Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „1933-“

The 1932–1933 Holodomor genocide caused a significant reduction of the population and distorted the main parameters of the country’s demographic stability. To analyze the changes in the population by the longitudinal analysis method, the survival rates are calculated for age groups of the population in the intercensal periods. Calculations based on the data of 1926 and 1939 censuses show substantial inconsistencies in the survival rate for five female age groups within the range of 33-57 years old. Despite the 1932–1933 demographic catastrophe and taking into account the natural mortality before and after the Holodomor, the number of people in these age categories changed slightly and even increased for the 43-47 category. The authors prove that migration in the intercensal period couldn’t have caused such growth, and the calculated coefficients confirm the questionable quality of the 1939 census. The paper reveals that the first stage of demographic transition should have been in 1932–1933, yet historical-political and socio-economic conditions of demographic reproduction aggravated considerably in early 1930. The recovery of the high birth rate in 1937–1938 shows that the first stage of demographic transition wasn’t finalized. Calculation of the number of women in the most active childbirth age and analysis of birth rate for 1924–1929 shows that in 1930–1933, the birth rate should have increased. The calculated indirect demographic losses account 310,000-430,000 annually for 1930, 1931, 1937, and 1938, and from 630,000 to 1 million for 1932–1936. Such insignificant volume of indirect losses substantially reduced demographic stability, in the first place of Ukrainian village. The incomplete and questionable nature of demographic data after 1932 does not allow complete reconstruction of the demographic reproduction processes in the USSR in the 1930s. Archive data on the natural movement of the population on lover administrative-territorial levels, current statistical recordings, and recordings of the civil status acts on birth and mortality, etc. can be the perspective sources of demographic information.

De 1929 jusqu’à sa mort en 1967, Adrien Arcand assume la direction de l’Ordre patriotique des goglus (1929-1934), du Parti national social-chrétien (1934-1938) et du Parti de l’Unité nationale du Canada (1938-1940, 1947-1958, 1965-1967). Pendant ce temps, il publie plusieurs journaux, dont Le Goglu (1929-1933), Le Miroir (1929-1933), Le Chameau (1930-1932), Le Patriote (1933-1938), Le Fasciste canadien (1935-1938), Le Combat national (1938-1939), L’Unité nationale (1953-1958) et Serviam (1965-2001). Pour financer ses médias et ses mouvements politiques constamment déficitaires, Arcand se comporte comme un véritable mercenaire en rendant deux sortes de services aux conservateurs qui consentent à lui verser des subsides. Il leur offre en tout premier lieu ses talents d’éditorialiste en soutenant constamment leur politique dans ses journaux. Il demande, en second lieu, à ses disciples fascistes de militer en faveur de leur parti politique lors des campagnes électorales. C’est en concluant ce genre d’accords avec les principaux ténors du Parti conservateur du Canada et de l’Union nationale qu’Adrien Arcand a pu mener en toute impunité sa campagne antisémite et fasciste pendant plus de trente ans.

The article presents a comparative analysis of some key objects of German and Kyiv architecture of the early twentieth century to determine the corresponding trends. Parallels and identities are shown and noted. An analysis of the background and context is given, as well as the author's conclusions of the respective styles. In particular, German Werkbund, international Art Nouveau, Ukrainian architectural Art Nouveau, "New Objectivity", Bauhaus, functionalism, constructivism, post-constructivism, German and Soviet neoclassicism are mentioned. Were analyzed in detail: The Fagus Factory (1910-1911) by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer, Centennial Hall (1911-1913) by the Max Berg, the Kyiv district power plant (named after Stalin), (1926–1930) by Mikhailo Parusnikov with the participation of George Goltz and Andrey Burov, Rolit (1932) by Vasul. Krychesky, Ehrentempel (1933–1936) and The Haus der Kunst in Munich (1933 - 1937) by Paul Ludwig Troost, competitive proposals for the construction of the Government Quarter in Kyiv (1934 - 1935) and the hotel within the Government Quarter (1939). Mentioned Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR) by Marcello Piacentini, projects by Albert Speer and others. The article summarizes a series of author's researches devoted to a detailed analysis of international context and parallels of Kyiv architecture which is represented in the background of the consistent artistic transitions (from eclecticism and historical reminiscences to modernism, from Art Nouveau to avant-garde, from constructivism to Soviet neoclassicism and, finally, from Stalinist empire to modernism).

بعد الأزمة الإقتصادية المدمرة المعروف بالكساد الكبير (1929) وبقيت آثاره شاخص ومؤثرة حتى (1939)، التي ضربت الإقتصاد الأمريكي، وإمتدت آثارها إلى كل العالم، بادر الرئيس الجديد (فرانكلين ديلانو روزيفيلت) فور فوزه بمنصب الرئاسة في (1932)، بإطلاق حملة إصلاحية إمتدت للمدة (1933- 1938) عرفت بـ(النهج الجديد)، روج لها خلال حملته الإنتخابية. جاءت تلك الحملة على مرحلتين من البرامج الهادفة والمتخصصة التي غطت شتى القطاعات الإقتصادية والإجتماعية، الأولى عرفت بـ(حملة الجديد الأولى)، والتي إستمرت تشريعاتها بالصدور للمدة (1933-1934)، وتم التركز في برامجها وتشريعاتها على مشاريع الإغاثة الآنية ذات التأثير العاجل والمؤقت لإيقاف التداعيات المتسارعة للإزمة الإقتصادية من إيقاف إنهيار سوق الأسهم وقيمة العملة تقليص عدد العاطلين عن العمل ولو بصورة مؤقتة. أما (حملة الجديد الثانية) التي إستمرت للمدة (1935-1938) حتى نهاية الركود الإقتصادي (1937-1938) وبروز بوادر الحرب العالمية الثانية. وكان التركيز في برامج هذه الحزمة من الإصلاحات على إيقاف العمل بمشاريع الطوارئ والبرامج المؤقتة، والإنتقال من مرحلة الإغاثة إلى مرحلة الإنعاش الإقتصادي الهادف لإيجاد أسس معالجة جديدة أعمق تأثيراً وأطول أمداً وتأسيس بنية إقتصادية أكثر متانة وفاعلية.

Background: In 1924, the Department of Ethnology under the leadership of the Polish ethnologist, Professor Adam Fischer was established at Lviv University. The department was to specialize in Slavic issues. Thus, since the founding of the unit, Slav-ic ethnography has been one of the main topics in A. Fischer’s courses. However, until the early 1930s, these disciplines were concluded in areas of culture. A. Fischer began to implement another concept of lecture courses (by peoples or their groups) in the 1930s, after traveling to Central and Eastern Europe(travel geography included ethno-graphic centers of cities such as Prague, Brno, Martin, Bratislava, Vienna, Ljubljana, Zagreb, Belgrade, Budapest). It was then that the Lviv professor started the series “Slavic Ethnography”. It was to consist of a synthesis of “General Characteristics of Slavic Ethnography” and 11 parts of the complex characteristics of individual Slavic peoples (coverage of such issues as the boundaries of ethnic territory and ethnographic zoning, stages of ethnic history, dialectal and anthropological features, the history of ethnographic research, areas of folk culture). Purpose: The work is aimed to analyze the views of the Polish ethnologist of the interwar period Adam Fischer on the Western and Southern Slavs, in particular on the basis of the manuscripts of a professor from the Archives of the Polish Ethnological Society (Wrocław, Poland). Results: Among the West Slavic peoples, A. Fischer singled out the Polabians (German-assimilated Polabian tribes living in the area between the Elbe, the Oder and the Baltic Sea), Lusatians, Poles (the professor emphasized the population of Pomera-nia, in particular, the Kashubians, whose features against the background of the Polish people explained primarily by the Baltic influences), Czechs and Slovaks (in the series “Slavic Ethnography” two separate notebooks dedicated to these peoples were planned. Instead, in the Archives of the Polish Ethnological Society there is one manuscript of two parts – “Czechs” and “Slovaks”, respectively, which was obviously influenced by their stay in the interwar period within one state). In developing the general scheme of the series“Slavic Ethnography”, A. Fischer often used the principle of the existence of the state among the people (which is ethnologically incorrect).This can be seen primarily in the materials about the South Slavs: separate notebooks of the series were to be devoted only to such South Slavic peoples as Serbs and Croats (A. Fischer characterized them as separate peoples with one language), Slovenes, Bulgarians.In the manuscript “Ethnography of Bulgaria” the scholar paid special attention to the Macedonians, emphasizing that part of the then Bul-garian state was not Bulgarian ethnic territory.Instead, Montenegrins and Bosnians (A. Fisher used the term “Muslim Serbo-Croats”) were mentioned occasionally by the pro-fessor in the context of the characterization of the peoples of Yugoslavia.The lecture course “Balkan Peninsula” prepared by A. Fischer deserves special attention. Here, the scientist used the geographical factor to the grouping of the material. Key words: Adam Fischer, Lviv University, “Slavic Ethnography”, Western Slavs, Southern Slavs, Ethnic Processes, Folk Culture. Archives of New Files in Warsaw [unpublished sourse], Mf Nr. B 11453 (2442). (In Polish) Archives of Polish Ethnological Society [unpublished sourse], No. inv. 16, 22, 31, 64, 66, 73, 74, 76, 77, 81, 87, 123, 124, 136, 154, 280, 281. (In Polish) Burszta, J., 1971. Ethnography of Poland and the Western Territories. Lud, 55, pp.15–28. (In Polish) Falkowski, J., 1931. Fischer A. Slavic Ethnography. First issue: Polabian Slavs. Lviv-Warsaw 1932. Published by Książnica-Atlas. Page 40 + 1 map, with 18 engravings in the test. Price: 2.40 PLN. Lud, 30, pp.239–240. (In Polish) Fischer, A., 1932. Slavic Ethnography. First issue: Polabians. Lviv, Warsaw: Książni-ca-Atlas. (In Polish) Fischer, A., 1932. Slavic Ethnography. Second issue: Lusatians. Lviv, Warsaw: Książnica-Atlas. (In Polish) Fischer, A., 1934. Slavic Ethnography. Third issue: Poles. Lviv, Warsaw: Książnica-Atlas. (In Polish) Fischer, A., 1937. Trees in the beliefs and rituals of the Polish people, Lud, 35, pp.60–76. (In Polish) Kaminśkyj, W., 1927. Adam Fischer. Polish People. The Polish textbook, prepared with the allowance of the Ministry of Religious Denominations and Public Education. With 3 maps and 58 fig. in text. Lviv – Warsaw – Kraków 1926. S. IV + 240. Lud, 26, pp.104–106. (In Polish) Kujawska, M., Łuczaj, Ł., Sosnowska, J. and Klepacki, P., 2016. Plants in folk beliefs and customs – Adam Fischer’s Dictionary. Wrocław: PTL. (In Polish) Lorentz, F., Lehr-Spławiński, T. and Fischer, A., 1934. Kashubians: folk culture and language. Toruń: In-t Bałtycki. (In Polish) Program of lectures for the summer semester of 1910/1911 academic year. Emperor Francis I University in Lviv, 1911. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1st and 2nd trimester of the 1921/1922 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1921. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 3rd trimester of the 1921–1922 academic year. Jan Kazim-ierz University in Lviv, 1922. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1st and 2nd trimester of the 1922/1923 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1922. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1924/1925 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1924. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1925/1926 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1925. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1926/1927 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1926. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1927/1928 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1927. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1929/1930 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1929. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1930/1931 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1930. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1931/1932 academic year and the staff of the University in the 1930/1931 and 1931/1932 academic years. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1931. Lviv: Scientific printing house. (In Polish) Program of lectures and the staff of the University in the 1932/1933 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1932. Lviv: Scientific printing house. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1933/1934 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1933. Lviv: Scientific printing house. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1934/1935 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1934. Lviv: Scientific printing house. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1935/1936 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1935. Lviv: Scientific printing house. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1937/1938 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1937. Lviv: Scientific printing house. (In Polish) Program of lectures in the 1938/1939 academic year. Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv, 1938. Lviv: Scientific printing house. (In Polish) State Archives of Lviv Region, [unpublished sourse], f. 26, 2, 543; 5, 1956. (In Polish) Staff of the University and the lecture program for the summer semester of 1900/1901 academic year. Emperor Francis I University in Lviv, 1901. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish) Staff of the University and the lecture program for the winter semester of 1901/1902 academic year. Emperor Francis I University in Lviv, 1901. Lviv: First Union Printing House. (In Polish)

