infected plants as well as the positive control yielded an amplicon of the expected size (589 bp), while no amplification products were obtained from the healthy controls. The RT-PCR product derived from the isolate 157-12 was sequenced directly after purification with QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen) and submitted to GenBank (KC494869). Pairwise comparison of the 157-12 isolate N sequence with other homologous sequences available in GenBank, conducted using MEGA5 software (2), revealed that begonia isolate from Bosnia and Herzegovina showed the highest nucleotide identity of 99.7% (100% amino acid identity) with the Chinese INSV isolate (FN400772) originating from Oncidium sp. To our knowledge, this is the first report of INSV on begonia in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Begonias are very popular and widely grown ornamentals in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the presence of a new and devastating pathogen could represent a serious threat for its production. Since begonia is commonly grown together with numerous ornamental plants susceptible to INSV, further investigations are needed in order to prevent spread of this potentially harmful pathogen to new hosts in Bosnia and Herzegovina. References: (1) M. L. Daughtrey et al. Plant Dis. 81:1220, 1997. (2) K. Tamura et al. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28:2731, 2011. (3) H. Uga and S. Tsuda. Phytopathology 95:166, 2005.

Reports excavations in areas thought to encompass the donjon and hall respectively. Traces of an early curtain wall predating the north tower were found. At ground level, two window embrasures were revealed in the east wall of the building and, on its south side, a doorway into a passage linking with the east range. In the late seventeenth or eighteenth century the passage was blocked and a fireplace inserted into the north gable of the east range, which was occupied at least until the late eighteenth century. There are specialist reports on: `Sculptured stones' by Pamela Graves (576--8); `Coins' by Nicholas M McQ Holmes (578--9); `Other small finds' by David Caldwell (579--87); `Pottery' by Helen Smith (587 & 589) followed by `Medieval and post-medieval pottery' by Robert S Will (589--90); `Clay tobacco pipes' by Dennis B Gallagher (590--6); `Vessel glass' by K R Murdoch (596--7); The environmental evidence begins with `Charcoal' by Sheila Boardman (597), followed by `Faunal remains' by Tanya O'Sullivan & Jennifer Thoms (597--8).

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae MOD5 gene encodes proteins that function in three subcellular locations: mitochondria, the cytoplasm, and nuclei (M. Boguta, L.A. Hunter, W.-C. Shen, E. C. Gillman, N. C. Martin, and A. K. Hopper, Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:2298-2306, 1994; E. C. Gillman, L. B. Slusher, N. C. Martin, and A. K. Hopper, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2382-2390, 1991). A mutant allele of MOD5 encoding a protein (Mod5p-I,KR6) located predominantly in mitochondria was constructed. Mutants defective in delivering Mod5p-I,KR6 to mitochondria were sought by selecting cells with increased cytosolic activity of this protein. Twenty-five mutants defining four complementation groups, mdp1, mdp2, mdp3, and mdp4, were found. They are unable to respire at 34 degrees C or to grow on glucose medium at 38 degrees C. Cell fractionation studies showed that mdp1, mdp2, and mdp3 mutants have an altered mitochondrial-cytoplasmic distribution of Mod5p. mdp2 can be suppressed by ACT1, the actin-encoding gene. The actin cytoskeleton organization is also aberrant in mdp2 cells. MDP2 is the same as VRP1 (S. F. H. Donnelly, M. J. Picklington, D. Pallotta, and E. Orr, Mol. Microbiol. 10:585-596, 1993). MDP3 is identical to PAN1, which encodes a protein that interacts with mRNA 3' ends and affects initiation of protein synthesis (A. B. Sachs and J. A. Deardoff, Cell 70:961-973, 1992). These results implicate the actin cytoskeleton and mRNA 3' ends and/or protein synthesis as being as important for protein distribution in S. cerevisiae as they are for distribution of cytosolic proteins in higher eukaryotes. This provides the potential to apply genetic and molecular approaches to study gene products and mechanisms involved in this type of protein distribution. The selection strategy also offers a new approach for identifying gene products involved in the distribution of proteins to their subscellular destinations.

It is difficult to introduce highly versatile automation using robots to handling deformable objects such as thread, cloth, wire, long beams, and thin plates in plant production processes, compared to the handling of rigid objects. Office equipment handles deformable objects such as paper and plastic. Problems unique to these objects is caused by speeding up such equipment and demand for upgrading its accuracy. In agriculture and medical care, automatic, intelligent handling of deformable objects such as fruit and animals has long been desired and practical systems sought. Deformable objects whose handling should be versatiley and accurately automated are classified into two groups based on handling: (A) Flexible, mostly thin, fine objects capable of elastic deformation (B) Soft objects easily crushed, such as soft fruits or animals The problem in handling the first group is controlling object deformation of an infinite degree of freedom with a finite number of manipulated variables. In contrast, a significant problem in handling the second group is often how to handle them without exerting excessive stress and how to handle them safely and reliably. The handling of these two groups differ greatly in mechanics and control theory, and this special issue focuses on the first group — flexible objects — mechanical collection and transport studies, control, and software. Recent studies on their handling are classified into four groups for convenience based on handled objects and types of handling task: (a) Control of deformation, internal force, and vibration or path planning of flexible objects (mainly thin plates and beams) using single or multiple manipulators. (b) Task understanding in insertion of elastic into rigid parts and vice versa, and the study of human skills to help robots accomplish these task. (c) Approaches on improved accuracy, intelligent control, and vibration damping in handling and transfer of sheets and strings with low flexural rigidity, represented by paper or wire. (d) Strategies for grasping and unfolding sheets such as cloth whose flexural rigidity is almost nil. For (a), studies are active on deformation control by two robot hands attempting to grasp cloth. 1-3) In the automobile industry, so-called flexible fixtureless assembly systems are advancing in which two robots process or assemble parts in mid-air without a fixed table to reduce lead time and cost. These systems are mostly developed assuming handled parts are rigid. Nguyen et al. work assuming parts such as sheet metal whose deformation must be taken into consideration.1) Nakagaki et al. propose form estimation that considers even plastic deformation in wire handling by robots, in connection with the development of robots for electric wire installation.4) Many studies cover flexible wire as elastic beams,3-9) but comparatively few focus on bending deformation of thin plates. This special edition includes a paper by Kosuge et al. on thin-plate deformation control. Vibration control of grasped objects becomes important as speed increases. Matsuno kindly contributed his paper on optimum path planning in elastic plate handling. In controlling the deformation of elastic bodies, the mechanics of objects handled is often unknown. This special issue features a paper by Kojima et al. on an approach to this problem by adaptive feed-forward control. For (b), we consider three cases: (1) A cylindrical rigid body inserted into a hole on an elastic plate. (2) An elastic bar inserted into a hole on a rigid body. (3) A tubular elastic body put on a cylindrical rigid body. This special issue carries papers on these problems by Brata et al., Matsuno et al., and Hirai. For (2), a paper by Nakagaki et al.10) covers electric wire installation. For (3), the paper by Shima et al.11) covers insertion of a rigid axis into an elastic hose. Robot skill acquisition is an important issue in robotics in general, and the above papers should prove highly interesting and information because they treat studies by comparing robot and human skills in accomplishing work and acquiring concrete skills knowledge. For (c), attempts are made to theoretically analyze sheet handling mechanisms and control developed based on trial and error, and to structure design theory based on such analysis. These attempts are related to the increased accuracy and speed and enhanced intelligence of sheet-handling office automation equipment such as printers, facsimile machines, copiers, and automated teller machines. Yoshida et al. conducted a series of studies on the effects of guides forming paper feed paths and of inertia force of paper by approximating sheets with a chain of discrete masses and springs.12-14) This special edition also features a study on sheet sticking and jamming. Okuna et al. handles a system of similar nature, mechanical studying the form of paper guides.15) Introducing mechanisms to control the positioning of sheets is effective in raising sheet transfer accuracy. Feedback control that regulates feed roller skew angle as a manipulated variable is proposed.16) Increased reliability in separating single sheets from stacked effectively reduces the malfunction rate in sheet-handling equipment. Ways of optimizing the form of sheet-separation rollers17) and estimating frictional force between separation gates and sheets 18) are also proposed. This special issue contains a proposal by Nakazawa et al. of a mechanism that uses reactive sheet buckling force, made in connection with development of a newspaper page turner for the disabled as technology for separating single sheets. Dry frictional force is most widely used for transporting sheets, but is not stable and may even act as an obstacle to improving accuracy. Niino et al. propose a sheet transfer mechanism that uses electrostatic force.19) For improving the accuracy of flexible wire transmission, this special issue carries a study on transporting flexible thin wire through tension control at multiple points, from a study by Morimitsu et al. on optical fiber installation. The thickness of wire used in equipment is becoming increasingly slim and flexible, along with the equipment it is used in. Tension control in the production process is an important factor in the manufacture of such thin wire. Production efficiency constantly calls for increased transfer speed. It has thus become important to estimate air resistance and inertia and to measure and control the tension of running wire. Studies20,21) by Batra, Fraser, et al. which deal the motion of string in the spinning process provide good examples for learning analytical techniques for air drag and inertia. In string vibration where inertia dominates, attempts are made to control vibration by boundary shaking22,23) and feed-forward/back control.24) For (d), highly versatile robots for handling cloth are being developed, and the software technology for automatic cloth selection and unfolding by robot hands is a popular topic.25-27) Ono et al. comment on the nature of problems in developing intelligent systems for handling cloth and similar objects whose bending rigidity is low and which readily fold and overlap—a paper that will prove a good reference in basic approaches in this field. Mechanical analyses are indispensable to studies on (a) through (c). In contrast, information technology such as characteristic variable measurement, image processing, and discrimination, rather than mechanical analyses, play an important roles in studies on (d). This special issue features a study by Hamashima, Uraya et al. on cloth unfolding as an example of such studies. Studies up to now largely assumed that properties of grasped objects did not change environmental influences such as temperature and humidity. Such influence is often, however, a major factor in handling fiber thread and cloth. This special issue has a paper contributed by Taylor, who studies handling method to prevent influence by such environmental factors. The objective of this special issue will have been achieved if it aids those studying the handling of flexible objects by providing approaches and methodologies of researchers whose target objects differ and if it aids those planning to take up study in this field by providing a general view of this field. References: 1) Nguyen, W. and Mills, J., ""Multi-Robot Control For Plexible Fixtureless Assembly of Flexible Sheet Metal Auto Body Parts,"" Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2340-2345, (1996). 2) Sun, D. and Shi, X. and Liu, Y., ""Modeling and Cooperation of Two-Arm Robotic System Manipulating a Deformable Object,"" Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2346-2351, (1996). 3) Kosuge, K., Sakaki, M., Kanitani, K., Yoshida, H. and Fukuda, T., ""Manipulation of a Flexible Object by Dual Manipulators,"" IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 318-323, (1995). 4) Nakagaki, H., Kitagaki, K., Ogasawara, T. and Tukune H., ""Handling of a Flexible Wire -Detecting a Deformed Shape of the Wire by Vision and a Force Sensor,"" Annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (ROBOMEC'96), 207-210, (1996). 5) Wakamatsu, H., Hirai, S. and Iwata, K., ""Static Analysis of Deformable Object Grasping Based on Bounded Force Closure,"" Trans. of JSML, 84-618 (C), 508-515, (1998). 6) Katoh, R. and Fujmoto, T., ""Study on Deformation of Elastic Object By Manipulator -Path Planning of End -Effector-,"" J. of the Robotics Society of Japan, 13-1, 157-160, (1995). 7) Yukawa, T., Uohiyama, M. and Inooka, M., ""Stability of Control System in Handling a Flexible Object by Rigid Arm Robots,"" JSME Annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (ROBOMEC'95), 169-172, (1995). 8) Yukawa, T., Uohiyama, M. and Cbinata, G., ""Handling of a Vibrating Flexible Structure by a Robot,"" Trans. JSME, 61-583, 938-943, (1995). 9) Sun, D. and Liu, Y., ""Modeling and Impedance Control of a Two-Manipulator System Handling a Flexible Beam,"" Trans. of the ASME, 119, 736-742, (1997). 10) Nakagaki, H., Kitagaki, K. and Tukune, H., ""Contact Motion in Inserting a Flexible Wire into a Hole,"" Annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (ROBOMEC'95), 175-178, (1995). 11) Shimaji, S., Brata, A. and Hattori, H., ""Robot Skill in Assembling a Cylinder into an Elastic Hose,"" Annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (ROBOMEC'95), 752-755, (1995). 12) Yoshida, K. and Kawauchi, M., ""The Analysis of Deformation and Behavior of Flexible Materials (1st Reprt, Study of Spring-Mass Beam Model of the Sheet,"" Trans. of JSME, 58-552, 1474-1480, (1992). 13) Yoshida, K., ""Analysis of Deformation and Behavior of Flexible Materials (2nd Report, Static Analysis for Deformation of the Sheet in the Space Formed by Guide Plates),"" Trans. JSME, 60-570, 501-507, (1994). 14) Yoshida, K., ""Dynamic Analysis of Sheet Defofmation Using Spring-Mass-Beam Model,"" Trans. JSME, 63-615, 3926-3932 (1997). 15) Okuna, K., Nishigaito, T. and Shina, Y., ""Analysis of Paper Deformation Considering Guide Friction (Improvement of Paper Path for Paper-Feeding Mechanism),"" Trans. JSME, 60-575, 2279-2284, (1994). 16) Fujimura, H. and Ono, K., ""Analysis of Paper Motion Driven by Skew-Roll Paper Feeding System,"" Trans. JSME, 62-596, 1354-1360, (1996). 17) Shima, Y., Hattori, S., Kobayashi, Y. and Ukai, M., ""Optimum of Gate-Roller Shape in Paper Isolating Methods,"" Conference of Information, Intelligence and Precision Equipment (IIP'96), 61-62, (1996). 18) Suzuki, Y, Hattori, S., Shima, Y. and Ukai, M., ""Contact Analysis of Paper in Gate-Roller Handling Method"", Conference on Information, Intelligence and Precision Equipment (IIP'95), 19-20, (1995). 19) Niino, T., Egawa, S. and Higuchi, T., ""An Electrostatic Paper Feeder,"" J. of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, 60-12,1761-1765, (1994). 20) Batra, S., Ghosh, T. and Zeidman, M., ""An Integrated Approach to Dynamic Analysis of the Ring Spinning Process , PartII: With Air Drag,"" Textile Research Journal, 59, 416-424, (1989). 21) Fraser, W., Ghosh, T. and Batra, S., ""On Unwinding Yarn from a Cylindrical Package,"" Proceedings of Royal Society of London, A, 436, 479-438, (1992). 22) Jacob, S., ""Control of Vibrating String Using Impedance Matching,"" Proceedings of the American Control Conference (San Francisco),468-472, (1993). 23) Lee, S. and Mote, C., ""Vibration Control of an Axially Moving String by Boundary Control,"" Trans. of the ASME, J. of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, 118, 66-74, (1996). 24) Ying, S. and Tan, C., ""Active Vibration Control of the Axially Moving String Using Space Feedforward and Feedback Controllers,"" Trans. ASME, J. of Vibration and Acoustics, 118, 306-312, (1996). 25) Ono, E., Ichijo, H. and Aisaka, N., ""Flexible Robotic Hand for Handling Fabric Pieces in Garment Manufacture,"" International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 4-5,18-23, (1992). 26) Paraschidis, K., Fahantidis, N, Petridis, V., Doulgeri, Z., Petrou, L. and Hasapis, G, ""A Robotic System for Handling Textile and Non Rigid Flat Materials,"" Computers in Industry, 26, 303-313, (1995). 27) Fahantidis, N., Paraschidis, K, Petridis, V., Doulgeri, Z., Petrou, L. and Hasapis, G., ""Robot Handling of Flat Textile Materials,"" IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 4-1, 34-41, (1997).