The taxonomy and natural history of the ant genus Crematogaster are reviewed for the Costa Rican fauna. Thirtyone species are known, and a key is provided for these and two additional species from adjacent regions of Panama. Species boundaries are evaluated over their entire range when possible. The taxonomic history of the genus is one of unbridled naming of new species and subspecies, with no synthetic works or keys. Major taxonomic changes are proposed, with the recognition of several polytypic species with very broad ranges and the synonymization of the many names associated with them. Crematogaster pygmaea Forel 1904, suturalis Forel 1912, ornatipilis Wheeler 1918, erici Santschi 1929, and chacoana Santschi 1933 are synonymized under abstinens Forel 1899; centralis Santschi 1932 under acuta (Fabricius 1804); aruga Forel 1913 under arcuata Forel 1899; ludio Forel 1912, armandi Forel 1921, inca Wheeler 1925, and cocciphila Borgmeier 1934 under brasiliensis Mayr 1878; parabiotica Forel 1904 under carinata Mayr 1862; brevispinosa Mayr 1870, minutior Forel 1893, schuppi Forel 1901, recurvispina Forel 1912, sampaioi Forel 1912, striatinota Forel 1912, townsendi Wheeler 1925, and chathamensis Wheeler 1933 under crinosa Mayr 1862; barbouri Weber 1934 under cubaensis Mann 1920; antillana Forel 1893, sculpturata Pergande 1896, kemali Santschi 1923, accola Wheeler 1934, phytoeca Wheeler 1934, panamana Wheeler 1942, and obscura Santschi 1929 under curvispinosa Mayr 1870; descolei Kusnezov 1949 under distans Mayr 1870; projecta Santschi 1925 under erecta Mayr 1866; carbonescens Forel 1913 under evallans Forel 1907; palans Forel 1912, ascendens Wheeler 1925, and dextella Santschi 1929 under limata F. Smith 1858; agnita Wheeler 1934 under obscurata Emery 1895; amazonensis Forel 1905, autruni Mann 1916, and guianensis Crawley 1916 under stollii Forel 1885; surdior Forel 1885, atitlanica Wheeler 1936, and maya Wheeler 1936 under sumichrasti Mayr 1870; tumulifera Forel 1899 and arizonensis Wheeler 1908 under torosa Mayr 1870. The following taxa are raised to species: ampla Forel 1912, brevidentata Forel 1912, chodati Forel 1921, crucis Forel 1912, cubaensis Mann 1920, goeldii Forel 1903, malevolens Santschi 1919, mancocapaci Santschi 1911, moelleri Forel 1912, montana Borgmeier 1939, obscurata Emery 1895, rochai Forel 1903, russata Wheeler 1925, sericea Forel 1912, stigmatica Forel 1911, sub-tonsa Santschi 1925, tenuicula Forel 1904, thalia Forel 1911, uruguayensis Santschi 1912, and vicina Andre 1893. The following new species are described: bryophilia, flavomicrops, flavosensitiva, foliocrypta, jardinero, levior, monteverdensis, raptor, snellingi, sotobosque, and wardi.

The article analyzes the state of counting the casualties of the Holodomor-genocide of 1932-1933 in Ukraine. In par-ticular, there are testimonies of German and Italian diplomats of the time, who received confidential information from Soviet officials, which formed the basis of the established diaspora statement about the casualties: “from 7 to 10 million”. It is noted that during Gorbachev’s Perestroika in the USSR, Moscow was forced to recognize the Holodomor in Ukraine and allowed to write about the loss of 3.5 million people. Modern Ukrainian demographers, who work for foreign grants, continue to support this figure with some clarifications. At the same time, the primary documents of the Ukrainian archives, thanks to the historical and statistical method, make it possible to establish the minimum number of casualties during the Holodomor-genocide of 1932-1933 at 7,117.6 thousand people, because the information has been perceived on the population of the UkrSSR as of early 1932 (32,680 thousand people) and those born in 1932-1933, which allows us to establish the presence of inhabitants of the city and village as of January 1, 1934 using updated materials of the All-Union Census of 1937 and human growth in 1934-1936 – only 26,815.8 thousand. And it should have been 33,853.5 thousand people. And the use of histor-ical-statistical method of calculation allows to reach the figure of 9.5 million in the UkrSSR. This is provided that the dead hungry Ukrainian peasants in Russia and Belarus, where they went for bread, and were shot by Soviet border guards or drowned in the Zbruch and the Dniester due to their inability to swim are counted; when the number of workers brought from the Soviet republics in 1932-1936 to the socialist new buildings of the UkrSSR, who were counted as its inhabitants during the All-Union census of 1937, etc., are established.Of particular importance for establishing the probability of these losses is the reconstruction of the correspondence of the occupancy of the first grades of Ukrainian schools in 1932-1939 with the number of births in 1924-1931. Thus, in the Orativ, Tarashchansky, and Pereyaslavsky districts of the then Kyiv Region, after 1933, half or even less of 8-year-old children were admitted to school. The same picture was observed in all areas of the current Poltava Region. As in all primary schools in the Petrykivka district of the Dnipropetrovsk Region, where almost half of last year’s students of 1st-3rd grades, who continued their education from September 1, 1933, were not admitted – 1,883.This comprehensive approach to the study has made it possible to establish the loss of children, which was not less than 4 million, and the total losses in the UkrSSR, using the historical and legal method, – more than 9 million people. More than 1 million losses of Ukrainians outside the UkrSSR should be added to these victims, which is a total of more than 10 million.

El estudio se detiene en seis novelas brasileñas da década de 1930: Parque Industrial (1930), de Patrícia Galvão; Os Corumbas (1933) e Rua do siriri (1937), de Amando Fontes; Caminho de pedras (1935), de Rachel de Queiroz; A estrela sobe (1937), de Marques Rebelo e Lapa (1936), de Luís Martins – a partir de la presencia de la figuración de la mujer en la vida pública. El recorrido que parte de las promesas de emancipación culmina en la prostitución aprehende el sentido colectivo de las trayectorias individuales, signo de la inoperancia del estatuto del sujeto burgués mujer entre las disposiciones de la casa y de la calle.

The authors examined antlion types in several collections and, as a result, 44 new synonymous names were found and 8 new combinations were established. Label data of the type specimens, distribution and some taxonomical comments were published. Acanthaclisis aurora Klapálek, 1912 n. syn. of Phanoclisis longicollis (Rambur, 1842); Creoleon pallida Fraser, 1950 n. syn. of Nohoveus lepidus (Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834); Myrmeleon tschernovi Krivokhatsky, N. A., Shapoval & A. P. Shapoval, 2014 n. syn. of Myrmeleon bore (Tjeder, 1941); Myrmeleon montanus Navás, 1914 n. syn. of Myrmeleon trivialis Gerstaecker, 1885; Cueta elongata Navás, 1914 n. syn. of Cueta divisa Navás, 1912; Cueta externa Navás, 1914 n. syn. of Cueta indefinita Navás, 1914; Cueta gracilis Navás, 1924 n. syn. of Cueta indefinita Navás, 1914; Cueta simplicior Navás, 1934 n. syn. of Cueta indefinita Navás, 1914; Cueta pilosa Navás, 1934 n. syn. of Cueta indefinita Navás, 1914; Nesoleon scalaris Navás, 1912 n. syn. of Cueta pallens (Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834). "Nesoleon lepidus Klug." is a wrong combination (Banks 1913) and not extant species. Cueta dissimulata Navás, 1913 n. syn. of Cueta trivirgata (Gerstaecker, 1894); Dendroleon qiongana Yang, 2002 n. syn. of Gatzara caelestis (Krivokhatsky, 1997); Dendroleon angulineura C.-k. Yang, 1987 n. syn. of Gatzara jubilaea Navás, 1915; Myrmeleon contractus Walker, 1860 n. comb. of Layahima contracta (Walker, 1860); Layahima nebulosa Navás, 1912 n. syn. of Layahima contracta (Walker, 1860); Distoleon cubitalis (Navás, 1914) n. comb. of Banyutus cubitalis (Navás, 1914); Formicaleo feai Navás, 1915 n. syn. of Banyutus cubitalis (Navás, 1914); Cymatala pallora C.-k. Yang, 1986 n. comb. of Banyutus pallorus (C.-k. Yang, 1986) and n. syn. of Banyutus cubitalis (Navás, 1914); Creoleon maurus Navás, 1923 n. syn. of Creoleon lugdunensis (Villers, 1789); Creagris interrupta Navás, 1914 n. syn. of Creoleon mortifer (Walker, 1853); Creagris loanguana Navás, 1913 n. syn. of Creoleon mortifer (Walker, 1853); Creoleon nigritarsis Navás, 1921 n. syn. of Creoleon mortifer (Walker, 1853); Creagris venosus Navás, 1914 n. syn. of Creoleon mortifer (Walker, 1853); Neeles roscidus Navás, 1937 n. comb. of Distoleon roscidus (Navás, 1937) and n. syn. of Distoleon nefandus (Walker, 1853); Distoleon symphineurus C.-k. Yang, 1986 n. syn. of Distoleon solitarius (Hölzel, 1970); Macronemurus interruptus Kolbe, 1897 n. syn. of Distoleon sylphis (Gerstaecker, 1894); Formicaleo turbidus Navás, 1915 n. syn. of Distoleon sylphis (Gerstaecker, 1894); Formicaleo lambarenus Navás, 1921 n. syn. of Distoleon sylphis (Gerstaecker, 1894); Formicaleo gilsi Navás, 1933 n. syn. of Distoleon sylphis (Gerstaecker, 1894); Neeles muzanus Navás, 1922 n. comb. of Distoleon muzanus (Navás, 1922) and n. syn. of Distoleon sylphis (Gerstaecker, 1894); Feina languidus Navás, 1931 n. syn. of Distoleon tholloni (Navás, 1914); Neuroleon parvissimus Fraser, 1952 n. syn. of Geyria lepidula (Navás, 1912); Formicaleo dumontinus Navás, 1933 n. comb. of Macronemurus dumontinus (Navás, 1933) and n. syn. of Macronemurus appendiculatus (Latreille, 1807); Macronemurus schoutedeni Navás, 1930 n. syn. of Macronemurus loranthe Banks, 1911; Macronemurus jejunus Navás, 1912 n. syn. of Macronemurus melanthe Banks, 1911; Macronemurus ianthe Banks, 1911 n. syn. of Macronemurus perlatus (Gerstaecker, 1885); Macronemurus nuncius Navás, 1913 n. syn. of Macronemurus perlatus (Gerstaecker, 1885); Formicoleo fictus Navás, 1913 n. syn. of Macronemurus perlatus (Gerstaecker, 1885); Formicaleo neavinus Navás, 1913 n. comb. of Macronemurus neavinus (Navás, 1913) and n. syn. of Macronemurus perlatus (Gerstaecker, 1885); Macronemurus wittei Navás, 1932 n. syn. of Macronemurus perlatus (Gerstaecker, 1885); Neuroleon lukhtanovi Krivokhatsky, 1996 n. syn. of Neuroleon erato Hölzel, 1972; Neuroleon nubilus Navás, 1913 n. syn. of Neuroleon (Ganussa) tenellus (Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834); Tahulus sordidatus Navás, 1936 n. syn. of Pseudoformicaleo gracilis (Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834); Indoleon tacitus sinicus C.-k. Yang in C.-k. Yang & X.-l. Wang, 2002 n. syn. of Indoleon tacitus (Walker, 1853); Myrmeleon lagopus Gerstaecker, 1894 n. comb. of Nedroledon lagopus (Gerstaecker, 1894), Nedroledon striatus Hölzel, 1972 n. syn. of Nedroledon lagopus (Gerstaecker, 1894); Paraglenurus lotzi Miller & Stange, 1999 n. syn. of Paraglenurus pumilus Yang, 1997. 49 photographs of type specimens are presented.

Western and even Soviet publications have described the 1933 famine in the Soviet Union as “man-made” or “artificial.” The Stalinist leadership is presented as having imposed harsh procurement quotas on Ukraine and regions inhabited by other groups, such as Kuban’ Cossacks and Volga Germans, in order to suppress nationalism and to overcome opposition to collectivization. Proponents of this interpretation argue, using official Soviet statistics, that the 1932 grain harvest, especially in Ukraine, was not abnormally low and would have fed the population. Robert Conquest, for example, has referred to a Soviet study of drought to show that conditions were far better in 1932 than they were in 1936, a “non-famine year.” James Mace, the main author of a U.S. Congress investigation of the Ukraine famine, cites “post-Stalinist” statistics to show that this harvest was larger than those of 1931 or 1934 and refers to later Soviet historiography describing 1931 as a worse year than 1932 because of drought. On this basis he argues that the 1932 harvest would not have produced mass starvation.

У статті зроблено оцінку напрацювань української та зарубіжної історичної та демографічної науки щодо підрахунку жертв Голодомору-геноциду 1932–1933 років в Україні й запропонувано нові підходи в досягненні реального результату. Методика дослідження спирається на загальні наукові методи аналізу, порівняння та узагальнення. Також застосовано порівняльно-історичний, структурний і системно-функціональні методи. Уперше здійснено підрахунок жертв Голодомору- геноциду 1932–1933 років на основі виявлених офіційних даних радянської статистики про кількість населення УСРР станом на 1 січня 1932 року і розрахованої його кількости на 1 січня 1934 року. Крім того, як допоміжний метод було застосовано порівняльний аналіз кількости народжених в УСРР в 1924–1932 роках з наповненістю перших класів у 1932–1940 роках дітьми 8-річного віку (саме вони тоді вперше приходили до школи) з врахуванням коефіцієнта природних втрат у цих вікових групах. Автор доходить висновку, що з огляду на відсутність архівних документів про конкретні втрати від Голодомору-геноциду в 1932–1933 роках в Україні лише ретельний аналіз наявних первинних документів дає можливість встановити максимально наближену до реальної кількість жертв цієї трагедії нашого народу. Завдяки саме цьому вдалося встановити офіційну цифру кількости населення УСРР станом на 1 січня 1932 року і розрахувати її на 1 січня 1934 року, що дає підстави стверджувати про мінімальні втрати під час Голодомору-геноциду в 7 мільйонів осіб. Вказана цифра підтверджується і завдяки аналізові наповнености перших класів дітьми 8- річного віку, які в той час саме в такому віці вперше приходили до школи, в багатьох районах Київщини, Черкащини, Вінниччини, Полтавщини. Наприклад, у Таращанському районі Київської області, в 1928 році народилася 2.659 дитини, а 1936 року з них за парти сіли в перших класах всього 1073. Подібна картина і в селах лівобережного Переяславського району – з 3487 немовлят 1931 року до 1939 року дожили лише 1591. Якщо допустити природні втрати за нормальної ситуації навіть до 20 відсотків, то в обох випадках дитяча смертність внаслідок Голодомору мала катастрофічні наслідки: приблизно 40 відсотків від народжених у відповідні роки. Такі ж трагічні результати одержуємо, аналізуючи первинні документи Оратівського, Плисківського та Погребищенського районів Вінниччини, в абсолютній більшості шкіл Полтавщини. Враховуючи те, що в 1924–1932 роках в УСРР народилося близько 10 мільйонів дітей, їхні втрати під час Голодомору-геноциду становили мінімум 3 мільйони, а з числа школярів, народжених до 1924 року, померло тоді ще приблизно 500 тисяч. Тобто, дитяча смертність шкільного віку сягнула в 1932–1933 роках мінімум 3,5 мільйона осіб, а загальна, як і свідчили тоді німецькі дипломати, – від 7 до 10 мільйонів. Остаточний результат можна встановити після підрахунку смертей тих, хто пішов з українських сіл у пошуках хліба і помер у Росії чи Білорусі, або по дорозі до цих реґіонів – у нас досі не досліджено жодного з 837 місць масового поховання біля залізничних станцій чи річкових пристаней, ніхто не порахував тих, хто потонув у Збручі чи Дністрі, тікаючи від голоду в Польщу чи Румунію, або кого там розстріляли радянські прикордонники. Також досі не пораховано, скільки завезено в 1932–1936 роках робочої сили з інших республік, яка під час Всесоюзного перепису 1937 року вже зафіксована мешканцями УСРР.

This article analyses the evolution and geographic distribution of the rural unrest that prevailed during the years of the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1936), a period characterised by political instability and social conflict. The number of provincial strikes recorded in the forestry and agricultural industries and complied by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare constitute the primary source of the study. Based on this information, maps of the regional and provincial distribution of the agricultural unrest have been created for the republican period. The results reveal that, contrary to the traditional belief which confines the rural unrest of this period to the geographic areas of the latifundios (large estates), Spanish agriculture, in all its diversity, was hit by collective disputes. Although the areas of the latifundios were most affected by the agricultural reform of 1932, the data show that the extension of the unrest in the Spanish countryside was also the result of the refusal of the landowners to accept and apply the new republican collective bargaining agreement. The number of strikes increased during the period 1931–1933, fell between 1934 and 1935, and increased again during the months of the Popular Front (February to July 1936).

В период формирования эпических форм национальной прозы к реалистическому изображению действительности башкирская литература шла путем использования фольклора и традиций восточной литературы, с одной стороны, и путем отражения действительности в формах самой жизни. В тридцатые годы были воссозданы немало повестей на историко-революционную тему. Целью данной статьи является выявление особенностей художественного отражения процесса постепенного роста революционного сознания рабочих, показа картин борьбы угнетенных против эксплуататорского общества, различных эпизодов гражданской войны в повестях Мажита Гафури «На золотых приисках поэта» (1930), Тухфата Мурата «Шарафи беглец» (1930), Имая Насыри «Гульдар» (1932), Хасана Мухтара «Перед бурей» (1935), Башара Хасана «Пламя в степи» (1933), И. Кусяпкулова «Бурные дни» (1937) и др.

Buday Árpád (Marosgezse, 1879. január 17.– Szeged, 1937. április 7.). A kolozsvári egyetem magántanára (1911–1917), c. ny. rk. tanára (1917–1918), az Egyetemi Diákasztal és Diákotthon Felügyelő Bizottságának titkára (1904–1919). Magyarországra áttelepülve (1924-től) a Kolozsvárról Szegedre menekült egyetemen ny. r. tanára (1924–1937); közben a bölcsészkar dékánja (1931/1932. tanév), prodékánja (1932/1933. tanév). Az 1931/1932. tanévben – a nagy gazdasági világválság kirobbanását követő években – lett a szegedi egyetem Diákjóléti és Diákvédő Irodájának elnöke. A tanulmány igyekszik felvázolni „a diákvédő professzor” portréját.

In the 1939 edition of Meyers Lexikon the following item appears:Kelsen, Hans, Staatsrechtlehrer, Jude, * 11.10.1881 Prag, 1919 Prof. in Wien, 1930 in Köln, 1933 in Genf, seit 1936 in Prag, schrieb u. a. ≫Allg. Rechtslehre≪ 1925, ≫Théorie générale du droit international≪ 1932, ≫The legal process and international order≪ 1934; radikaler Vertreter der ≫Reinen Rechtslehre≪, die typischer Ausdruck jüdisch zersetzenden Geistes in der Nachkriegszeit auf dem Gebiete der Rechts- und Staatslehre ist. In der völligen Entleerung seiner allg. Formalbegriffe von jedem Wirklichkeitsgehalt leugnet K. jede Substanz des Rechts und Staats. Seine gemeinschaftszerstörenden Auffassungen stehen als polit. Nihilismus im schärfsten Gegensatz zur nat.-soz. Anschauung. Heute noch in der rechtsphilos. Logistik nachwirkend.

AbstractThis article covers the preconditions, causes, and consequences of the famine of 1921–1923 and of the Holodomor of 1932–1933. Significant attention is paid to the geography and scale of the famine. For the first time in the historiography of the famine of 1921–1923, a thorough assessment is conducted of the demographic loss of population for Ukraine as a whole, seven oblasts, and the Moldova Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). A comparative analysis of the research results of the 1921–1923 famine and the Holodomor of 1932–1933 is presented. The discussion consists of three parts. The first part addresses the famine of 1921–1923. It examines the historico-political and economic context of the famine, its scale, and its uneven effect on different parts of the country. Special attention is paid to the sanitary-epidemiological situation which was closely tied to the famine itself. The second part is devoted to the Holodomor of 1932–1933. A comparative analysis of losses during the famines of 1921–1923 and 1932–1933 is presented in the third part.

The main goal of the article is to compare the crisis of the role of the German Reichstag und Austrian Nationalrat in the early 1930’s and how the relationship parliament-government/president was influenced in that respect. We argue that the German system of emergency decrees of the President (Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution) systematically undermined the German parliament in favour of state bureaucracy and a technocratic government. In Austria, since March 4, 1933 Dollfuss coalition of the right wing of Political Catholicism with the Heimwehr implemented a degree law with the War Economy Empowering Act (KWEG) as a tool to govern without parliament. The period of the Chancellors H. Brüning (1930–1932, presidential government) and E. Dollfuss (April 1932 – March 4th, 1933, parliamentary government Dollfuss) constitute the first stage of the weakening of the parliamentary system. In the second stage in Germany since June 1932, the reactionary anti-parliamentary option of the Chancellors F. v. Papen and K. v. Schleicher (presidential dictatorship) created a power vacuum without any viable alternative. We found comparable anti-Marxism aspects of Austrian and German administrations. The difference was the final “totalitarian result” of the analysed period. In Germany the Nazis won, and Adolf Hitler was appointed German chancellor on January 30th, 1933. In contrast, Dollfuss withstood the onslaught from Austrian Nazis in the critical time 1933/1934, and established so called “Estates state”, conservative oriented dictatorship.