Let [Formula: see text] be a knot, G be the knot group, K be its commutator subgroup, and x be a distinguished meridian. Let Σ be a finite abelian group. The dynamical system introduced by Silver and Williams in [Augmented group systems and n-knots, Math. Ann.296 (1993) 585–593; Augmented group systems and shifts of finite type, Israel J. Math.95 (1996) 231–251] consisting of the set Hom (K, Σ) of all representations ρ : K → Σ endowed with the weak topology, together with the homeomorphism [Formula: see text] is finite, i.e. it consists of several cycles. In [Periodic orbits of a dynamical system related to a knot, J. Knot Theory Ramifications20(3) (2011) 411–426] we found the lengths of these cycles for Σ = ℤ/p,p is prime, in terms of the roots of the Alexander polynomial of the knot, mod p. In this paper we generalize this result to a general abelian group Σ. This gives a complete classification of depth 2 solvable coverings over [Formula: see text].

The ε values in the internal cation mobilities of (Li,K,Cs)NO3 of the eutectic composition (35.2-39.8-25.0 mol%) in the temperature range from 453 to 673 K were measured by Klemm's countercurrent electromigration method, where e is defined as (bi-bj)/ba; ba is the average internal cation mobility and the subscripts i and j refer to any two out of these three cations. The conductivity was measured by a direct current method. From these data and the molar volume calculated from those of the pure salts on the assumption of additivity, the internal cation mobilities, bLi , bK and bCs, have been calculated. The bLi is well expressed by the empirical equation presented for binary alkali nitrates; the negative devia-tion for bK and bCs may be accounted for on the assumption of the tranquilization effect of Li+. The orders of those internal cation mobilities are bCs<bK<bLi at 453-473 K, bCs<bLi<bK at 473 -583 K, and bLi<bCs<bK at 583-673 K. These orders can be interpreted in terms of the dynamic dissociation model previously presented.

An X-ray based method for determining initial cryoprotectant concentrations necessary to protect solutions from crystalline ice formation on flash cooling was developed. X-ray images from a charge-coupled device (CCD) area detector were integrated as powder patterns and quantified by determining the standard deviation of the slope of the normalized intensity curve in the resolution range where ice rings are known to occur. The method was tested by determining the concentrations of glycerol, PEG400, ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol necessary to form an amorphous glass at 100 K with each of the 98 crystallization solutions of Crystal Screens I and II (Hampton Research, Laguna Hills, California, USA). For conditions that required glycerol concentrations of 35% or above, cryoprotectant conditions using (2R,3R)-(−)-2,3-butanediol were determined. The method proved to be remarkably reliable. The results build on previous work [Garman & Mitchell (1996).J. Appl. Cryst.29, 584–587] and extend the number of suitable starting conditions to alternative cryoprotectants.

We present a new study of MWC 314 = BD +14°3887 – a poorly investigated object with strong emission lines and IR excesses. Merrill (1927) payed attention to it because of the presence of hydrogen and Fe II emissions in its spectrum. Swensson (1942) also detected interstellar lines H and K CaII and 4430 Å band, Balmer emissions from Hα to H8, NaI 5890 and 5896 Å emissions and estimated its spectral type as gG2-3 or dG4-5 from the SED in continuum, and B2 from the excitation degree. Photospheric lines and spectral features of late-type stars were not observed. Allen (1973) noted that the object's SED corresponds to that of a late-type star but it might be a symbiotic system or a reddened normal star. The IRAS fluxes were obtained only at 12 and 25 μm. The object is unknown as a radio source. From this we can conclude that this system consists of, at least, a hot star surrounded by a gaseous envelope.

Проведен анализ морфологического и функционального состояния ряда важнейших систем организма экспериментальных животных (белых беспородных мышей) и их потомства на фоне длительного регулярного поступления в организм продуктов, содержащих токсические агенты в виде продуктов разложения химических соединений (радиолиза). Моделирование экологического воздействия на организм было осуществлено путем длительного регулярного кормления животных и их потомков зерном озимой пшеницs, которое было подвергнуто гамма-облучению в дозе 400 Гр с 1-10-суточным хранением после облучения. У подвергнутых воздействию животных изучали развитие адаптивной реакции системы крови, регуляции и активности ферментов антиоксидантной защиты (состояние прооксидантно-антиоксидантной системы ПРОАС), репродуктивной системы, нестабильности генома и формирование адаптаций к используемому токсическому фактору. Исследования показали, что у животных и их потомства первого поколения (F1) существенных изменений в системе крови и других исследуемых системах не обнаружено. Однако, в соответствии с данными, полученными в ходе дальнейшего эксперимента, у животных второго поколения (F2), получавших в рационе облученное зерно с 1-суточным сроком хранения выявляются отклонения гематологических показателей, уменьшение относительной массы внутренних органов, увеличение содержания РБФ-продуктов с одновременным снижением активности антиоксидантного фермента супероксиддисмутазы и повышением процессов мутагенеза. Включение в рацион потомков второго поколения (F2) антимутагенного препарата (активной кормовой добавки, содержащей в своем составе пропионовокислые бактерии) привело к снижению выраженности гемотоксического, метаболического и мутагенетического процессов, а также способствовало адаптации организма к экотоксическому фактору. 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Предложена методика модифицирования InP в парах серы, методом локального рентгеноспектрального микроанализа подтверждено её наличие на поверхности. Дляплёнок нанометрового диапазона толщины (до 50 нм), выращенных термическим оксидированием InP с предварительно обработанной в парах серы поверхностью, методом Оже-электронной спектроскопии установлено послойное распределение компонентов. По данным атомно-силовой микроскопии модифицирование InP серой приводит к формированию поверхности с зернистой структурой, более упорядоченной по сравнению с эталоном (собственное термооксидирование фосфида индия). Несмотря на то, что в результирующих плёнках сера не обнаружена, они обладают полупроводниковыми свойствами, тогда как для собственных оксидных слоёв на InP характерна омическая проводимость REFERENCES Markov V. F., Mukhamedzyanov Kh. N., Maskaeva L. N. Materialy sovremennoj jelektroniki [Materials of modern electronics]. Ekaterinburg, Publishing Ural. un-one, 2014, 272 p. (in Russ.) 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В настоящей работе представлена новая методика построения решетки совпадающих узлов для кристаллов простой кубической, ОЦК, ГЦК структур, имеющих моноэлементные и полиэлементные составы. Разработан метод нахождения атомов различных элементов в межкристаллитных границах на основе специально построенной кристаллографической группы. Указаны возможные элементные составы специальных межкристаллитных границ, зарядовые состояния сопрягающихся плоскостей ЛИТЕРАТУРА1. Bollmann W. On the geometry of grain and phase boundaries // Phil. Mag., 1967, v. 16(140), pp. 363–381.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/147864367082297482. Bollmann W. On the geometry of grain and phase boundaries // Phil. Mag., 1967, v. 16(140), pp. 383–399.https://doi.org/10.1080/147864367082297493. Grimmer H. A method of determining the coincidence site lattices for cubic crystals // Acta Cryst. A,1974, v. 30(2), pp. 680–680. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/s056773947400163x4. Grimmer H., Bollmann W., Warrington D. T. Coincidence-site lattices and complete pattern-shiftin cubic crystals // Acta Cryst. A, 1974, v. 30(2), pp. 197–207. DOI : https://doi.org/10.1107/s056773947400043x5. Орлов А. Н., Перевезенцев В. Н., Рыбин В. В. Границы зерен в металлах. М.: Металлургия, 1980, 224 с.6. Глейтер Г., Чалмерс Б. Большеугловые границы зерен. М.: Мир, 1975, 376 с.7. Страумал Б. Б., Швиндлерман Л. С. Термическая стабильность и области существования специальных границ зерен // Поверхность. Физика, химия, механика, 1986, т. 10, с. 5–14.8. Fortes M. A. Coincidence site lattices in noncubic lattices // Phys. Stat. Sol. B, 1977, v. 82(1).pp. 377–382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.22208201439. Bonnet R., Durand F. A general analytical method to fi nd a basis for the DSC lattice // ScriptaMet., 1975, v. 9(9), pp. 935–939. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(75)90548-710. Bonnet R. Note on a general analytical method to fi nd a basis for the DSC lattice. Derivation of a basisfor the CSL // Scripta Met., 1976, v. 10(9), pp. 801–806. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(76)90297-011. Bonnet R., Cousineau E. Computation of coincident and near-coincident cells for any two lattices– related DSC-1 and DSC-2 lattices // Acta Cryst. A, 1977, v. 33(5), pp. 850–856. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/s056773947700205812. Рыбин В. В., Перевезенцев В. Н. // ФТТ, 1975,т. 17, c. 3188–3193.13. Андреева А. В., Фионова Л. К. Анализ межкристаллитных границ на основе теории решетоксовпадающих узлов // ФММ, 1977, т. 44, с. 395–400.14. Кайбышев О. А., Валиев Р. З. Границы зерен и свойства металлов. М.: Металлургия, 1987, 214 c.15. Копецкий Ч. В., Орлов А. Н., Фионова Л. К. Границы зерен в чистых материалах. М.: Наука, 1987,160 c.16. Бокштейн Б. С. Структура и свойства внутренних поверхностей раздела в металлах. М.: Металлургия, 1988, 272 с.17. Kobayashi S., Tsurekawa S., Watanabe T. A new approach to grain boundary engineering for nanocrystallinematerials // Beilstein J. Nanotechnol., 2016, v. 7, pp. 1829–1849. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.17618. Сухомлин Г. Д. Специальные границы в феррите низкоуглеродистых сталей // Металлофизика, новейшие технологии, 2013, т. 35, с. 1237–1249.19. Watanabe T. Grain boundary engineering: historical perspective and future prospects // Journalof Materials Science, 2011, v. 46, pp. 4095–4115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-011-5393-z20. Waser R. Electronic properties of grain boundaries in SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 ceramics // Solid State Ionics,1995, v. 75, pp. 89–99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(94)00152-i21. Daniels J., Wemicke R. New Aspects of an Improved PTC Model // Philips Res. Rep., 1976, v. 31,pp. 544–559.22. Vikrant K. S. N., Edwin G. R. Charged grain boundary transitions in ionic ceramics for energy applications// Computational Materials, 2019, v. 5(1), pp. 24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-019-0159-223. Kim M., Duscher G., Browning N.D., Sohlberg K., Pantelides S. T., Pennycook S. J. Nonstoichiometryand the electrical activity of grain boundaries in SrTiO3 // Physical Review Letters, 2001, v. 86,pp. 4056–4059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.86.405624. Oyama T., Wada N., Takagi H. Trapping of oxygen vacancy at grain boundary and its correlationwith local atomic confi guration and resultant excess energy in barium titanate: A systematic computationalanalysis // Physical Review B, 2010, v. 82, pp. 134107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.82.13410725. Duffy D.M., Tasker P.W. Space-charge regions around dipolar grain boundaries // Journal of AppliedPhysics, 1984, v. 56, pp. 971–977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.33403726. Даринский Б. М., Ефанова Н. Д., Прижимов А. С. Систематика решеток совпадающих узловдля ОЦК и ГЦК кристаллов // Конденсированные среды и межфазные границы, 2018, т. 20(4), с. 581–586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2018.20/632

The group of short period Mira variables (periods less than 200 days) is thought to be a mixture of metal poor stars and disk stars. We have compiled JHKL photometry for 159 stars in this period range, the great majority of the data coming from new observations. The photometry is used to separate metal poor from disk stars, following Hron (1991, A&A 252, 583), and to define volume limited subsamples. Distances were derived from the K-magnitudes and the period/K-luminosity relationship.

ABSTRACT Studies were initiated to define the genetic basis of the temperature-sensitive (ts), cold adaptation (ca), and attenuation (att) phenotypes of the human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) cp45 live attenuated vaccine candidate. Genetic data had previously suggested that the L polymerase protein of cp45, which contains three amino acid substitutions at positions 942, 992, and 1558, contributed to its temperature sensitivity (R. Ray, M. S. Galinski, B. R. Heminway, K. Meyer, F. K. Newman, and R. B. Belshe, J. Virol. 70:580–584, 1996; A. Stokes, E. L. Tierney, C. M. Sarris, B. R. Murphy, and S. L. Hall, Virus Res. 30:43–52, 1993). To study the individual and aggregate contributions that these amino acid substitutions make to the ts, att, and ca phenotypes of cp45, seven PIV3 recombinant viruses (three single, three double, and one triple mutant) representing all possible combinations of the three amino acid substitutions were recovered from full-length antigenomic cDNA and analyzed for their ts, att, and caphenotypes. None of the seven mutant recombinant PIVs was cold adapted. The substitutions at L protein amino acid positions 992 and 1558 each specified a 105-fold reduction in plaque formation in cell culture at 40°C, whereas the substitution at position 942 specified a 300-fold reduction. Thus, each of the three mutations contributes individually to the ts phenotype. The triple recombinant which possesses an L protein with all three mutations was almost as temperature sensitive as cp45, indicating that these mutations are the major contributors to the ts phenotype ofcp45. The three individual mutations in the L protein each contributed to restricted replication in the upper or lower respiratory tract of hamsters, and this likely contributes to the observed stability of the ts and att phenotypes ofcp45 during replication in vivo. Importantly, the recombinant virus possessing L protein with all three mutations was as restricted in replication as was the cp45 mutant in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts of hamsters, indicating that the L gene of the cp45 virus is a major attenuating component of this candidate vaccine.

Abstract. High-resolution simulations of the chemical composition of the Arctic stratosphere during late spring 1997 and 2000 were performed with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). The simulations were performed for the entire northern hemisphere on two isentropic levels 450 K (~18 km) and 585 K (~24 km). The spatial distribution and the lifetime of the vortex remnants formed after the vortex breakup in May 1997 display different behavior above and below 20 km. Above 20 km, vortex remnants propagate southward (up to 40°N) and are "frozen in'' in the summer circulation without significant mixing. Below 20 km the southward propagation of the remnants is bounded by the subtropical jet. Their lifetime is shorter by a factor of 2 than that above 20 km, owing to significant stirring below this altitude. The behavior of vortex remnants formed in March 2000 is similar but, due to an earlier vortex breakup, dominated during the first 6 weeks after the vortex breakup by westerly winds, even above 20 km. Vortex remnants formed in May 1997 are characterized by large mixing ratios of HCl indicating negligible, halogen-induced ozone loss. In contrast, mid-latitude ozone loss in late boreal spring 2000 is dominated, until mid-April, by halogen-induced ozone destruction within the vortex remnants, and subsequent transport of the ozone-depleted polar air masses (dilution) into the mid-latitudes. By varying the intensity of mixing in CLaMS, the impact of mixing on the formation of ClONO2 and ozone depletion is investigated. We find that the photochemical decomposition of HNO3 and not mixing with NOx-rich mid-latitude air is the main source of NOx within the vortex remnants in March and April 2000. Ozone depletion in the remnants is driven by ClOx photolytically formed from ClONO2. At the end of May 1997, the halogen-induced ozone deficit at 450 K poleward of 30°N amounts to ~12% with ~10% in the polar vortex and ~2% in well-isolated vortex remnants after the vortex breakup.

A mathematical model of the outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD) has been developed, consisting of α-intercalated cells and a paracellular pathway, and which includes Na+, K+, Cl−, HCO3 −, CO2, H2CO3, phosphate, ammonia, and urea. Proton secretion across the luminal cell membrane is mediated by both H+-ATPase and H-K-ATPase, with fluxes through the H-K-ATPase given by a previously developed kinetic model (Weinstein AM. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 274: F856–F867, 1998). The flux across each ATPase is substantial, and variation in abundance of either pump can be used to control OMCD proton secretion. In comparison with the H+-ATPase, flux through the H-K-ATPase is relatively insensitive to changes in lumen pH, so as luminal acidification proceeds, proton secretion shifts toward this pathway. Peritubular HCO3 − exit is via a conductive pathway and via the Cl−/HCO3 −exchanger, AE1. To represent AE1, a kinetic model has been developed based on transport studies obtained at 38°C in red blood cells. (Gasbjerg PK, Knauf PA, and Brahm J. J Gen Physiol 108: 565–575, 1996; Knauf PA, Gasbjerg PK, and Brahm J. J Gen Physiol 108: 577–589, 1996). Model calculations indicate that if all of the chloride entry via AE1 recycles across a peritubular chloride channel and if this channel is anything other than highly selective for chloride, then it should conduct a substantial fraction of the bicarbonate exit. Since both luminal membrane proton pumps are sensitive to small changes in cytosolic pH, variation in density of either AE1 or peritubular anion conductance can modulate OMCD proton secretory rate. With respect to the OMCD in situ, available buffer is predicted to be abundant, including delivered HCO3 −and HPO4 2−, as well as peritubular NH3. Thus, buffer availability is unlikely to exert a regulatory role in total proton secretion by this tubule segment.

The aim of this paper was to identify which psycholinguistic variables are better predictors of performance for healthy participants in a picture naming task and in a picture categorization task. A correlation analysis and a Path analysis were carried out. The correlation analysis showed that naming accuracy and naming latency are significant and positively correlated with lexical frequency and conceptual familiarity variables, whereas they are negatively correlated with H index. Reaction times in the categorization task were negatively correlated with lexical frequency and conceptual familiarity variables and positively correlated with visual complexity variable. The Path analysis showed that subjective lexical frequency and H index are the better predictors for picture naming task. In picture categorization task, for reaction times, the better predictor variables were subjective lexical frequency, conceptual familiarity and visual complexity. 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SUMMARYIn 12-year (1975–87) fertilizer trial on a pearl millet-wheat rotation, there were no responses to applied K and exchangeable K decreased from 620 to 200 kg/ha. In spite of progressively diminishing exchangeable K, removal of K by crops was independent of soil K status, indicating that exchangeable K had no relation to K uptake in this soil. Thus, nonexchangeable K made a major contribution to plant K, up to 90% in untreated plots and > 70% in K-treated plots. A significant (r = -·708) relationship between nonexchangeable K and K fixation capacity was found. Nonexchangeable K was also significantly but negatively correlated (r = -0·583) with free energy exchange (ΔGr). Potassium supply values, expressed by pK-½p (Ca + Mg), were positively and significantly correlated with K removal by crops in 1987 and with the K saturation values of the exchange phase, so that both these measures can be successfully used to test soil K availability. The results of this study suggested that on this soil, under a pearl millet-wheat crop system, inclusion of K in the fertilizer programme may soon be needed.