A brief friendship kindled in 1930s New York between the Trinidadian novelist and short-story writer of Portuguese Creole ancestry, Alfred Hubert Mendes (1897–1991) and the late modernist English author, Malcolm Lowry (1909–57), which forged a personal and literary camaraderie, revealing significant rapport reflected in the intersection of their lives. Certain important, mutually enabling parallels between their experiences, political affinities, and literary influences can assist us in making better sense of their relationship. Though Mendes was shaped by adventures in Britain and the United States, his writings were rooted in the concerns of everyday existence and in the cultural traditions of his native island of Trinidad. His realist short stories – and novels like Pitch Lake (1934) and Black Fauns (1935) – helped pioneer West Indian literature and attracted praise from Aldous Huxley. Lowry was inspired by visits to the Far East (1927), Germany (1928), Norway (1931), France (1932), Spain (1933–34), the United States (1934–36), and Mexico (1936–38 and 1945–47), where his masterpiece, Under the Volcano (1947), was set. These countries exerted a long-lasting impression on his literary imagination, which encompassed a kaleidoscopic range of influences from East and West, including esotericism. It was his trajectory toward the New World that was conducive to his acquaintance with Mendes in New York in 1936.

U radu autor obrađuje ustroj, poslovanje i likvidaciju Dioničarskog društva slavonske vicinalne željeznice u vremenskom periodu od godine 1892., kada je društvo osnovano, pa sve do godine 1933., kada je završena njegova likvidacija. Sjedište društva u Austro-Ugarskoj Monarhiji bilo je u Budimpešti, da bi se odlukom njegove izvanredne glavne skupštine od 24. svibnja 1923. premjestilo u Zagreb. Pruge društva bile su sljedeće: Osijek-Našice, Našice-Nova Kapela-Batrina, Pleternica-Požega te Požega-Velika. Navedene privatne pruge bile su u državnoj eksploataciji, odnosno upravi. Temeljem sporazuma od 7. veljače 1931., država je otkupila pruge Dioničarskog društva slavonske vicinalne željeznice pa je tako prestao i razlog njegovog postojanja. Društvo je 1932. godine ušlo u proces likvidacije, koji je završio 12. travnja 1933.

C. Y. Chao's contribution to physicists' acceptance of QED in 1933–1934 through his experiments of 1930 is analyzed. It is pointed out that Blackett and Occhialini's key suggestion of 1933 about hole theory was based on identifying Chao's "additional scattered rays" (1930) as due to pair annihilation.

Riassunto In un primo momento Coudenhouve-Kalergi concepì la „Paneuropa“ come un’unione di stati democratici. Purtuttavia tentò già nel 1923 di coinvolgervi anche il fascismo, considerandolo una potenza legittima per combattere il bolscevismo. In quanto deciso avversario del nazionalsocialismo, sperava fin dal 1933 che Mussolini avrebbe garantito l’indipendenza dell’Austria. Tra il 1933 e il 1936 propagò una „Paneuropa fascista“, ma la nascita dell’„asse“ tra l’Italia e la Germania portò a un suo – inizialmente poco convinto – distacco dal fascismo. Fino a quel momento il dittatore italiano e la diplomazia italiana avevano cercato di utilizzare i suoi contatti politici, aprendogli in cambio la possibilità di pubblicare in Italia interventi tesi a legittimare la guerra in Etiopia, a differenziare la nazione austriaca da quella tedesca, o a rifiutare la dottrina della razza dei nazionalsocialisti. La polizia segreta fascista lo considerò però sempre un incorregibile antifascista. Verso la fine del 1937 Coudenhouve-Kalergi diede alle stampe la sua opera „Stato totale – l’uomo totale“ dalle tendenze moderatamente antifasciste la cui introduzione in Italia fu proibita. Ciononostante cercò ancora nel 1938 dall’esilio svizzero – ora però invano – la collaborazione con il fascismo.

BackgroundTo examine the trends in activities of daily living (ADL) disability in older Chinese adults in Hong Kong between 2001 and 2012.MethodsUsing data from the Elderly Health Centres (EHCs) of the Department of Health comprising a total of 54 808 community-dwelling Chinese adults aged ≥65 years in 1 early cohort (1904–1917) and 10 3-year birth cohorts (1918–1920, 1921–1923, 1924–1926, 1927–1929, 1930–1932, 1933–1935, 1936–1938, 1939–1941, 1942–1944, 1945–1947), we examined trends in ADL disability by using age-period-cohort (APC) models. ADL disability was defined as being unable to perform at least 1 of 7 ADL activities (bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, feeding, grooming, walking) independently. Cross-classified random-effects logistic regressions were performed for each of the APC trends with adjustment for age, period, cohort, sociodemographic, lifestyle, comorbidity and self-rated health.ResultsThe mean age of the cohort was 70.9±4.7 (range 65–99) years. The prevalence rate of ADL disability was 1.6%. ADL disability increased with age (p<0.001) and the gradient of the increase was steeper in the older age groups. At the same age, women (1.7%) were more likely to report ADL disability than men (1.4%, p=0.001). For both genders, there was an increase in ADL disability between 2003 and 2012; adjustment for age, cohort and other covariates has diminished the trends observed among men. There was no cohort effect in ADL disability.ConclusionsADL disability in older adults has increased over the last decade. Further study is required to identify possible causes behind the disability trends.

Данная публикация представляет собой первый перевод с немецкого языка послесловия к книге Д. Бонхёффера «Nachfolge», написанного Мартином Куске и Ильзей Тёдт - издателями четвёртого тома «Dietrich Bonhöffer Werke» (второго собрания сочинений Д. Бонхёффера). В этой публикации представлены первые две части из четырёх, составляющих послесловие. В них затрагиваются следующие вопросы: ранние этические воззрения Д. Бонхёффера (1926-1929); его обращение к пацифизму, а затем к Писанию (1930-1932); исторический и политический контекст работы над черновиками «Nachfolge» (1933- 1937). Даётся краткий обзор литературных собеседников автора. Перевод дополнен нашими комментариями, которые представлены вторым уровнем сносок. This publication is the first translation from German of the afterword to D. Bonhoeffer’s book «Nachfolge» (Discipleship), written by Martin Kuske and Ilse Tödt, publishers of the fourth volume of «Dietrich Bonhöffer Werke» (the second collected works of D. Bonhoeffer). This publication presents the first two parts of the four that make up the afterword. They address the following issues: the early ethical views of D. Bonhoeffer (1926-1929); his turn to pacifism and then to Scripture (1930-1932); the historical and political context of the work on the drafts of the Nachfolge (1933-1937). A brief review of the author’s literary interlocutors is given. The translation is supplemented by our comments, which are presented by the second level of footnotes.

Розглянуто погляди відомих вчених у галузі палеонтології та їх порівняння з концепцією цього напряму науки О. О. Борисяка та його подвижницьку діяльність. Акцентовано вузлові дати його життя і діяльності. Обговорено нові аргументи щодо концепції палеозоології, яку розробляв О. О. Борисяк. Олексій Олексійович Борисяк (1872, Ромни, Полтавська губернія – 1944, Москва) – вчений-палеонтолог та геолог, академік АН СРСР (1929), лауреат Сталінської премії II ступеня (1943). Засновник та перший директор Палеозоологічного (з 1936 р. Палеонтологічного) інституту АН СРСР. Народився в родині межового інженера, який часто переїжджав у межах імперії. 1883 р. вступив у класичну прогімназію м. Брест-Литовська. 1892 р. закінчив самарську гімназію із золотою медаллю. 1896 р. закінчив Гірничий інститут у Санкт-Петербурзі. 1897–1898 рр. прослухав курс зоології у професора В. Т. Шевякова та пройшов великий біологічний практикум у М. М. Римського-Корсакова. Фактично це була друга вища освіта біологічного фаху. 1896–1932 рр. працював у Геологічному комітеті, де очолював палеонтологічний відділ. 1897–1899 рр. від Геологічного комітету здійснив геологічну зйомку північно-західної околиці Донецького кряжу. 1900 р. разом із К. К. Фохтом проводив дослідження Криму для укладання Кримського аркуша Міжнародної геологічної карти Європи. 1911– 1930 рр. професор та завідувач кафедри історичної геології Гірничого інституту, багато займався палеонтологічною колекцією у музеї інституту. 1930 р. з ініціативи О. О. Борисяка було створено Палеозоологічний інститут АН СРСР (з 1936 р. Палеонтологічний), директором якого вчений залишався до кінця життя. 1939 р. заснував кафедру палеонтології у Московському університеті. Керівник вітчизняної школи палеонтології хребетних. Основні праці присвячені вченню про фації, питанням загальної палеонтології, вивчення юрських молюсків, палеонтології хребетних. Розглядав історію Землі як єдиний закономірний процес розвитку фізико-географічних умов та органічного життя. Головний редактор журналів «Природа» (1931–1935) та «Доповіді Академії наук» (1933–1936).

O presente trabalho objetiva analisar as trajetórias políticas e os capitais familiares dos deputados federais e estaduais eleitos para as legislaturas de 1930 a 1935. O contexto analisado refere-se à Revolução de 1930. Nossa intenção é verificar de que maneira a Revolução de 1930 afetou a política paranaense e quais foram as continuidades e rupturas verificáveis nos levantamentos biográficos desses agentes políticos. A amostra de deputados abrangerá a análise do biênio de 1930-1931, cujos mandatos foram atravessados pelo Movimento de 1930 e interrompidos pelo processo revolucionário. Verificaremos se os agentes que compõe essa amostra tiveram continuidade nas carreiras políticas no decorrer da década de 1930, levantando informações de redes familiares e sociais dos quais os mesmos pertenciam. Outra parte da análise será composta pelos deputados federais eleitos para a Assembleia Nacional Constituinte, no ano de 1933 e os deputados estaduais eleitos para o exercício do mandato de 1935 a 1937, ano em que o golpe do Estado Novo fechou o poder legislativo nas esferas estadual e federal. Verificaremos quais eram as redes sociais e familiares destes agentes. A principal perspectiva teórica desse trabalho será a de Pierre Bourdieu nas suas considerações sobre o campo político e os capitais acumulados pelos seus agentes, que incluem, além dos capitais propriamente políticos, os capitais familiares, sociais, econômicos e intelectuais, que acumulam e incrementam suas posições na sociedade paranaense. Também refletiremos sobre a reprodução de posições na política por parte dos seus agentes, em momentos de inflexão política, como é o caso da Revolução de 1930.O presente trabalho objetiva analisar as trajetórias políticas e os capitais familiares dos deputados federais e estaduais eleitos para as legislaturas de 1930 a 1935. O contexto analisado refere-se à Revolução de 1930. Nossa intenção é verificar de que maneira a Revolução de 1930 afetou a política paranaense e quais foram as continuidades e rupturas verificáveis nos levantamentos biográficos desses agentes políticos. A amostra de deputados abrangerá a análise do biênio de 1930-1931, cujos mandatos foram atravessados pelo Movimento de 1930 e interrompidos pelo processo revolucionário. Verificaremos se os agentes que compõe essa amostra tiveram continuidade nas carreiras políticas no decorrer da década de 1930, levantando informações de redes familiares e sociais dos quais os mesmos pertenciam. Outra parte da análise será composta pelos deputados federais eleitos para a Assembleia Nacional Constituinte, no ano de 1933 e os deputados estaduais eleitos para o exercício do mandato de 1935 a 1937, ano em que o golpe do Estado Novo fechou o poder legislativo nas esferas estadual e federal. Verificaremos quais eram as redes sociais e familiares destes agentes. A principal perspectiva teórica desse trabalho será a de Pierre Bourdieu nas suas considerações sobre o campo político e os capitais acumulados pelos seus agentes, que incluem, além dos capitais propriamente políticos, os capitais familiares, sociais, econômicos e intelectuais, que acumulam e incrementam suas posições na sociedade paranaense. Também refletiremos sobre a reprodução de posições na política por parte dos seus agentes, em momentos de inflexão política, como é o caso da Revolução de 1930.

The paper evaluates the growth, structure, production, quality, leaf area index and dendrochronology of 100 years old Austrian pine (Pinus nigra ARNOLD) monoculture situated in the forest type group Fageto-Quercetum in the locality Horn&eacute; Lefantovce (Nitrianska Streda Forest District, Topoľčianky Forest Enterprise). Codominant trees, trees with stem of high quality, with medium-sized crown, medium dense and straight crown are the most abundant in the stand. The tree number in the stand is 1,024 trees/ha, basal area 51.75 m2/ha, growing stock 571.56 m3/ha, aboveground biomass stock 348.76 t/ha and leaf area index 21.85 ha/ha. Dendrochronological analyses examined the response in individual sample trees and minimum annual ring width was found in 1920, 1922, 1925, 1929, 1933, 1938, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1952, 1954, 1963, 1968, 1976, 1982, 1990, 1993, 1998, 2001. Marked maximum values of annual ring width in the years 1919, 1923, 1926, 1930, 1936, 1937, 1941, 1948, 1951, 1955, 1959, 1966, 1972, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1997 were found as a positive productive feature. Beginning in the year 1993, dry Austrian pine trees occurred in the stand as a result of&nbsp;the fungal infection by Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko et Sutton.

The following 13 new combinations are given: Ambrosiophilus osumiensis (Murayama, 1934), Ancipitis machili (Niisima, 1910), Cyclorhipidion bispinum (Nobuchi, 1981), Cyclorhipidion japonicum (Nobuchi, 1981), Cyclorhipidion laetum (Niisima, 1909), Cyclorhipidion misatoense (Nobuchi, 1981), Cyclorhipidion miyazakiense (Murayama, 1936), Cyclorhipidion okinosenense (Murayama, 1961), Cyclorhipidion takinoyense (Murayama, 1953), Debus defensus (Blandford, 1894), Immanus permarginatus (Schedl, 1933), Microperus calamoides (Murayama, 1934), Microperus quercicola (Eggers, 1926), all originally described in Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864. The following 24 new synonyms are proposed: Ambrosiophilus atratus (Eichhoff, 1876) (=Xyleborus collis Niisima, 1910 syn. n.); Ambrosiophilus osumiensis (Murayama, 1934) (=Xyleborus metanepotulus Eggers, 1939 syn. n.); Ancipitis machili (Niisima, 1910) (=Xyleborus depressus Eggers, 1923 syn. n.; = Xyleborus kojimai Murayama, 1936 syn. n.); Anisandrus dispar (Fabricius, 1792) (=Xyleborus ishidai Niisima, 1909 syn. n.); Cnestus aterrimus (Eggers, 1927) (=Cnestus maculatus Browne, 1983 syn. n.; = Cnestus murayamai Schedl, 1962 syn. n.; = Cnestus murayamai Browne, 1963 syn. n.; = Tosaxyleborus pallidipennis Murayama, 1950. syn. n.); Cyclorhipidion miyazakiense (Murayama, 1936) (=Xyleborus armipennis Schedl, 1953 syn. n.; = Xyleborus wakayamensis Nobuchi, 1981 syn. n.); Microperus kadoyamaensis (Murayama, 1934) (=Xyleborus nameranus Murayama, 1954 syn. n.); Microperus quercicola (Eggers, 1926) (=Xyleborus izuensis Murayama, 1952 syn. n.); Planiculus bicolor (Blandford, 1894) (=Xyleborus ashuensis Murayama, 1954 syn. n.); Xyleborinus attenuatus (Blandford, 1894) (=Xyleborinus canus Niisima, 1909 syn. n.); Xyleborinus schaufussi (Blandford, 1894) (=Xyleborus kraunhiae Niisima, 1910 syn. n.); Xyleborus festivus Eichhoff, 1876 (=Xyleborus detectus Schedl, 1975a syn. n.; = Xyleborus pinicola Eggers, 1930 syn. n.; = Xyleborus pinivorus Browne, 1980 syn. n.); Xyleborus metacuneolus Eggers, 1940 (= Xyleborus kaimochii Nobuchi, 1981 syn. n.); Xyleborus perforans (Wollaston, 1857) (=Xyleborus shionomisakiensis Murayama, 1951 syn. n.); Xyleborus pfeilii (Ratzeburg, 1837) (=Xyleborus septentrionalis Niisima 1909 syn. n.); Xyleborus seriatus Blandford, 1894 (=Xyleborus todo Kono, 1938 syn. n.); Xylosandrus brevis (Eichhoff, 1877) (=Xyleborus montanus Niisima, 1910 syn. n.). Arixyleborus yakushimanus (Murayama, 1958) is removed from synonymy with A. malayensis (Schedl, 1954). The types of Xyleborus nagaoensis Murayama, 1934, and X. ohtoensis Nobuchi, 1981 were examined and are confirmed to be correctly placed in Xyleborus. Lectotypes are designated for Xyleborus ishidai Niisima, 1909, and Xyleborus septentrionalis Niisima, 1909.

En marcado contraste con las experiencias de Estados Unidos, Alemania o Gran Bretaña, hay numerosos indicios de la superficialidad de la recesión económica española en los años treinta. Recientemente, la revisión de las estimaciones de la Renta Nacional, efectuada por Julio Alcaide, mostró la sostenida tendencia al alza de la economía española entre 1929 y 1935, excepto por pequeños descensos en 1930, 1933 y 1935. En conjunto, según las cifras proporcionadas por Alcaide, la Renta Nacional, en pesetas constantes de 1964, creció en un 9,7 por 100 en estos siete años. Sin embargo, como Juan Hernández Andreu nos recuerda en su último libro, el número de parados al sus de los Pirineos se elevó hasta alcanzar la cifra de 801.322 en junio de 1936, por lo que no se puede poner en duda que al Gobierno del Frente Popular le fue tan mal en este aspecto como al de Hoover en sus últimos meses, a la República de Weimar o al segundo Gobierno laborista de MacDonald, en Gran Bretaña. Si aceptamos los datos de la Sociedad de Naciones sobre la producción industrial, los índices mundiales (excluyendo a la Unión Soviética) cayeron en un 37 por 100, los de Norteamérica en un 45 por 100 y los de la Europa no comunista en un 29 por 100, entre 1929 y 1932. España, por su parte, alcanzó el punto más bajo de su producción industrial en 1933, con un 15 por 100 por debajo del nivel de 1929.

The Holodomor of 1932–1933 is the genocide of the Ukrainian people. It became an effective instrument of the Stalinist totalitarian regime policy aimed at humiliating of Ukrainians. The extermination of Ukrainian peasants by the famine of 1933 was accompanied by mass repression of the Ukrainian elite, the cessation of the "Ukrainization" policy and the return to the traditional policy of Russification of Ukraine. The largest demographic losses from the Holodomor of 1932–1933, together with the Kyiv region, experienced also the Kharkiv region. On the basis of the analysis of statistical materials of the census of 1926 and 1937, an intensive reduction of the population of the Krasnokutsk district of the Kharkiv region was revealed. As a result of the Holodomor of 1932–1933, the district lost almost a third of its population. On the place of the extinct Ukrainians, the Stalinist regime settled the migrants, first of all, Russians from the Central Black-Earth region of Russia. Therefore, the immediate human losses because of the Holodomor in the Krasnokutsk region were even greater, because the 1937 census took into account not only the population that survived in this demographic catastrophe, but also the recent migrants. The Holodomor of 1932–1933 in the Krasnokutsk district, like in the other rural areas of the Ukrainian SSR, became a genocide of Ukrainian people. According to the census of 1926 the proportion of Ukrainians constituted 99% of the total population of the Krasnokutst District. But the "dry" statistics of the demographic losses of Ukraine from the Holodomor of 1932–1933 shows the tragic fates of millions of Ukrainian peasants when the whole families were destroyed and the consequences were reflected in subsequent generations.

Resumo Como interpretar o Código Eleitoral de 1932? Ele introduziu medidas consideradas fundamentais para ampliar a participação política e viabilizar a eleição das oposições, adotando voto secreto, representação proporcional, voto feminino, voto obrigatório e Justiça Eleitoral. A literatura costuma apontar o Código como um progresso das instituições brasileiras rumo à democracia. Esse artigo propõe uma interpretação alternativa. Analisando o contexto da concepção dessas regras e o impacto delas nas eleições de 1933 e 1934, argumentamos que o Código Eleitoral de 1932 atendeu aos interesses do governo autoritário que buscava legitimar a Revolução de 1930 nas urnas.

The discussion of the rationalization wave in German industry (1924–1929) still lacks proper industry-level estimates of the rate of technological progress. To close part of this gap, this article investigates total factor productivity (TFP) growth in hard coal mining over the extended period 1913–1938. Stochastic Frontier Analysis is applied to a sample of firms from the Ruhr coal district. TFP grew positively overall and specifically from 1924–1929. Surprisingly, however, TFP growth was even faster from 1933–1938, suggesting that the Nazi economy heavily capitalized on the Weimar rationalization movement, the effects of which are usually not traced beyond 1932.

This study is a contribution to the knowledge of the thysanopterofauna of southern Brazil. From June 2003 to April 2004, seasonal field trips were conducted at the Parque Estadual de Itapuã (50º50'-51º05'W and 30º20'-30º27'S), in the county of Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, to collect shoots with/without flowers of various plant species. The material was brought to the laboratory where the thrips were sorted. A total of 23 thrips species belonging to 15 genera and two families were obtained. Nine of the species resulted as new record for Rio Grande do Sul (*), and other two also for Brazil (**). The species sampled are as follows: Aneristothrips claripennis (Moulton, 1933)*, Aurantothrips orchidearum (Bondar, 1931)*, Ceratothripoides lagoenacollus (Moulton, 1933)*, Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton, 1907)*, Chaetisothrips striatus (Hood, 1935), Coremothrips pallidus Hood, 1925*, Craniothrips urichi Bagnall, 1915, Frankliniella bertelsi (De Santis, 1967), Frankliniella distinguenda Bagnall*, 1919, Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton, 1948*, Frankliniella gemina Bagnall, 1919, Frankliniella insularis (Franklin, 1908), Frankliniella oxyura Bagnall, 1919*, Frankliniella rodeos Moulton, 1933, Haplothrips fiebrigi Priesner, 1931, Hoodothrips lineatus (Hood, 1928), Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford, 1910), Neohydatothrips denigratus (De Santis, 1966)**, Neohydatothrips fasciatus (Moulton, 1938)*, Neohydatothrips flavens (Moulton, 1941), Paraleucothrips minusculus Johansen, 1983**, Smicrothrips particula Hood, 1952, Thrips australis (Bagnall, 1915).

This article is conceived as a contribution to the study and understanding of modern architecture in Serbia and Yugoslavia in the period between the two world wars. The subject of this study is the architectural practice of architect Milan Zloković, one of the most important actors of architectural modernism in the forthcoming period. The focus of research is Zloković work on the design and implementation of public buildings with emphasis on the four objects: Hotel "Žiča" in Mataruška Banja (1931-1932), Building Children's University Clinic in Belgrade (1933-1936/1940), Building Elementary School in Jagodina (1937-1940) and FIAT Automobile Building Service in Belgrade (1939-1940). This phase of Milan Zloković practise is distinguished by authentic character of the author in the study of geometric forms, proportional analysis, applied materials and construction, all in new forms of organization of space in the spirit of modern architecture postulates.