Исследована адсорбция аниона серина на гладком Pt и Pt(Pt)-электроде. Методом кривых заряжения получены стационарные и кинетические изотермы адсорбции. Установлено, что как на гладком, так и Pt(Pt)-электроде, кинетика исследуемых процессов подчиняется уравнению Рогинского-Зельдовича, а стационарное заполнение описывается изотермой Темкина. При этом адсорбция аниона серина на Pt(Pt) сопровождается диссоциацией адсорбата. Найдены основные термодинамические характеристики (константа адсорбционного и изменение свободной энергии Гиббса) процесса адсорбции аниона серина на обоих электродах. ЛИТЕРАТУРА Damaskin B., Petrii A. O., and Batrakar V.Adsorption of Organic Compounds on Electrodes. Plenum Press, New York, 1973. Sobkowski J., Juzkiewics-Herbish M. Metall/Solution Interface: an Experimental Approach, Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, no. 31. Eds. by J. O¢ Bockris, R. E. White and B. E. Conway. Plenum Press, New York, London, 1997, p. 1. Frumkin A. N. 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"In the present paper we study the relationships between different concepts of convex structures in metric spaces that that are related to the works of K. Menger [Menger, K. Untersuchungen \""{u}ber allgemeine Metrik. {\it Math. Ann.} {\bf100} (1928), 75--163], H. Busemann [Busemann, H. {\it The geometry of geodesics}, Academic Press, 1955], I. N. Herstein; J. Milnor [Herstein, I. N.; Milnor, J. An axiomatic approach to measurable utility. {\it Econometrica} {\bf21} (1953), 291--297], E. Michael [Michael, E. Convex structures and continuous selections. {\it Canad. J. Math.} {\bf11} (1959), 556--575], A. Nijenhuis [Nijenhuis, A. A note on hyperconvexity in Riemannian manifolds. {\it Canad. J. Math.} {\bf11} (1959), 576--582.], W. Takahashi; T. Shimizu [Shimizu, T.; Takahashi, W. Fixed points of multivalued mappings in certain metric spaces. {\it Topol. Methods Nonlinear Anal.} {\bf8} (1996), no. 1, 197--203 and Takahashi, W. A convexity in metric space and nonexpansive mappings I. {\it Kodai Math. Sem. Rep.} {\bf 22} (1970), 142--149], M. Taskovi\'{c} [Taskovi\'{c}, M. General convex topological spaces and fixed points. {\it Math. Moravica} {\bf 1} (1997), 127--134], Yu. A. Aminov [Aminov, Yu. A. Two-Dimensional Surfaces in 3-Dimensional and 4-Dimensional Euclidean Spaces. Results and Unsolved Problems. {\it Ukr. Math. J.} {\bf 71} (2019), no. 1, 1--38.], H. V. Machado [Machado, H. V. A characterization of convex subsets of normed spaces.{\it Kodai Math. Sem. Rep.} {\bf25} (1973), 307--320], and many other papers. Some well known examples of concrete convex structures are reexamined and the possibilities of different embeddings of metric spaces with convex structures are also studied. Corollary \ref{C5.1} states that the Bolyai-Lobachevskii plane and the Bolyai-Lobachevskii half-plane are not isometrically embedding in some strictly convex normed space. A characteristic of the invariant metric generated by a norm is presented (Proposition \ref{P4.1}). "

Abstract. High resolution simulations of the chemical composition of the Arctic stratosphere during late spring 1997 and 2000 have been conducted with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). The simulations were performed for the entire northern hemisphere on two isentropic levels 450 K (~18 km) and 585 K (~24 km). The spatial distribution and the lifetime of the vortex remnants formed after the vortex breakup in May 1997 show a completely different behavior above and below 20 km. Above 20 km, vortex remnants effectively propagate southward (up to 40° N) and are "frozen'' in the summer circulation without significant mixing. Below 20 km the southward propagation of the remnants is bounded by the subtropical jet near 55° N. Their lifetime is shorter by a factor of 2 than above 20 km, owing to significant stirring below this altitude. The behavior of vortex remnants formed in March 2000 is similar but, due to an earlier vortex breakup, dominated until mid of May by westerly winds, even above 20 km. Vortex remnants formed in May 1997 are characterized by large mixing ratios of HCl indicating a negligible contribution of the halogen-induced ozone loss. In contrast, mid-latitude ozone loss in late boreal spring 2000 is dominated by an irreversible transport of the ozone-depleted polar air masses (dilution) and, until mid of April, by halogen-induced ozone destruction within the vortex remnants. By varying the effective diffusivity of CLaMS, the impact of mixing on the formation of ClONO2 and ozone depletion is considered. In particular, the photochemical decomposition of HNO3 and not mixing with NOx-rich mid-latitude air is the main source of NOx within the vortex remnants in March and April 2000. Ozone depletion in the remnants is driven by ClOx photolytically formed from ClONO2 and can be properly resolved for CLaMS spatial resolution better then 100\\,km. At 450 K, ozone loss in the vortex remnants contributes by ~2% to the ozone deficit poleward of 30° N.