The article is devoted to the so-called Korean problem in the Soviet Union and ways to find ways to solve it. The Bolsheviks inherited from the Russian Empire the unresolved issue of active settlement of the Far East by Koreans. The migration from Japanese Korea was massive and uncontrolled. Unlike the Chinese, who settled all over the Soviet Union, Koreans settled compactly in the far eastern region. According to the 1937 census, the diaspora in the USSR numbered about 200,000 people. Since the 1920s, the Bolshevik government has attempted to solve the Korean question in the country, including repression of the diaspora. However, the Bolsheviks resorted to drastic and decisive measures in the 1930s. At this time, persecution of the Korean population increased. The main reason for persecution was the desire of the Bolshevik government to rid the country of «unreliable» and «dangerous» elements. The repression of Koreans in the 1930s can be divided into two stages. The first stage covers the period from the beginning of the new decade to the summer of 1937. This period is characterized by sporadic arrests of the Korean population, with the peak of persecution being in 1931- 1932 due to the occupation of Manchuria by Japan and, consequently, a new wave of the Korean population emerged in the Soviet Far East. The Japanese military threat was the main reason for the Bolshevik government to look for foreign spies and agents in the USSR, and the population living in territories occupied by Japan and ending up in the Soviet Union were charged with Japanese espionage. The Koreans therefore became a category of the so-called fifth column. The targeted repressions in the first half of the 1930s were replaced by mass punitive actions in the second half of the 1930s, which reached their peak in 1937-1938. The repression of Koreans in 1937- 1938 comprised conditionally two punitive campaigns. The first campaign was the deportation of far eastern Koreans to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The second was the arrests and convictions of the Korean population during the period of the Great Terror as part of the mass operations of the NKVD (The People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs ), particularly the «Harbin» operation. Before 1937-1938, arrests and convictions of Koreans ranged in the hundreds. Thus, for example, in 1933 213 persons were convicted of espionage, in 1934 - 104, in 1935 - 200. During the period of the Big Terror only under the order No.00593 there were convicted about 5 thousand Koreans.

A fully annotated catalog of genus- and species-group names of Neotropical Lauxaniidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) is presented, providing details of references to these names in literature, and providing additional details such as distributions, generic combinations, synonymies, misspellings and emendations, information on types, notes on unusual situations, etc. As this catalog is meant to supplement the older Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico, to complete the cataloging of the New World Lauxaniidae, “Neotropical” is herein inclusive of everything south of the United States, and the Nearctic parts of Mexico are not separately distinguished. The catalog is organized alphabetically within each of the three lauxaniid subfamilies, Eurychoromyiinae, Homoneurinae and Lauxaniinae, treating 91 available genus-group names, of which 77 represent valid genera. In the species-group, the catalog treats 441 available species-group names, of which 391 represent valid Neotropical lauxaniid species, 39 are invalid, three are valid but extralimital lauxaniids, five are valid but removed from Lauxaniidae, and two are new replacement names for two homonyms outside Lauxaniidae. The following nine new genera are described, based on previously described species: Elipolambda Gaimari & Silva (type species, Sapromyza lopesi Shewell, 1989), Griphoneuromima Silva & Gaimari (type species, Sapromyza frontalis Macquart, 1844b), Meraina Silva & Gaimari (type species, Lauxania ferdinandi Frey, 1919), Myzaprosa Gaimari & Silva (type species, Myzaprosa mallochi Gaimari & Silva), Paradeceia Silva & Gaimari (type species, Sapromyza sororia Williston, 1896b), Pseudodeceia Silva & Gaimari (type species, Lauxania leptoptera Frey, 1919), Sericominettia Gaimari & Silva (type species, Minettia argentiventris Malloch, 1928), Zamyprosa Gaimari & Silva (type species, Sapromyza semiatra Malloch, 1933), and Zargopsinettia Gaimari & Silva (type species, Minettia verticalis Malloch, 1928). The following four new replacement names in the species-group replace junior homonyms: Myzaprosa mallochi Gaimari & Silva (for Sapromyza spinigera Malloch, 1933, nec Malloch, 1925), Pseudogriphoneura mallochi Silva & Gaimari (for Minettia infuscata Malloch, 1928, nec Sciomyza infuscata Wulp, 1897), Xenochaetina hendeli Silva & Gaimari (for Allogriphoneura robusta Hendel, 1936, nec Helomyza robusta Walker, 1858), Zamyprosa macquarti Gaimari & Silva (for Sciomyza nigripes Blanchard, 1854, nec Sapromyza nigripes Macquart, 1844). The following six genus-group names are new synonyms: Allogriphoneura Hendel, 1925 (= Xenochaetina Malloch, 1923), Bacilloflagellomera Papp & Silva, 1995 (= Stenolauxania Malloch, 1926), Haakonia Curran, 1942 (= Xenochaetina Malloch, 1923), Homoeominettia Broadhead, 1989 (= Allominettia Hendel, 1925), Paraphysoclypeus Papp & Silva, 1995 (= Physoclypeus Hendel, 1907), Tibiominettia Hendel, 1936 (= Allominettia Hendel, 1925). The following 12 species-group names are new synonyms: Chaetocoelia banksi Curran, 1942 (= Chaetocoelia excepta (Walker, 1853)), Chaetocoelia tripunctata Malloch, 1926 (= Chaetocoelia excepta (Walker, 1853)), Minettia semifulva Malloch, 1933 (= Zamyprosa nigriventris (Blanchard, 1854)), Pseudogriphoneura scutellata Curran, 1934a (= Xenochaetina porcaria (Fabricius, 1805)), Sapromyza apta Walker, 1861 (= Chaetominettia mactans (Fabricius, 1787)), Sapromyza brasiliensis Walker, 1853 (= Chaetominettia corollae (Fabricius, 1805)), Sapromyza semiatra subsp. remissa Malloch, 1933 (= Zamyprosa semiatra (Malloch, 1933)), Sapromyza sordida Williston, 1896b (= Neogriphoneura sordida (Wiedemann, 1830)), Setulina geminata subsp. quadripunctata Malloch, 1941, subsp. tripunctata Malloch, 1941 & subsp. verticalis Malloch, 1941 (= Setulina geminata (Fabricius, 1805)), Tibiominettia setitibia Hendel, 1932 (= Allominettia assimilis (Malloch, 1926)). The following 96 lauxaniid species-group names are in new combinations: Allominettia approximata (Malloch, 1928; Deutominettia Hendel, 1925), Allominettia assimilis (Malloch, 1926; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Allominettia rubescens (Macquart, 1844b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Allominettia woldae (Broadhead, 1989; Homoeominettia Broadhead, 1989), Camptoprosopella sigma (Hendel, 1910; Procrita Hendel, 1908), Camptoprosopella verena (Becker, 1919; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Dryosapromyza pirioni (Malloch, 1933; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Elipolambda duodecimvittata (Frey, 1919; Lauxania Latreille, 1804), Elipolambda lopesi (Shewell, 1989; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Elipolambda picrula (Williston, 1897; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Griphoneuromima frontalis (Macquart, 1844b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Homoneura maculipennis (Loew, 1847; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Lauxanostegana albispina (Albuquerque, 1959; Steganopsis Meijere 1910), Marmarodeceia claripennis (Curran, 1934a; Pseudogriphoneura Hendel, 1907), Melanomyza nigerrima (Becker, 1919; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Meraina ferdinandi (Frey, 1919; Lauxania Latreille, 1804), Minettia altera (Curran, 1942; Pseudogriphoneura Hendel, 1907), Minettia duplicata (Lynch Arribálzaga, 1893; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Minettia lateritia (Rondani, 1863; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Minettia lupulinoides (Williston, 1897; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Minettia pallens (Blanchard, 1854; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Minettia remota (Thomson, 1869; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Minettia setosa (Thomson, 1869; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Myzaprosa chiloensis (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Myzaprosa emmesa (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Myzaprosa triloba (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Neodecia albovittata (Loew, 1862; Lauxania Latreille, 1804), Neodecia bivittata (Curran, 1928b; Pseudogriphoneura Hendel, 1907), Neodecia flavipennis (Curran, 1928b; Pseudogriphoneura Hendel, 1907), Neodecia vittifacies (Curran, 1931; Pseudogriphoneura Hendel, 1907), Neominettia eronis (Curran, 1934a; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Neominettia lebasii (Macquart, 1844b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Neominettia melanaspis (Wiedemann, 1830; Sciomyza Fallén, 1820d), Neoxangelina congruens (Hendel, 1910; Physegenua Macquart, 1848a/b), Neoxangelina facialis (Wiedemann, 1830; Sciomyza Fallén, 1820d), Neoxangelina flavipes (Hendel, 1926; Physegenua Macquart, 1848a/b), Paracestrotus albipes (Fabricius, 1805; Scatophaga Fabricius, 1805), Paradeceia incidens (Curran, 1934a; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Paradeceia shannoni (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Paradeceia sororia (Williston, 1896b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Physegenua annulata (Macquart, 1844b; Ephydra Fallén, 1810), Physoclypeus nigropleura (Papp & Silva, 1995; Paraphysoclypeus Papp & Silva, 1995), Poecilohetaerus suavis (Loew, 1847; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilolycia blanchardi (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilolycia lineatocollis (Blanchard, 1854; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilominettia aibonito (Curran, 1926; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Poecilominettia bipunctata (Say, 1829; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilominettia evittata (Malloch, 1926; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Poecilominettia mona (Curran, 1926; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Poecilominettia nigropunctata (Malloch, 1928; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Poecilominettia plantaris (Thomson, 1869; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilominettia quichuana (Brèthes, 1922; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilominettia schwarzi (Malloch, 1928; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilominettia sonax (Giglio-Tos, 1893; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilominettia thomsonii (Lynch-Arribálzaga, 1893; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilominettia triseriata (Coquillett, 1904a; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Pseudocalliope albomarginata (Malloch, 1933; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Pseudodeceia leptoptera (Frey, 1919; Lauxania Latreille, 1804), Pseudogriphoneura albipes (Wiedemann, 1830; Lauxania Latreille, 1804), Pseudominettia argyrostoma (Wiedemann, 1830; Lauxania Latreille, 1804), Ritaemyia unifasciata (Macquart, 1835; Tephritis Latreille, 1804), Sciosapromyza fuscinervis (Malloch, 1926; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Sciosapromyza limbinerva (Rondani, 1848; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Sciosapromyza scropharia (Fabricius, 1805; Scatophaga Fabricius, 1805), Scutominettia guyanensis (Macquart, 1844b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Sericominettia argentiventris (Malloch, 1928; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Sericominettia aries (Curran, 1942; Pseudogriphoneura Hendel, 1907), Sericominettia holosericea (Fabricius, 1805; Scatophaga Fabricius, 1805), Sericominettia nigra (Curran, 1934a; Pseudogriphoneura Hendel, 1907), Sericominettia velutina (Walker, 1853; Helomyza Fallén, 1820a), Stenolauxania flava (Silva, 1999a; Bacilloflagellomera Papp & Silva, 1995), Stenolauxania fusca (Silva, 1999a; Bacilloflagellomera Papp & Silva, 1995), Stenolauxania longicornus (Silva, 1999a; Bacilloflagellomera Papp & Silva, 1995), Stenolauxania nigrifemuris (Silva, 1999a; Bacilloflagellomera Papp & Silva, 1995), Stenolauxania pectinicornis (Papp & Silva, 1995; Bacilloflagellomera Papp & Silva, 1995), Trivialia nigrifrontata (Becker, 1919; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Trivialia scutellaris (Williston, 1896b; Phortica Schiner, 1862), Trivialia venusta (Williston, 1896b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Xenochaetina annuliventris (Hendel, 1926; Allogriphoneura Hendel, 1925), Xenochaetina glabella (Becker, 1895; Lauxania Latreille, 1804), Xenochaetina nigra (Williston, 1896b; Physegenua Macquart, 1848a/b), Xenochaetina phacosoma (Hendel, 1926; Allogriphoneura Hendel, 1925), Xenochaetina porcaria (Fabricius, 1805; Scatophaga Fabricius, 1805), Xenochaetina robusta (Walker, 1858; Helomyza Fallén, 1820a), Zamyprosa dichroa (Malloch, 1933; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Zamyprosa edwardsi (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Zamyprosa ferruginea (Macquart, 1844b; Opomyza Fallén, 1820b), Zamyprosa fulvescens (Blanchard, 1854; Sciomyza Fallén, 1820d), Zamyprosa fulvicornis (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Zamyprosa micropyga (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Zamyprosa nigripes (Macquart, 1844b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Zamyprosa nigriventris (Blanchard, 1854; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Zamyprosa parvula (Blanchard, 1854; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Zamyprosa semiatra (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Zamyprosa seminigra (Malloch, 1933; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Zargopsinettia verticalis (Malloch, 1928; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830). The following 42 species have lectotype designations herein: Allogriphoneura nigromaculata Hendel, 1925 (synonym of Xenochaetina porcaria (Fabricius, 1805)), Allogriphoneura robusta Hendel, 1936 (= Xenochaetina hendeli Silva & Gaimari), Allominettia maculifrons Hendel, 1925 (synonym of Allominettia xanthiceps (Williston, 1897)), Blepharolauxania trichocera Hendel, 1925, Chaetocoelia palans Giglio-Tos, 1893, Euminettia zuercheri Hendel, 1933b (Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Griphoneura triangulata Hendel, 1926, Lauxania albovittata Loew, 1862 (Neodecia Malloch, in Malloch & McAtee, 1924), Lauxania imbuta Wiedemann, 1830 (Griphoneura Schiner, 1868), Lauxania lutea Wiedemann, 1830 (Neominettia Hendel, 1925), Lauxania ruficornis Macquart, 1851a (synonym of Xenochaetina flavipennis (Fabricius, 1805)), Neominettia fumosa Hendel, 1926 (synonym of Neominettia costalis (Fabricius, 1805)), Physegenua ferruginea Schiner, 1868, Physegenua vittata Macquart, 1848a/b, Pseudogriphoneura cormoptera Hendel, 1907, Sapromyza angustipennis Williston, 1896b (Chaetocoelia Giglio-Tos, 1893), Sapromyza distinctissima Schiner, 1868 (Chaetocoelia Giglio-Tos, 1893), Sapromyza exul Williston, 1896b (Neodecia Malloch, in Malloch & McAtee, 1924), Sapromyza gigas Schiner, 1868 (Dryosapromyza Hendel, 1933a), Sapromyza ingrata Williston, 1896b (Poecilominettia Hendel, 1932), Sapromyza latelimbata Macquart, 1855a (synonym of Chaetominettia corollae (Fabricius, 1805)), Sapromyza lineatocollis Blanchard, 1854 (Poecilolycia Shewell, 1986), Sapromyza longipennis Blanchard, 1854 (= Minettia duplicata (Lynch Arribálzaga, 1893)), Sapromyza nigerrima Becker, 1919 (Melanomyza Malloch, 1923), Sapromyza nigriventris Blanchard, 1854 (Zamyprosa Gaimari & Silva), Sapromyza octovittata Williston, 1896b (Poecilominettia Hendel, 1932), Sapromyza ornata Schiner, 1868 (Neoxangelina Hendel, 1933a), Sapromyza pallens Blanchard, 1854 (Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Sapromyza parvula Blanchard, 1854 (Zamyprosa Gaimari & Silva), Sapromyza picrula Williston, 1897 (Elipolambda), Sapromyza puella Williston, 1896b (Trivialia Malloch, 1923), Sapromyza sororia Williston, 1896b (Paradeceia Silva & Gaimari), Sapromyza venusta Williston, 1896b (Trivialia Malloch, 1923), Sapromyza xanthiceps Williston, 1897 (Allominettia Hendel, 1925), Scatophaga scropharia Fabricius, 1805 (Sciosapromyza Hendel, 1933a), Sciomyza fulvescens Blanchard, 1854 (Zamyprosa Gaimari & Silva), Sciomyza melanaspis Wiedemann, 1830 (Neominettia Hendel, 1925), Sciomyza nigripes Blanchard, 1854 (= Zamyprosa macquarti Gaimari & Silva), Sciomyza obscuripennis Bigot, 1857 (Physegenua Macquart, 1848a/b), Scutolauxania piloscutellaris Hendel, 1925, Trigonometopus albifrons Knab, 1914, Trigonometopus rotundicornis Williston, 1896b. The following three species are removed from being recognized as part of the Neotropical fauna: Homoneura americana (Wiedemann, 1830; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Homoneura maculipennis (Loew, 1847; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilohetaerus suavis (Loew, 1847; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810). The following four species are removed from the family, three of which are put into the following new combinations: Senopterina cyanea (Fabricius, 1805; Lauxania Latreille, 1804) (Platystomatidae), Dihoplopyga delicatula (Blanchard, 1854; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810) (Heleomyzidae), Pherbellia geniculata (Macquart, 1844b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810) (Sciomyzidae). The remaining species, Sapromyza fuscipes Macquart, 1844b, is of uncertain family placement within the Muscoidea. The following new replacement names for species of Platystomatidae were necessary due to homonymy: Senopterina gigliotosi Gaimari & Silva (for Bricinniella cyanea Giglio-Tos, 1893, nec Lauxania cyanea Fabricius, 1805), and Rivellia macquarti Gaimari & Silva (for Tephritis unifasciata Macquart, 1843: 381, nec Macquart, 1835: 465).

У статті досліджуються китайсько-радянські відносини у 20-30-х рр. ХХ ст. Встановлено, що на початку жовтня 1924 р. у Мукдені відбулася угода між манчжурським генералом Чжан-Цзо-Ліном та представниками СРСР щодо Східно-Китайської залізниці, яке передавалося під контроль СРСР. 8 жовтня 1924 р. Китай офіційно визнав СРСР і встановив з ним дипломатичні відносини. Після 1924 р. Китай майже не мав ніяких дипломатичних і економічних зносин з Радянським Союзом. Однак, у 20-х рр. ХХ ст. на території Китаю розповсюдився комуністичний рух, який відкрито виступав проти офіційної китайської влади. З огляду на це, у 1931 р. розпочався похід військ Чан Кайші проти комуністичних загонів та контрольованих ними територій. Японська агресія за таких умов мала всі шанси на успіх. Квантунська армія Японії знаходилася в районі Південно-Маньчжурської залізниці і займалася її охороною, що полегшувало Японії ведення бойових дій у Китаї. 18 вересня 1931 р. скориставшись провокацією проти цієї дороги, Японія почала активні бойові дії на півночі Китаю. Протягом кількох днів японські війська захопили головні міста та залізничні вузли північного сходу Китаю. Похід завершився окупацію китайських провінцій Ляонін, Гірін та Хейлунцзян, японська адміністрація в березні 1932 р. створила на їх території маріонеткову державу Маньчжоу-го. У 1931-1932 роках Японія продовжувала активні бойові дії в Китаї. На початку 1933 р. японські війська зайняли провінцію Жехе і підійшли до Пекіна. В березні 1933 р. Японія вийшла з Ліги Націй, що полегшило її дипломатичні маневри із захоплення території Китаю. У 1935 р. була захоплена провінція Чахар і вівся наступ на провінцію Суйюань. Погіршилися і радянсько-китайські відносини у 1936 р., коли китайський уряд спрямував до радянського посольства протест проти пакту між СССР та Монголією, що номінально належить до Китаю; тому радянсько-монгольський договір порушував суверенність Китаю та китайсько-радянський договір 1926 р. У 1936 р. у Китаї відбувся комуністичний переворот, коли маршал Чангсуеліянг, вождь протикомуністичного фронту, арештував начального вождя китайських військ і фактичного диктатора Китаю Чаігкайшека. Однак, з наступом Японії і коли японські війська майже підійшли до Шанхаю, радянсько-китайські відносини значно потеплішали. Аби зробити СРСР нейтральною державою та задля запобіганню загрози з його боку, 21 серпня1937 р. Китай підписав з СССР договір про ненапад.

This article traces an intricate relationship between Mahatma Gandhi’s call for Civil Disobedience (1930–1933) and the global economic slump of the 1920s experienced by Britain and colonial India. I argue that the economic hardships faced by Indians (particularly the peasant classes) forced Gandhi to revisit his sociopolitical approach to India’s nationalist movement. Despite the chronological overlap of the Great Depression (1929–1931) with Gandhi’s Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–1933), the relation between these two major events has not been adequately explored in recent scholarship. I propose to contextualize the changes in Gandhi’s economic ideas and political strategy (often against contending ideological trends) leading to his defence of Indian peasant interests during the Gandhi–Irwin Pact and the Second Round Table Conference. Gandhi’s increasing awareness of the economic crises and Britain’s severe opposition to granting financial autonomy to India pushed Gandhi in the direction of charting a new path for economic self-reliance. This, I suggest, resulted in his nation-wide popular movement for reviving the Indian village economy in the form of the ‘Constructive Programme’ (1934–1948) in subsequent years.

Цель. Целью данной статьи является изучение влияния голода 1932–1933 гг. на изменение численности населения Южного Урала.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования составляют историко-сравнительный, историко-системный, а также методы критического анализа, с помощью которых был изучен ряд исторических источников – статистические отчеты, докладные записки, специальные справки, которые содержат информацию о рассматриваемых событиях.Результаты. Голод 1932–1933 гг. нанес отпечаток на несколько поколений людей, став причиной роста смертности среди населения Южного Урала. Автором доказано, что качество учета рождаемости и смертности того времени содержало ряд погрешностей. Это было связано с наличием территорий, где отсутствовали органы ЗАГС, а население не привыкло к регистрации рождений, смертей или браков в новой советской форме. Таким образом, вводя в оборот данные о естественном и механическом приросте за 1930-е гг., важно принимать во внимание все недочеты. Автор приходит к выводу, что наиболее высокий уровень смертности наблюдается среди детей до одного года, затем, чем больше возраст, тем меньше риск смерти. Динамика смертности по областям Южного Урала подробно представлена в численных и процентных показателях. Среди населения Южного Урала в 1930-е гг. самый высокий процент смертности наблюдается среди сельчан, что объясняется трудностями сельского уклада жизни, преобладанием в этот период аграрного сектора над индустриальным.В результате исследования установлена специфика голода на разных территориях. В некоторых областях Южного Урала временные рамки голода выходили за общепринятые локально или эпизодически.Важность изучения голода 1932–1933 гг. обусловлена еще и попыткой современной Украины представить эту трагедию, как политику геноцида. Автор придерживается точки зрения ряда отечественных историков о всеобщность трагедии голода 1932–1933 гг. без национальной специфики. Изучение региональной истории и специфики голода 1932–1933 гг. позволяет говорить о его всеобщности.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в сфере социальной поддержки населения, при решении современных проблем демографии, в процессе преподавания истории.