Изучение сезонной динамики и объемов суммарного испарения лесных водосборов (главным образом транспирации древостоев) является актуальнейшей задачей как в фундаментальном, так и прикладном аспектах. Ее решение связано с рядом сложностей: трудоемкость прямого наблюдения, наличие большого количества влияющих друг на друга факторов, необходимость распространения данных точечных измерений на площадь и многие другие. Это приводит к тому, что при моделировании водного баланса речных бассейнов испарение определяется по упрощенным схемам, остаточному принципу, что ведет к неправильному отражению структуры водного баланса. Настоящая статья представляет первые результаты усилий инициативного коллектива исследователей, направленных на постановку экспериментальных измерений ксилемного потока с использованием современных датчиков стволового сокодвижения, а также развития методов оценки транспирации как отдельных деревьев, так и бассейновой транспирации на основе этих данных. Исследование проведено на территории смешанных хвойно-широколиственных лесов Центрального Сихотэ-Алиня в пределах экспериментального водосбора, входящего в состав Верхнеуссурийского биогеоценотического стационара ФНЦ Биоразнообразия ДВО РАН, на котором рабочей группой возобновлены воднобалансовые работы в 2011 г. и в настоящее время являются уже постоянными. Регистрация стволового сокодвижения выполнялась в период с июня по начало октября 2019 года на одном из доминантных видов местного растительного сообщества. В Дальневосточном регионе России работы такого плана, по-видимому, проведены впервые. Предполагается, что отработка методов оценки прямых измерений транспирации на уровне отдельных деревьев, попытка пространственной генерализации на территорию топологического масштаба и вовлечение полученной информации в комплекс гидрометеорологических наблюдений позволят выполнить исчерпывающий анализ водного баланса в пределах малого речного бассейна и интегрировать поток измеряемых данных по испарению в гидрологические модели. Литература Бенькова А.В., Рубцов А.В., Бенькова В.Е., Шашкин А.В. Сезонная динамика сокодвижения у деревьев Larix sibirica в Красноярской лесостепи // Журнал Сибирского федерального унвиверситета. Биология. 2019. Том 12. № 1. С. 32-47. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1389-0071 Болдескул А.Г., Шамов В.В., Гарцман Б.И., Кожевникова Н.К. Ионный состав генетических типов вод малого речного бассейна: стационарные исследования в Центральном Сихотэ-Алине // Тихоокеанская геология. 2014. Т. 33. № 2. С. 90-101. Гарцман Б.И., Шамов В.В. Натурные исследования стокоформирования в Дальневосточном регионе на основе современных средств наблюдений // Водные ресурсы. 2015. Т. 42. № 6. С. 589 599. DOI: 10.7868/S0321059615060048 Жильцов А.С. Гидрологическая роль горных хвойно-широколиственных лесов Южного Приморья. Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2008. 331 с. Клиге Р.К., Данилов И.Д., Конищев В.Н. История гидросферы. М.: Научный мир, 1998. 368 с. Тихова Г.П., Павлов А.Г., Придача В.Б., Сазонова Т.А. Новый гибридный метод для измерения транспирационных потоков влаги у деревьев // Сибирский лесной журнал. 2017. № 4. С. 78-90. DOI: 10.15372/SJFS20170407 Čermák J. Solar equivalent leaf area: an efficient biometric parameter of individual leaves, trees and stands // Tree Physiology. 1989. Vol. 5. No. 3. P. 269-289. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/5.3.269 Čermák J., Deml M., Penka M. A new method of sap flow rate determination in trees // Biologia Plantarum (Praha). 1973. Vol. 15. No. 3. P. 171-178. Čermák J., Kučera J. Scaling up transpiration data between trees, stands and watersheds // Silva Carelica, 1990. Vol. 15. P. 101-120 Čermák J., Kučera J., Nadezhdina N. Sap flow measurements with some thermodynamic methods, flow integration within trees and scaling up from sample trees to entire forest stands // Trees. 2004. Vol. 18. No. 5. P. 529-546. DOI 10.1007/s00468-004-0339-6 Chiesi M., Maselli F., Bindi M., Fibbi L., Bonora L., Raschi A., Tognetti R., Čermák J., Nadezhdina N. Calibration and application of FOREST-BCG in a Mediterraen area by the use of conventional and remote sensing data // Ecological Modelling. 2002. Vol. 154. Iss. 3. P. 251-262. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00057-1 Clearwater M.J., Meinzer F.C., Andrade J.L., Goldstein G., Holbrook N.M. Potential errors in measurement of nonuniform sap flow using heat dissipation probes // Tree Physiology. 1999. Vol. 19. Iss. 10. P. 681-687. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/19.10.681 De Schepper V., van Dusschoten D., Copini P., Jahnke S., Steppe K. MRI links stem water content to stem diameter variations in transpiring trees // Journal of Experimental Botany. 2012. Vol. 63. Iss. 7. P. 2645-2653. DOI:10.1093/jxb/err445 Dye P.J., Olbrich B.W., Poulter A.G. The influence of growth rings in Pinus patula on heat pulse velocity and sap flow measurement // Journal of Experimental Botany. 1991. Vol. 42. Iss. 7. P. 867-870. DOI:10.1093/jxb/42.7.867 Edwards W.R.N., Booker R.E. Radial variation in the axial conductivity of Populus and its significance in heat pulse velocity measurement // Journal of Experimental Botany. 1984. Vol. 35. Iss. 4. P. 551-561. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/35.4.551 Forster M.A. How significant is nocturnal sap flow? // Tree Physiology. 2014. Vol. 34. Iss. 7. P. 757-765. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu051 Granier A. Une nouvelle méthode pour la mesure du flux de sève brute dans le tronc des arbres // Annales des sciences forestières, INRA/EDP Sciences. 1985. 42 (2). P. 193-200. Hatton T.J., Catchpole E.A., Vertessy R.A. Integration of sapflow velocity to estimate plant water use // Tree Physiology. 1990. Vol. 6. Iss. 2. P. 201-209. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/6.2.201 Huber B. Beobachtung und Messung pflanzlicher Saftströme // Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft. 1932. Vol. 50. P. 89-109. Jarvis P.G., McNaughton K.G. Stomatal control of transpiration: scaling up from leaf to region // Advances in Ecological Research. 1986. Vol. 15. P. 1-49. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60119-1 Jasechko S., Sharp Z.D., Gibson J.J., Birks S.J., Yi Y., Fawcett P.J. Terrestrial water fluxes dominated by transpiration // Nature. 2013. Vol. 496. P. 347-350. DOI: 10.1038/nature11983 Kučera J., Čermák J., Penka M. Improved thermal method of continual recording the transpiration flow rate dynamics // Biologia Plantarum (Praha). 1977. Vol. 19. No. 6. P. 413-420 Lundblad M., Lagergren F., Lindroth A. Evaluation of heat balance and heat dissipation methods for sapflow measurements in pine and spruce // Annals of Forest Science. 2001. Vol. 58. No. 6. P. 625-638. DOI: 10.1051/forest:2001150 Marshall D.C. Measurement of sap flow in conifers by heat transport // Plant Physiology. 1958. Vol. 33. Iss. 6. P. 385-396. DOI: 10.1104/pp.33.6.385 Meiresonne L., Nadezhdina N., Čermák J., Slycken J. Van, Ceulemans R. Measured sap flow and simulated transpiration from a poplar stand in Flanders (Belgium) // Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 1999. Vol. 96. Iss. 4. P. 165-179. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00066-0 Meiresonne L., Sampson D.A., Kowalski A.S., Janssens I.A., Nadezhdina N., Čermák J., Slycken J. Van, Ceulemans R. Water flux estimates from a Belgian Scots pine stand: a comparison of different approaches // Journal of Hydrology. 2002. Vol. 270. Iss. 3-4. P. 230-252. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00284-6 Miralles D.G., Jeu R.A.M. De, Gash J.H., Holmes T.R.H., Dolman A.J. Magnitude and variability of land evaporation and its components at the global scale // Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2011. Vol. 15. Iss. 3. P. 967-981. DOI: 10.5194/hess-15-967-2011 Monteith J.L. Evaporation and environment // Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology. 1965. Vol. 19. P. 205-234. Nadezhdina N., Čermák J., Ceulemans R. Radial patterns of sap flow in woody stems of dominant and understory species: scaling errors associated with positioning of sensors // Tree Physiology. 2002. Vol. 22. Iss. 13. P. 907-918. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/22.13.907 O'Grady A.P., Eamus D., Hutley L.B. Transpiration increases during the dry season: patterns of tree water use in eucalypt open-forests of northern Australia // Tree Physiology. 1999. Vol. 19. Iss. 9. P. 591-597. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/19.9.591 Oltchev A., Čermák J., Gurtz J., Tischenko A., Kiely G., Nadezhdina N., Zappa M., Lebedeva N., Vitvar T., Albertson J.D., Tatarinov F., Tischenko D., Nadezhdin V., Kozlov B., Ibrom A., Vygodskaya N., Gravenhorst G. The response of the water fluxes of the boreal forest region at the Volga’s source area to climatic and land-use changes // Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 2002a. Vol. 27. Iss. 9-10. P. 675-690. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-7065(02)00052-9 Oltchev A., Čermák J., Nadezhdina N., Tatarinov F., Tischenko A., Ibrom A., Gravenhorst G. Transpiration of a mixed forest stand: field measurements and simulation using SVAT models // Boreal Environment Research. 2002b. Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 389-397. Phillips N., Oren R., Zimmermann R. Radial patterns of xylem sap flow in non-, diffuse- and ring-porous tree species // Plant, Cell and Environment. 1996. Vol. 19. Iss. 8. P. 983-990. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00463.x Phillips N.G., Ryan M.G., Bond B.J., McDowell N.G., Hinckley T.M., Čermák J. Reliance on stored water increases with tree size in three species in the Pacific Northwest // Tree Physiology. 2003. Vol. 23. Iss. 4. P. 237-245. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/23.4.237 Shackel K.A., Johnson R.S., Medawar C.K., Phene C.J. Substantial errors in estimates of sap flow using the heat balance technique on woody stems under field conditions // Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 1992. Vol. 117. Iss. 2. P. 351-356. DOI: 10.21273/JASHS.117.2.351 Tatarinov F., Kučera J., Cienciala E. The analysis of physical background of tree sap flow measurement based on thermal methods // Measurement Science and Technology. 2005. Vol. 16. No. 5. P. 1157-1169. DOI: 10.1088/0957-0233/16/5/016 Tuzet A., Perrier A., Leuning R. A coupled model of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration // Plant, Cell and Environment. 2003. Vol. 26. Iss. 7. P. 1097-1116. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01035.x Urban J., Rubtsov A.V., Urban A.V., Shashkin A.V., Benkova V.F. Canopy transpiration of a Larix sibirica and Pinus sylvestris forest in Central Siberia // Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2019. Vol. 271. P. 64-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.02.038 Verbeeck H., Steppe K., Nadezhdina N., Beeck M Op de., Deckmyn G., Meiresonne L., Lemeur R., Čermák J., Ceulemans R., Janssens I.A. Stored water use and transpiration in Scots pine: a modeling analysis with ANAFORE // Tree Physiology. 2007. Vol. 27. Iss. 12. P. 1671-1685. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/27.12.1671 Wang H., Tetzlaff D., Soulsby C. Hysteretic response of sap flow in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) to meteorological forcing in a humid low-energy headwater catchment // Ecohydrology. 2019. Vol. 12. Iss. 6. E2125. DOI: 10.1002/eco.2125 Zang D., Beadle C.L., White D.A. Variation of sap flow velocity in Eucalyptus globulus with position in sapwood and use a correction coefficient // Tree Physiology. 1996. Vol. 16. Iss. 8. P. 697-703. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/16.8.697 Zeppel M.J.B., Murray B.R., Barton B., Eamus D. Seasonal responses of xylem sap velocity to VPD and solar radiation during drought in a stand of native trees in temperate Australia // Functional Plant Biology. 2004. Vol. 31. Iss. 5. P. 461-470. DOI: 10.1071/FP03220 Study of seasonal dynamics and evapotranspiration volume of forested catchments (mainly forest stand transpiration) is the relevant objective for fundamental knowledge and practical applications. However, there are many difficulties: labor efforts of direct observations, many factors affecting against each other, observational data scaling and so on. As a result, evapotranspiration during hydrological modeling is determined by the leftover principle and simplified techniques, leading to wrong representation of water balance structure. The presented article deals with the first results of our research group focused on setting up field measurements of xylem sap flow using trunk sap flow measuring sensors as well as development of sap flow assessment methods for individual trees and whole catchment. The investigations were performed for mixed coniferous-broad leaved forests at the territory of the Central Sikhote-Alin within Verkhneussuriyskiy biogeocenotical station of FSC of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS. This site is used for water balance measuring surveys from 2011. Sap flow was measured continuously during June-October of 2019 on one of the local dominant tree species. Apparently, such investigations are novel for the Russian Far East region. It is expected that direct sap flow measurements for individual trees refinement methods, data scaling and its integration to the hydrometeorological observations will help to make a comprehensive analysis of catchments water balance and to integrate measured data into hydrological models. References Benkova A.V., Rubtsov A.V., Benkova V.E., Shashkin A.V. Sezonnaya dinamika sokodvizheniya u derevev Larix sibirica v Krasnoyarskoi lesostepi Seasonal sap flow dynamics in Larix sibirica trees growing in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. Zhurnal Sibirskogo federalnogo unviversiteta. Biologiya. Journal of Siberian Federal University. Biology, 2019, vol. 12, iss. 1, pp. 32-47. (In Russian abstract in English). DOI: 10.17516/1997-1389-0071. Boldeskul A.G., Shamov V.V., Gartsman B.I., Kozhevnikova N.K. Ionnyi sostav geneticheskikh tipov vod malogo rechnogo basseina: statsionarnye issledovaniya v Tsentralnom Sikhote-Aline Main ions in water of different genetic types in a small river basin: case experimental studies in Central Sikhote-Alin. Tikhookeanskaya geologiya Tikhookeanskaya geologiya, 2014, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 90-101. (In Russian abstract in English). ermk J. Solar equivalent leaf area as the efficient biometric parameter of individual leaves, trees and stands. Tree Physiology, 1989, vol. 5, no. 3. P. 269-289. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/5.3.269 ermk J., Deml M., Penka M. A new method of sap flow rate determination in trees. Biologia Plantarum (Praha), 1973, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 171-178. ermk J., Kuera J. Scaling up transpiration data between trees, stands and watersheds. Silva Carelica, 1990, vol. 15, pp. 101-120. ermk J., Kuera J., Nadezhdina N. Sap flow measurements with some thermodynamic methods, flow integration within trees and scaling up from sample trees to entire forest stands. Trees, 2004, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 529-546. DOI: 10.1007/s00468-004-0339-6 Chiesi M., Maselli F., Bindi M., Fibbi L., Bonora L., Raschi A., Tognetti R., ermk J., Nadezhdina N. Calibration and application of FOREST-BCG in a Mediterraen area by the use of conventional and remote sensing data. Ecological Modelling, 2002, vol. 154, iss. 3, pp. 251-262. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00057-1 Clearwater M.J., Meinzer F.C., Andrade J.L., Goldstein G., Holbrook N.M. Potential errors in measurement of nonuniform sap flow using heat dissipation probes. Tree Physiology, 1999, vol. 19, iss. 10, pp. 681-687. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/19.10.681 De Schepper V., van Dusschoten D., Copini P., Jahnke S., Steppe K. MRI links stem water content to stem diameter variations in transpiring trees. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2012, vol. 63, iss. 7, pp. 2645-2653. DOI:10.1093/jxb/err445 Dye P.J., Olbrich B.W., Poulter A.G. The influence of growth rings in Pinus patula on heat pulse velocity and sap flow measurement. Journal of Experimental Botany, 1991, vol. 42, iss. 7, pp. 867-870. DOI:10.1093/jxb/42.7.867 Edwards W.R.N., Booker R.E. Radial variation in the axial conductivity of Populus and its significance in heat pulse velocity measurement. Journal of Experimental Botany, 1984, vol. 35, iss. 4, pp. 551-561. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/35.4.551 Forster M.A. How significant is nocturnal sap flow Tree Physiology, 2014, vol. 34, iss. 7, pp. 757-765. DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu051 Gartsman B.I., Shamov V.V. Field studies of runoff formation in the far east region based on modern observational instruments. Water Resources, 2015, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 766-775. DOI: 10.1134/S0097807815060044 (In Russ. ed.: Gartsman B.I., Shamov V.V. Naturnye issledovaniya stokoformirovaniya v Dalnevostochnom regione na osnove sovremennykh sredstv nablyudenii. 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Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate (d-14), CoSO4·7D2O, Mr = 294.99, monoclinic, P21/c, a = 1404.8(1), b = 649.41(6), c= 1092.5(2) pm, β = 105.232(8), V = 961.66·106 pm3, Z = 4, Dx = 2.073 Mg· m-3, λ(MoKa) = 71.073 pm, [(sin θ)/λ]max = 0.7035· 10-2 pm-1, μ = 20.26 cm-1, F(000) = 580, T = 298 K, R(F) = 0.0264 for 2339 observed unique reflections. CoSO4·7 D2O is shown to be isotypic to FeSO4· 7 H2O (Melanterite). The deuterated compound is stable at ambient conditions in contrast to the normal hydrate. Its structure is built up by [Co(D2O)6]2+ octahedra, SO42- tetrahedra, and “lattice” water molecules. One water molecule, which is almost exactly trigonally planar coordinated in its average position, exhibits a distinct oxygen disorder. The “lattice” water molecule accepts two strong hydrogen bonds and donates a linear and a bifurcated one. The hydrogen-bond lengths (O···O distances) are in the range 271-302 pm.

In this work we investigate the solvent media effects on the nonlinear optical properties of a chalcone derivative, (2E)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl) prop-2-en-1-one (3MPNP), using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) at DFT/B3LYP/6-311+G(d) level. The behavior of the hyper-Rayleigh scattering first hyperpolarizability and the average second hyperpolarizability, are studied as function of the dielectric constant of the solvent medium in both dynamic and static cases. Full Text: PDF ReferencesL. R. Almeida et al., "Synthesis, structural characterization and computational study of a novel amino chalcone: a potential nonlinear optical material", New J. Chem., vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 1744-1754, 2017. CrossRef P. K. Murthy et al., "An analysis of structural and spectroscopic signatures, the reactivity study of synthetized 4,6-dichloro-2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidine: A potential third-order nonlinear optical material", J. Mol. Struct., vol. 1186, pp. 263-275, Jun. 2019. CrossRef J. Kongsted, A. Osted, K. V Mikkelsen, and O. Christiansen, "“Second harmonic generation second hyperpolarizability of water calculated using the combined coupled cluster dielectric continuum or different molecular mechanics methods", J. Chem. Phys., vol. 120, no. 8, pp. 3787-98, Feb. 2004. CrossRef T. L. Fonseca, J. R. Sabino, M. A. Castro, and H. C. Georg, "A theoretical investigation of electric properties of L-arginine phosphate monohydrate including environment polarization effects", J. Chem. Phys., vol. 133, no. 14, pp. 1-8, 2010. CrossRef A. KARAKAŞ, Z. E. KOÇ, M. FRIDRICHOVÁ, P. NĚMEC, and J. KROUPA, "THE INVESTIGATION OF SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF P-NITROPHENYLAZOANILINE: SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION AND AB INITIO COMPUTATIONS", J. Theor. Comput. Chem., vol. 11, no. 01, pp. 209-221, Feb. 2012. CrossRef T. Seidler, K. Stadnicka, and B. Champagne, "Second‐order Nonlinear Optical Susceptibilities and Refractive Indices of Organic Crystals from a Multiscale Numerical Simulation Approach", Adv. Opt. Mater., vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 1000-1006, Oct. 2014. CrossRef L. M. G. Abegão et al., "Second- and third-order nonlinear optical properties of unsubstituted and mono-substituted chalcones", Chem. Phys. Lett., vol. 648, pp. 91-96, Mar. 2016. CrossRef W. F. Vaz et al., "Synthesis, characterization, and third-order nonlinear optical properties of a new neolignane analogue", RSC Adv., vol. 6, no. 82, pp. 79215-79227, 2016. CrossRef C. Valverde et al., "The solid state structure and environmental polarization effect of a novel asymmetric azine", New J. Chem., vol. 41, no. 19, pp. 11361-11371, 2017. CrossRef P. N. Prasad, D. J. Williams, and others, Introduction to nonlinear optical effects in molecules and polymers, vol. 1. Wiley New York etc., 1991. DirectLink P. Günter, Nonlinear Optical Effects and Materials, 4th ed. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. CrossRef H. Inan et al., "Photonic crystals: emerging biosensors and their promise for point-of-care applications", Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 366-388, 2017. CrossRef H. J. Chang et al., "Chiral Nonlinear Optics in Oxides, Polymers and Liquid Crystals", J. Korean Phys. Soc., vol. 43, no. 4, p. 587, 2003. DirectLink R. Bersohn, Y. Pao, and H. L. Frisch, "Double‐Quantum Light Scattering by Molecules", J. Chem. Phys., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 3184-3198, Nov. 1966. CrossRef K. Clays and A. Persoons, "Hyper-Rayleigh scattering in solution", Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 66, no. 23, pp. 2980-2983, 1991. CrossRef J. Campo, F. Desmet, W. Wenseleers, and E. Goovaerts, "Highly sensitive setup for tunable wavelength hyper-Rayleigh scattering with parallel detection and calibration data for various solvents", Opt. Express, vol. 17, no. 6, p. 4587, Mar. 2009. CrossRef S. R. Prabhu, A. Jayarama, K. Chandrasekharan, V. Upadhyaya, and S. W. Ng, "Synthesis, growth, structural characterization, Hirshfeld analysis and nonlinear optical studies of a methyl substituted chalcone", J. Mol. Struct., vol. 1136, pp. 244-252, May 2017. CrossRef K. Clays and A. Persoons, "Hyper‐Rayleigh scattering in solution", Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 3285-3289, Jun. 1992. CrossRef K. Clays et al., "Nonlinear Optical Properties of Proteins Measured by Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering in Solution", Science (80-. )., vol. 262, no. 5138, pp. 1419-1422, Nov. 1993. CrossRef M. Frisch et al., Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford CT, 2009. DirectLink J. M. F. Custodio et al., "Chalcone as Potential Nonlinear Optical Material: A Combined Theoretical, Structural, and Spectroscopic Study", J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 123, no. 10, pp. 5931-5941, Mar. 2019. CrossRef

Raising extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o) stimulating the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor (CaR) decreased the activity of the apical 70-pS K+ channel via a cytochrome P-450-dependent mechanism in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of the rat kidney [W. H. Wang, M. Lu, and S. C. Hebert. Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Cell Physiol. 39): C103-C111, 1996]. We have now used the patch-clamp technique and fluorescent dyes to investigate the signaling mechanism by which this effect is produced. Addition of 500 microM gadolinium (Gd3+), an agent which has been shown to activate the CaR (E. M. Brown, G. Gamba, D. Riccardi, M. Lombardi, R. Butters, O. Kifor, A. Sun, M. A. Hediger, J. Lytton, and S. C. Hebert. Nature 366: 575-580, 1993), mimics the inhibitory effect of raising Ca2+o from 1.1 to 5 mM on channel activity. Effects of the high Ca2+o and Gd3+ were abolished by blockade of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) but not by inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC). Raising Ca2+o also increased 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid production significantly. To investigate the effect of stimulation of the CaR on intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i), we used the acetoxymethyl ester of fura 2 to monitor the Ca2+i. Raising Ca2+o from 1.1 to 5 mM increased the Ca2+i significantly from 50 to 150 nM. However, addition of thapsigargin failed to abolish the effect of 5 mM Ca2+o on Ca2+i. Also, application of Gd3+ only slightly increased the Ca2+i, suggesting that elevation of the Ca2+i by high Ca2+o was the result of an influx of Ca2+ rather than enhanced Ca2+ release from Ca2+ stores. That the increase in Ca2+ influx is not mainly responsible for the effect of stimulating the CaR on channel activity is further supported by experiments in which 500 microM Gd3+ inhibited the K+ channel in cell-attached patches in a Ca(2+)-free bath. Furthermore, addition of 500 microM Gd3+ or 5 mM Ca2+o decreased intracellular Na+ measured with fluorescent sodium indicator, suggesting inhibition of Na+ transport. We conclude that PLA2 is involved in the stimulation of the CaR-induced inhibition of apical K+ channels in the TAL.

Can Gio mangrove forest (CGM) is located downstream of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), situated between an estuarine system of Dong Nai - Sai Gon river and a part of Vam Co river. The CGM is the largest restored mangrove forest in Vietnam and the UNESCO’s Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. The CGM has been gradually facing to numeric challenges of global climate change, environmental degradation and socio-economic development for the last decades. To evaluate sediment quality in the CGM, we collected 13 cores to analyze for sediment grain size, organic matter content, and trace element concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn. Results showed that trace element concentrations ranged from uncontaminated (Cd, Cu, and Zn) to very minor contaminated (Cr, Ni, and Pb). The concentrations were gradually influenced by suspended particle size and the mangrove plants.ReferencesAnh M.T., Chi D.H., Vinh N.N., Loan T.T., Triet L.M., Slootenb K.B.-V., Tarradellas J., 2003. 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Extracts of adenovirus-infected HeLa cells have 5- to 10-fold-higher activity for transcription from the major late promoter in vitro than do extracts of mock-infected or E1A mutant-infected cells (K. Leong and A. J. Berk, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5844-5848, 1986). In this study, we analyzed extracts from mock-infected cells and from cells infected with an E1A mutant, pm975, which expresses principally the large E1A protein responsible for the stimulation of transcription. These extracts were fractionated by phosphocellulose chromatography, a procedure which separates factors required for transcription from this promoter (J. D. Dignam, B. S. Shastry, and R. G. Roeder, Methods Enzymol. 101:582-589, 1983), allowing the quantitative assay of individual factors (M. Samuels, A. Fire, and P. A. Sharp, J. Biol. Chem. 257:14419-14427, 1982). Fractions eluted with 0.04, 0.35, and 0.6 M KCl, which contained RNA polymerase II, the upstream factor MLTF, and three general polymerase II transcription factors, had similar activities when prepared from virus-infected or from mock-infected cells. The sequence-specific DNA-binding activity of MLTF was also similar in the virus-infected- and mock-infected-cell extracts. In contrast, the 1.0 M KCl fraction prepared from virus-infected cells consistently exhibited activity severalfold higher than that of the equivalent fraction prepared in parallel from mock-infected cells. E1A protein eluted principally (greater than 80%) in the 0.35 M KCl fraction. Results of others (M. Sawadogo and R. G. Roeder, Cell 43:165-175, 1985) have shown that the 1.0 M KCl fraction, containing 2 to 5% of the unfractionated protein extract, contains a factor which binds specifically to the major late promoter TATA box. These results, together with a recent genetic analysis of the E1B promoter which demonstrated that the TATA box was required for its efficient transcriptional activation (transactivation) by E1A (L. Wu, D. S. E. Rosser, M. Schmidt, and A. J. Berk, Nature (London) 326:512-515, 1987), are consistent with the model that E1A protein indirectly activates the TATA box transcription factor. Consistent with this model was the finding that mutants of the major late promoter containing only the TATA box and cap site region were transcribed at higher rates with extracts from virus-infected cells than with extracts from mock-infected cells. Other models consistent with the results are also discussed.

Extracts of adenovirus-infected HeLa cells have 5- to 10-fold-higher activity for transcription from the major late promoter in vitro than do extracts of mock-infected or E1A mutant-infected cells (K. Leong and A. J. Berk, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5844-5848, 1986). In this study, we analyzed extracts from mock-infected cells and from cells infected with an E1A mutant, pm975, which expresses principally the large E1A protein responsible for the stimulation of transcription. These extracts were fractionated by phosphocellulose chromatography, a procedure which separates factors required for transcription from this promoter (J. D. Dignam, B. S. Shastry, and R. G. Roeder, Methods Enzymol. 101:582-589, 1983), allowing the quantitative assay of individual factors (M. Samuels, A. Fire, and P. A. Sharp, J. Biol. Chem. 257:14419-14427, 1982). Fractions eluted with 0.04, 0.35, and 0.6 M KCl, which contained RNA polymerase II, the upstream factor MLTF, and three general polymerase II transcription factors, had similar activities when prepared from virus-infected or from mock-infected cells. The sequence-specific DNA-binding activity of MLTF was also similar in the virus-infected- and mock-infected-cell extracts. In contrast, the 1.0 M KCl fraction prepared from virus-infected cells consistently exhibited activity severalfold higher than that of the equivalent fraction prepared in parallel from mock-infected cells. E1A protein eluted principally (greater than 80%) in the 0.35 M KCl fraction. Results of others (M. Sawadogo and R. G. Roeder, Cell 43:165-175, 1985) have shown that the 1.0 M KCl fraction, containing 2 to 5% of the unfractionated protein extract, contains a factor which binds specifically to the major late promoter TATA box. These results, together with a recent genetic analysis of the E1B promoter which demonstrated that the TATA box was required for its efficient transcriptional activation (transactivation) by E1A (L. Wu, D. S. E. Rosser, M. Schmidt, and A. J. Berk, Nature (London) 326:512-515, 1987), are consistent with the model that E1A protein indirectly activates the TATA box transcription factor. Consistent with this model was the finding that mutants of the major late promoter containing only the TATA box and cap site region were transcribed at higher rates with extracts from virus-infected cells than with extracts from mock-infected cells. Other models consistent with the results are also discussed.

BackgroundThe randomized controlled trial (RCT) remains a most important research as well as a tool for drug licensing. Informed consent also remains an integral component of this tool. The exact wording of this consent is not in the public domain and we had previously raised that concern and had pointed out it should [1, 2]. As we previously indicated such transparency was important from the point of an organized skepticism an essential element of scientific inquiry [3]. Moreover, we had also indicated that this transparency was even more important in safety outcome trials (SOT)s. We have the impression that such SOTs are becoming more frequent especially with the increasing popularity of pragmatic trials [4] where the safety outcome measures are not infrequently as severe as death.ObjectivesTo tabulate the frequency of RCTs with the primary outcome measure of safety in mainline general medicine journals at two time points, thirty years apart.MethodsRCTs published in 1990-1991 vs 2019-2020 in NEJM, JAMA, LANCET and BMJ were searched by 2 independent reviewers (AO and SNE). Phase 1-2 RCTs, post-hoc analyses of RCTs and RCTs reporting long term follow-up data were excluded. RCTs with an undisputable primary endpoint of efficacy were defined as an ‘A trial’. Those trials with declared or obvious primary endpoints of ‘safety’, ‘efficacy and safety’ or simply as ‘efficacy’ in which we unanimously considered the presence of serious harm to the patients in the control arms were defined as a ‘B trial’. Finally, the trials that we could not unanimously decide whether designate A or B, were designated as C. Discrepancies were resolved after discussion with the senior author (HY) and if, even then, there was no consensus the trial remained as a C. We then compared the frequencies of the types of RCTs which were published in 1990-1991 vs 2019-2020. Other salient features, like the type and the practice setting, of these patients were also tabulated.ResultsThere were 309 RCTs published in 1990-1991 and 600 RCTs published in 2019-2020. Nineteen RCTs on COVID-19 infection were excluded for fair comparisons. As seen in the Table 1 there was a significant increase in the number SOTs in the later years. Moreover, the number of intensive care unit (ICU) trials, a setting in which obtaining informed consents can often be problematic, significantly increased.ConclusionRecently, there is a significant increase in the number of SOTs. Moreover, they are more frequently conducted in the ICUs. We strongly re-emphasize that the informed consents of all RCTs, particularly, those related to SOTs should be public. We strongly consider that such action is necessary a. to continue receiving our patients’ vital consent to enable us to continue conducting RCTs and b. for justly addressing the organized skepticism of our peers.References[1] Yazici Y, Yazici H. Informed consent: time for more transparency. Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12: 121.[2] Ozdede A, Yazici H. Cardiovascular and Cancer Risk with Tofacitinib in Rheumatoid Arthritis. N Engl J Med 2022; 386(18):1766.[3] Merton, Robert K. Science and technology in a democratic order. Journal of Legal and Political Sociology 1942; 1:115–126.[4] Patsopoulos NA. A pragmatic view on pragmatic trials. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2011; 13:217-24.Table 1.1990-1991 (n=309)2019-2020 (n=581)OR (95% CI)Total number of RCTs309581A trial284 (91.9%)501 (86.2%)0.6 (0.3-1.0)B trial9 (2.9%)39 (6.7%)2.4 (1.1-5.0)None-A trial*25 (8.1%)80 (13.8%)2.0 (1.1-2.1)ICU trial12 (3.8%)52 (8.9%)2.4 (1.3-4.6)* All non-A trials include trials designated B and C.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

This paper describes results of research productivity study of agricultural scientists at Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), Cuttack. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the research performance of CRRI Scientists. The study includes citations of 586 papers collected from the Annual Reports of CRRI, Cuttack for a period of 14 years from 1996-2009. This paper has identified publication trends with regard to subject area, journals, authorship pattern, collaboration, etc. Findings of the study indicate that journal article (72.69%) is the predominant type of publication. The authorship collaboration at CRRI was identified to be very low i.e. 0.15. The individual productivity reveals that 96.68% of the authors have published only ten or less number of articles during the period. Dr. T. K. Adhya was the highest productive author with 55 articles. Oryza has the highest frequency of publication of CRRI articles.

20 species of 10 genera of mites of this family Phytoseiidae were found while studying a species composition on the plants of urban environment Amblyseius andersoni Chant, 1957; Amblyseius rademacheri Dosse, 1958; Neosiulus herbarius Wainstein, 1960; Neoseiulus reductus Wainstein, 1962; Euseius finlandicus, Oudemans, 1915; Kampimodromys aberrans Ouderman, 1930; Dubininellus echinus Wainstein et Arutunjan, 1970; Dubininellus juvenis Wainstein et Arutunjan, 1970; Typhlodromus cotoneastri Wainstein, 1961; Typhlodromus laurae Arutunjan, 1974; Typhloctonus aceri Collyer, 1957; Typhloctonus tiliarum Oudemans, 1930; Paraseiulus incognitus Wainstein et Arutunjan, 1967; Paraseiulus soleiger Ribaga, 1902; Amblydromella (s.str.) caudiglans Scheuten,1959; Amblydromella (s.str.) pirianykae Wainstein, 1972; Amblydromella (s.str.) rhenana Oudemans, 1905; Amblydromella clavata Wainstein, 1972; Amblydromella (Aphanoseius) verrucosa Wainstein, 1972; Galendromus longipilus Nesbitt, 1951. The peculiarities of their spreading in plant associations of Kyiv city, Uman city, Vasylkiv town, Brovary town (Ukraine) which differed from each other by various characteristics (population, area, urbanization degree, etc.) were determined. Total 68 species of plants were examined in the territory of Kyiv city where there were 40 species of trees and shrubs (including 2 types of conifers) and 28 species of herbaceous plants; 16 species of 10 genera of predacious phytoseiid mites were found. 14 species of 8 genera of mites were registered on 25 plant species in the territory of Brovary town (16 species of tree-and-shrub and 9 species of herbaceous plants) in the result of processing of collected materials. 10 species of 7 genera were identified while studying the current state of species diversity of predacious mites of Phytoseiidae family on 26 species of trees and shrubs of green urban plantations within Vasylkiv town. 12 species of 7 genera of Phytoseiidae mites were identified in the result of study of urban plantations in Uman city. Common species at studied areas were the following seven species: A. andersoni, A. rademacheri, E. finlandicus, K. aberrans, T. laurae, T. aceri, T. tiliarum. During the researches the domination index (Di). It was found that spreading of mites was different. Dominant species, subdominant species, subdominant of first order and minor members of species complexes were revealed while analysed the species structure of predacious phytoseiidae mites. E. finlandicus was the dominant in all research plots: Kyiv (Di = 51.63 %), Uman (Di = 60.32 %), Vasylkiv (Di = 15.65 %), Brovary (Di = 33.90 %). K. aberrans (Di = 15.52 %) and E. finlandicus was determined as dominant species n Vasylkiv town. K. aberrans (Di = 2.35 %) and T. aceri (Di = 1.30 %) had the status of subdominant species in research areas. We also have been studied the mite species diversity on the grass and shrubs. We studied the mites on the 93 species of plants where 55 were trees and shrubs (58.9 %) and 38 species were the herbaceous plants (41.1 %).

The discrete thin plate spline smoother fits smooth surfaces to large data sets efficiently. It combines the favourable properties of the finite element surface fitting and thin plate splines. The efficiency of its finite element grid is improved by adaptive refinement, which adapts the precision of the solution. It reduces computational costs by refining only in sensitive regions, which are identified using error indicators. While many error indicators have been developed for the finite element method, they may not work for the discrete smoother. In this article we show three error indicators adapted from the finite element method for the discrete smoother. A numerical experiment is provided to evaluate their performance in producing efficient finite element grids. References F. L. Bookstein. Principal warps: Thin-plate splines and the decomposition of deformations. IEEE Trans. Pat. Anal. Mach. Int. 11.6 (1989), pp. 567–585. doi: 10.1109/34.24792. C. Chen and Y. Li. A robust method of thin plate spline and its application to DEM construction. Comput. Geosci. 48 (2012), pp. 9–16. doi: 10.1016/j.cageo.2012.05.018. L. Fang. Error estimation and adaptive refinement of finite element thin plate spline. PhD thesis. The Australian National University. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/237742. L. Fang. Error indicators and adaptive refinement of the discrete thin plate spline smoother. ANZIAM J. 60 (2018), pp. 33–51. doi: 10.21914/anziamj.v60i0.14061. M. F. Hutchinson. A stochastic estimator of the trace of the influence matrix for laplacian smoothing splines. Commun. Stat. Simul. Comput. 19.2 (1990), pp. 433–450. doi: 10.1080/0361091900881286. W. F. Mitchell. A comparison of adaptive refinement techniques for elliptic problems. ACM Trans. Math. Soft. 15.4 (1989), pp. 326–347. doi: 10.1145/76909.76912. R. F. Reiniger and C. K. Ross. A method of interpolation with application to oceanographic data. Deep Sea Res. Oceanographic Abs. 15.2 (1968), pp. 185–193. doi: 10.1016/0011-7471(68)90040-5. S. Roberts, M. Hegland, and I. Altas. Approximation of a thin plate spline smoother using continuous piecewise polynomial functions. SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 41.1 (2003), pp. 208–234. doi: 10.1137/S0036142901383296. D. Ruprecht and H. Muller. Image warping with scattered data interpolation. IEEE Comput. Graphics Appl. 15.2 (1995), pp. 37–43. doi: 10.1109/38.365004. E. G. Sewell. Analysis of a finite element method. Springer, 2012. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6331-6. L. Stals. Efficient solution techniques for a finite element thin plate spline formulation. J. Sci. Comput. 63.2 (2015), pp. 374–409. doi: 10.1007/s10915-014-9898-x. O. C. Zienkiewicz and J. Z. Zhu. A simple error estimator and adaptive procedure for practical engineerng analysis. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. 24.2 (1987), pp. 337–357. doi: 10.1002/nme.1620240206.

Locke, Rachel E. and Jeanne M. Nerbonne. Three kinetically distinct Ca2+-independent depolarization-activated K+ currents in callosal-projecting rat visual cortical neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2309–2320, 1997. Whole cell, Ca2+-independent, depolarization-activated K+ currents were characterized in identified callosal-projecting (CP) neurons isolated from postnatal day 7–16 rat primary visual cortex. CP neurons were identified in vitro after in vivo retrograde labeling with fluorescently tagged latex microbeads. During brief (160-ms) depolarizing voltage steps to potentials between −50 and +60 mV, outward K+ currents in these cells activate rapidly and inactivate to varying degrees. Three distinct K+ currents were separated based on differential sensitivity to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP); these are referred to here as I A, I D, and I K, because their properties are similar (but not identical) K+ currents termed I A, I D, and I K in other cells. The current sensitive to high (≥100 μM) concentrations of 4-AP ( I A) activates and inactivates rapidly; the current blocked completely by low (≤50 μM) 4-AP ( I D) activates rapidly and inactivates slowly. A slowly activating, slowly inactivating current ( I K) remains in the presence of 5 mM 4-AP. I A, I D, and I K also were separated and characterized in experiments that did not rely on the use of 4-AP. All CP cells express all three K+ current types, although the relative densities of I A, I D, and I K vary among cells. The experiments here also have revealed that I A, I D, and I K display similar voltage dependences of activation and steady state inactivation, whereas the kinetic properties of the currents are distinct. At +30 mV, for example, mean ± SD activation τs are 0.83 ± 0.24 ms for I A, 1.74 ± 0.49 ms for I D, and 14.7 ± 4.0 ms for I K. Mean ± SD inactivation τs for I A and I D are 26 ± 7 ms and 569 ± 143 ms, respectively. Inactivation of I K is biexponential with mean ± SD inactivation time constants of 475 ± 232 ms and 3,128 ± 1,328 ms; ∼20% of the 4-AP–insensitive current is noninactivating. For all three components, activation is voltage dependent, increasing with increasing depolarization, whereas inactivation is voltage independent. Both I A and I K recover rapidly from steady state inactivation with mean ± SD recovery time constants of 38 ± 7 ms and 79 ± 26 ms, respectively; I D recovers an order of magnitude more slowly (588 ± 274 ms). The properties of I A, I D, and I K in CP neurons are compared with those of similar currents described previously in other mammalian central neurons and, in the accompanying paper, the roles of these conductances in regulating the firing properties of CP neurons are explored.

BackgroundOver the past few decades, several classification criteria have been proposed for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)-1997, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC)-2012, and European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR)/ACR-2019. The sensitivity and specificity of these classification criteria are inconsistent for the various races of SLE patients [1-3]. Patients with SLE who are younger than 18 year old are called childhood-onset SLE (c-SLE), which differ from adult-onset SLE (a-SLE) in several ways. The applicability of classification criteria for c-SLE of different races were also inconsistent [4-6]. Now, there is a lack of data to verify the applicability of classification criteria in a-SLE or c-SLE in northern China.ObjectivesThis study is to verify the applicability of classification criteria in a-SLE and c-SLE in northern China, and explore the most applicable disease evaluation standards.Methods81 c-SLE vs 59 pediatric controls, 80 a-SLE vs 76 adult controls were included in the study. All the participants are Chinese descent living in northern China. The control groups were diagnosed with other rheumatic diseases. The diagnosis of these patients was determined by two or more rheumatologists. We reviewed the clinical manifestations and laboratory tests of these patients with respect to three classification criteria.ResultsThe sensitivity of EULAR/ACR-2019 and SLICC-2012 was higher than that of ACR-1997 in a-SLE group, but there was no significant difference in the specificity, with AUCs of EULAR/ACR-2019 (0.863), SLICC-2012 (0.895), and ACR-1997 (0.865). In c-SLE group, the sensitivity of SLICC-2012 was higher than that of ACR-1997, and the specificity was not significantly different, with AUCs of EULAR/ACR-2019 (0.94), SLICC-2012 (0.945), and ACR-1997 (0.899). Increasing the threshold of EULAR/ACR-2019 from 10 to 11 can improve the specificity and accuracy for a-SLE, while from 10 to 14 can improve those for c-SLE.ConclusionEULAR/ACR-2019 and SLICC-2012 are the most appropriate classification criteria for a-SLE, and SLICC-2012 is more applicable for c-SLE from northern China. Adjusting the threshold of EULAR/ACR-2019 can improve the specificity and accuracy for a-SLE and c-SLE.References[1]ADAMICHOU C, NIKOLOPOULOS D, GENITSARIDI I, et al. In an early SLE cohort the ACR-1997, SLICC-2012, and EULAR/ACR-2019 criteria classify non-overlapping groups of patients: use of all three criteria ensures optimal capture for clinical studies while their modification earlier classification and treatment. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2020, 79: 232-41.[2]TENG J, YE J, ZHOU Z, et al. A comparison of the performance of the 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology criteria and the 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics criteria with the 1997 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematous in new-onset Chinese patients. Lupus, 2020, 29: 617-24.[3]JOHNSON S R, BRINKS R, COSTENBADER K H, et al. Performance of the 2019 EULAR/ACR classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus in early disease, across sexes and ethnicities. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2020, 79: 1333-9.[4]ALJABERI N, NGUYEN K, STRAHLE C, et al. Performance of the New 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Children and Young Adults. Arthritis Care Res, 2021, 73: 580-5.[5]LEVINSKY Y, BROIDE M, KAGAN S, et al. Performance of 2019 EULAR/ACR classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus in a paediatric population-a multicentre study. Rheumatology, 2021, 60: 5142-8.[6]CHENG S, DING H, XUE H, et al. Evaluation of the 2019 EULAR/ACR classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus in children and adults. Clin Rheumatol, 2022, 41: 2995-3003.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

We report on thermal analysis and a continuous wave (CW) laser operation at (1.998µm) of end pumped Tm: YAP cylindrical laser rod. The Tm: YAP laser rod is pumped at a wavelength of 1.064 µm emitting from Nd: YAG laser source. A 3W incident pump power is used to generate a maximum laser output of 700 mW, representing 18% slope efficiency. The power of thermally induced lens in Tm:YAP laser rod is numerically analyzed and validated experimentally. The focal lengths of the thermally induced lens are directly measured using Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. We have detected blue up-conversion fluorescence emission before laser operation at 1.998 µm. The obtained experimental results were in good agreement with the numerical calculations. Full Text: PDF ReferencesI. F. Elder, J. Payne, "Diode-pumped, room-temperature Tm:YAP laser", Applied Optics 36 (33), 8606 (1997) CrossRef Y. Li, B. Yao, Y. Wang, Y. Ju, G. Zhao, Y. Zong, J. Xu, "High efficient diode-pumped Tm:YAP laser at room temperature", Chinese Opt. Lett. 5 (5), 286 (2007). DirectLink H. Ni, S. C. Rand, "Avalanche upconversion in Tm:YALO3", Opt. Lett. 16 (8), 1424 (1991). CrossRef Z. G. Wang, C. W. Song, Y. F. Li, Y. L. Ju, Y. Z. Wang, "CW and pulsed operation of a diode-end-pumped Tm:GdVO4 laser at room temperature", Laser Phys. Lett. 6 (2), 105 (2009). CrossRef Baoquan Yao, Yi Tian, Wei Wang, Gang Li, Yuezhu Wang, "Analysis and compensation of thermal lens effects in Tm:YAP lasers", Chinese Opt. Lett. 8 (10), 996 (2010). CrossRef F. Cornacchia, D. Parisi, C. Bernardini, M. Toncelli, "Efficient, diode-pumped Tm3+:BaY2F8 vibronic laser", Opt. Expr. 12 (9), 1982 (2004). CrossRef Xiaojin Cheng, Mi Fan, Jiandong Cao, Jianhua Shang, "Research on the thermal effect and laser resonator of diode-pumped thin-slab Tm:YAP lasers", Optik 176, 32 (2019). CrossRef W. Koechner, Solid-state Laser Engineering, Springer, (2013). DirectLink https://www.crytur.cz DirectLink http://www.laserlabcomponents.com/ DirectLink R. M. El-Agmy, N.AlHosiny, "2.31 [micro sign]m laser under up-conversion pumping at 1.064 [micro sign]m in Tm3+:ZBLAN fibre lasers", Elect. Lett. 46 (13), 936 (2010). CrossRef R. M. El-Agmy, N. M. Al-Hosiny, "870 mW blue laser emission at 480 nm in a large core thulium doped ZBLAN fiber laser", Laser Phys. 20 (4), 838 (2010). CrossRef R. M. El-Agmy, N. M. Al-Hosiny, "Power scaling of end-pumped Nd:YLF lasers, modeling and experiments", Optik 140, 584 (2017). CrossRef R. M. El-Agmy, N. Al-Hosiny, "Thermal analysis and experimental study of end-pumped Nd: YLF laser at 1053 nm", Photonic sensors 7 (4), 329 (2017). CrossRef S. C. Tidwell, J. F. Seamans, M. S. Bowers, A. K. Cousins, "Scaling CW diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG lasers to high average powers", IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 997 (1992). CrossRef P. J. Hardman, W. A. Clarkson, G. J. Friel, M. Pollnau, D. C. Hanna, "Energy-transfer upconversion and thermal lensing in high-power end-pumped Nd:YLF laser crystals", IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 35, 647 (1999). CrossRef

Abstract Zero tunneling time and thereby a faster than light traversal velocity was calculated nearly a hundred years ago and has been observed recently. We report about experimental results and estimations, which confirm the zero time tunneling for elastic as well as for electromagnetic and Schrödinger waves. Zero time tunneling was first observed with microwaves 1992 (H. Aichmann and G. Nimtz, Found. Phys., vol. 44, p. 678, 2014; A. Enders and G. Nimtz, J. Phys. I, vol. 2, p. 169, 1992). In 2008, zero time was also observed for tunneling electrons (P. Eckle, A. N. Pfeiffer, C. Cirelli, et al., Science, vol. 322, p. 1525, 2008). Presumably, this effect took place with atoms quite recently (R. Ramos, D. Spierings, I. Racicot, and A. M. Steinberg, Nature, vol. 583, p. 529, 2020). The Einstein relation E 2 = (ħk)2 c 2 is not satisfied in the tunneling process, since the wave number k is imaginary (E is the total energy, ħ the Planck constant, and c the vacuum velocity of light), Zero time tunneling is described by virtual photons (A. Stahlhofen and G. Nimtz, Europhys. Lett., vol. 76, p. 189, 2006). The tunneling process itself violates the Special Theory of Relativity. Remarkably, Brillouin conjectured that wave mechanics is valid for all waves independent of their field (L. Brillouin, Wave Propagation in Periodic Structures, Chap. VIII, New York, Dover Publications, 1953).

ABSTRACT Sequence analysis of the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) genome revealed an open reading frame (gene 4) which is homologous to a family of proteins known as the regulators of complement activation (RCA proteins) (H. W. Virgin, P. Latreille, P. Wamsley, K. Hallsworth, K. E. Weck, A. J. Dal Canto, and S. H. Speck, J. Virol. 71:5894–5904, 1997). The predicted gene 4 product has homology to other virally encoded RCA homologs, as well as to the complement-regulatory proteins decay-accelerating factor and membrane cofactor protein. Analyses by Northern blotting and rapid amplification of cDNA ends revealed that gene 4 is transcribed as a 5.2-kb bicistronic transcript of the late kinetic class. Three γHV68 RCA protein isoforms (60 to 65 kDa, 50 to 55 kDa, and 40 to 45 kDa) were detected by Western blotting of infected murine NIH 3T12 fibroblast cells. A soluble 40- to 45-kDa isoform was detected in the supernatants of virally infected cells. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the γHV68 RCA protein was expressed on the surfaces of infected cells. Supernatants from virally infected cells contained an activity that inhibited murine complement activation as measured by inhibition of C3 deposition on activated zymosan particles. Recombinant γHV68 RCA protein, containing the four conserved short consensus repeats, inhibited murine C3 deposition on zymosan via both classical and alternative pathways and inhibited deposition of human C3 on activated zymosan particles. Expression of this inhibitor of complement activation, both at the cell surface and in the fluid phase, may be important for γHV68 pathogenesis via the inhibition of innate and adaptive immunity.

Los datos paleomagnéticos para lavas del volcán Iztaccíhuatl permiten analizar la variación paleosecular del campo geomagnético en la región central de Mexico. La parte superior del volcán fue formada durante el Cron de Brunhes, lo que es apoyado por la polaridad normal y la posición polar media (Steele, 1985). El periodo de actividad es del orden 580 000 a 76 000 años, sugerido en los datos de K-Ar (Nixon et al., 1986). Las discrepancias en las estimaciones reportadas por Steele (1985) y Bohnel et al. (1990) dependen de las diferentes metodologías y características estadísticas asumidas para la población de polos geomagnéticos virtuales (VGP). El polo medio es 88.1 °N, 34.0°E (B=21, K=88, A95=3.4°). La distribución de VGPs es alargada y no Fisheriana, lo que sugiere efectos adicionales a los de variación secular. Estos pueden incluir efectos tectónicos locales o excursiones geomagnéticas. La dispersión de VGPs que caracteriza mejor la variación paleo secular es 7.4 °, relativamente baja (7° menor) en comparación con los datos estimados de modelos globales con dependencia de latitud. Este valor es similar a los estimados para la región del Pacifico central, en las islas de Hawaii, Pagan y Marianas. El centro de Mexico parece formar parte de esta región de bajo campo no dipolar del Pacifico.doi: sin doi