RESUMO: A Jurema e o Catimbó, religiões inicialmente presentes no norte e nordeste brasileiro, embora atualmente já se mostrem transnacionalizadas, não receberam a mesma atenção dos autores pioneiros mais conhecidos do campo de estudos afro-brasileiros, como Nina Rodrigues (1900, 1932), Artur Ramos (1934, 1935), Edison Carneiro (1937, 1948) e Roger Bastide (1945). Devido à concentração dos estudos na tradição jeje-nagô, o interesse pelo Catimbó/Jurema se mostrou ainda mais tardio se comparado às demais religiões afro-brasileiras, pois os primeiros estudos apareceram somente nos anos 30, com autores que se encontravam fora da linhagem denominada de “estudos africanistas”, como Mario de Andrade (1933), um dos grandes nomes do Modernismo brasileiro. A partir do exposto, este trabalho tem como objetivo recuperar, fazer um mapeamento, e analisar os olhares dos autores pioneiros sobre a Jurema e o Catimbó, com intuito de contribuir no preenchimento de uma das lacunas deste campo de estudos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Jurema; Catimbó; autores pioneiros.

The displays of particular artistic associations in the Municipal Museum in Bydgoszcz between 1930 and 1936 are being discussed. The history of Pomeranian artistic associations is not a well-known subject, and no dedicated monographs have been written to date. It appears commonly in the history of the regional chapter of the Polish Association of Visual Artists (Związek Polskich Artystów Plastyków) located in Bydgoszcz. The basic sources include the Archive of the Leon Wyczółkowski District Museum in Bydgoszcz and information contained in Polish press of the period in question. There were two main goals to be achieved for the Pomeranian artists: while aspiring to equal the art represented by more important artistic centres of the country, to show a close connection with their own region and its Polish heritage. During the interwar period, a number of artistic organisations appeared in Bydgoszcz. The most significant were the local branch of the Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts (Towarzystwo Zachęty Sztuk Pięknych), established in September 1921, and the Artistic and Cultural Council (Rada Artystyczno-Kulturalna), founded in December 1934. The first exhibition of the Pomeranian Association of Visual Artists (Związek Plastyków Pomorskich) was opened in December 1930 as a summary of the Association’s achievements of that year. It comprised 92 works by 15 artists. Subsequent exhibitions in December 1931 and December 1932 served a similar purpose. The turning point in the history of Pomeranian artistic associations took place in 1933 when – as a result of an internal conflict – the Group of Pomeranian Visual Artists (Grupa Plastyków Pomorskich) was formed. The Group quickly became the leading artistic force of the region, with their first exhibition opening in December 1933. The 4th annual exhibition of the Group of Pomeranian Visual Artists took place in December 1934, simultaneously with the founding of the Artistic and Cultural Council (Rada Artystyczno-Kulturalna) in Bydgoszcz. The Council coordinated, implemented, and documented artistic movements in specially dedicated sections for literature, music, visual arts and radio, quickly becoming an intermediary between artists and their audience. Tanks to their efforts, the first Salon Bydgoski exhibition was organised in 1936. That very year the Group of Pomeranian Visual Artists changed their name to the Group of Visual Artists of Bydgoszcz. Both organizations lacked a well-defined artistic programme, whereas their members were mainly connected for non-artistic motivations, such as the possibility to exhibit their works in well-known institutions or prestige. All of the discussed displays were widely covered in the local press, especially by Henryk Kuminek and Marian Turwid, two leading art critics of the region.

The Haliplidae of the Nearctic region are revised. The generic and subgeneric division as proposed by Vondel is accepted here. The subgenus Paraliaphlus Guignot, 1930 is redefined. One species is described as new: Peltodytes roughleyi sp. n. Haliplus ohioensis Wallis, 1933, H. ungularis Wallis, 1933 and H. canadensis Wallis, 1933 are established as junior synonyms of H. annulatus Roberts, 1913, H. cylindricus Roberts, 1913 and H. nitens LeConte, 1850, respectively. Peltodytes lengi Roberts, 1913 is established as junior synonym of P. duodecimpunctatus (Say, 1823). P. mexicanus (Wehncke, 1883) and P. dispersus Roberts, 1913 are both established as junior synonyms of P. simplex (LeConte, 1852). Lectotypes are designated for Haliplus blanchardi Roberts, 1913, H. confluentus Roberts, 1913, H. cylindricus Roberts, 1913, H. fasciatus Aubé, 1838, H. gracilis Roberts, 1913, H. leopardus Roberts, 1913, H. pantherinus Aubé, 1838, Peltodytes dispersus Roberts, 1913, P. duodecimpunctatus (Say, 1823), P. festivus (Wehncke, 1876), P. oppositus Roberts, 1913, P. sexmaculatus Roberts, 1913, P. shermani Roberts, 1913 and P. tortulosus Roberts, 1913. All species are illustrated and (re)described. A key to the Nearctic species is provided, as well as distribution maps.

Artykuł ten, zatytułowany ^ „Działalność misyjna polskich salezjanów w Chinach w Filipinę”, w pierwszej części przywołuje prehistorię (sny Dùn-Bosco z Azji) i historię Misje salezjańskie w Chinach i na Filipinach. Dlaczego akurat te dwa kraje? Dlaczego salezjanie są wydaleni z dala od Chin przez komunistów w 1950 r. kontynuowali dzieło salezjańskie na Filipinach. Tam druga część przypomina polskich salezjanów, którzy pracowali w tych dwóch krajach, wyrażając swoją opinię małe biografie: sac. Teodor Wieczorek (1888-1957; w Chinach 1921-1957), rozdz. Franciszek Pyka (1891-1930; w Chinach 1924-1927), ks. Dr Jan Siara (1887-1937; w Chinach 1925-1932), co. styczeń Urban (1891-1953; w Chinach 1P26-1931), ks. Jan Buchta (1906-1972; w Chinach 1929-1954, a następnie po filipińsku), sac. Wiktor Spinek (1900-1978; w Chinach 1929-1932), sac. Władysława Wieczorka (1903-1942; w Chinach 1929-1932), co. Antoni Wróbel (*1908; w Chinach 1934-1938), ks Marian Mielczarek (1907-1951; w Chinach 1936-1951), o. Tomasz Szeliga (*1915; w Chinach 1936-1972), współ. Paweł Prokopowicz (1910-1983; w Chinach 1937-1957, na Filipinach 1957-1972), sac. Feliksa Głowicki (*1931; w Chinach 1957, a następnie na Filipinach), rozdz. Arkadiusz Mikucki (*1970, w filipiński 1993-1994). W trzeciej części przyjrzymy się zasługom polskich misjonarzy w Chiny i Filipiny: ks. Wieczorek przez 23 lata jako ekonom prowincji chińskiej, przez 3 lata dyrektor szkoły św. Ludwika i proboszcz parafii św. Antoniego w Hong przez 17 lat, budowniczy m.in seminarium, kościoła św. Antoniego w Hongkongu i innych domów salezjańskich. Don Siara był za Przez 3 lata był wikariuszem biskupa Makau w dystrykcie Heung Shan, następnie pierwszym dyrektorem seminarium W Hong Kongu. Don Buchta był pierwszym dyrektorem Yuet Wah w Makau, a następnie dyrektorem różnych Salezjanin pracuje na Filipinach, radny prowincjalny. Don Mielczarek, inteligentny prefekt w Makau a następnie w Hongkongu (w czasie wojny) był dyrektorem Instytutu św. Józefa w Szanghaju. Don Szeliga w czasie wojny pracował niestrudzenie i nieustraszenie w wikariacie Shiu Chow, gdzie pozostał do 1953 r. Następnie był administratorem w różnych domach salezjańskich w Hongkongu. .Teraz działa w Kanada. Co. Prokopowicz pracował w Chinach, a następnie na Filipinach w administracji i jako szef różnych robotników. Uczył Fingiese, znał hiszpański, chiński, telugu, rosyjski, włoski. A inteligentna i nieoceniona pomoc dyrektorów i prefektów dzieł salezjańskich. Don Głowicki pracował przez pewien czas w Chinach, a po święceniach kapłańskich na Filipinach jako dyrektor a następnie administrator w różnych domach salezjańskich Dzieło salezjańskie kwitnie na Filipinach. kielich misyjnej krwi i potu (marzenie Ks. Bosko) w Chinach nie jest jeszcze wypełnione wyd chińscy salezjanie z nadzieją czekają na dzień, w którym ponownie wkroczą do Chin kontynentalny.

Las principales obras de Wittgenstein en las que aparecen con más frecuencia las referencias al concepto de fenomenología (Phänomenologie) son las Observaciones filosóficas (1929-1930), la Gramática filosófica (1931-1934) y The Big Typescript (1933-1934). No obstante, se antoja necesario hacer la precisión de que el uso wittgensteiniano del concepto fenomenología no parece estar vinculado a la tradición fenomenológica husserliana. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de este escrito no será una simple determinación exegética de cuáles son las intenciones filosóficas de uno y otro (de Husserl y Wittgenstein), sino una revisión pormenorizada del papel que juega el concepto de fenomenología en ambos autores y surelación con el concepto de gramática.

A Régészeti osztály kerámia restaurátori műhelyének működése 1932 nyarán, Méri István munkába lépésével kezdődött. Új restaurálási módszereit főként az őskori kerámiák kiegészítésében alkalmazta. Jó gyakorlati érzékének, precíz rajzoló tehetségének köszönhetően számos ásatáson vett részt. Először 1933-ban Tompa Ferenc vitte magával a füzesabonyi bronzkori telep feltárására, ahol 1933 és 1937 között aktívan közreműködött a munkákban. Méri István első tanulmányai az őskorkutatáshoz, elsősorban az őskori edények készítéstechnikájának vizsgálatához kapcsolódnak.

En este estudio analizaremos el recorrido de los católicos reaccionarios a partir de la Guerra de Independencia y su cambio de antinacionales a nacional-católicos hasta convertirse en fascistizados en el periodo entre la Guerra Civil y el estallido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En ese sentido cabe destacar la labor de José Pemartín. La centralidad del estudio la ocupan tres temas contenidos en su obra más importante, Qué es lo Nuevo: la diferencia de matices con respecto a los valores expresados por otros intelectuales nacional-católicos anteriores y contemporáneos a él; la tentativa de conciliar el ideario nacional-católico con las ideas falangistas; y la doctrina fascista. Palabras clave: nacional-catolicismo, fascismo, monarquismo, institucional, circunstancial, tradicionalismo.Topónimo: EspañaPeríodo: Siglo XX ABSTRACTThis study analyses the path traversed by Catholic reactionaries after the War of Independence and their transition from antinational to National Catholic until they converted to Fascism during the period between the Civil War and the outbreak of World War Two. In this respect, it is worth highlighting the work of José Pemartín. This study mainly focuses on three themes in his most important creation, Qué es lo Nuevo: the differences in tone in comparison with the values expressed by both earlier and coetaneous National-Catholic intellectuals; the attempt to reconcile National-Catholic ideology with Falangist thinking; and Fascist doctrine. Keywords: Nacional-Catholism, Fascism, monarchism, institutional, circumstantial, traditionalismPlace names: SpainPeriod: Siglo XX REFERENCIASÁlvarez Junco, J. (2017), Dioses útiles, Naciones y nacionalismos, Barcelona, Galaxia Gutenberg.— (2017), Mater dolorosa. La idea de España en el siglo XIX, Madrid, Taurus.Aranguren López, J. L. (1996), Moral, Sociología y política I, Madrid, Trotta.Balmes, J. (1840) [1975], Consideraciones políticas sobre la situación de España. Madrid, Doncel.— (1842) [2019], El protestantismo comparado con el catolicismo. I: En su relación con la civilización europea, Londres, Independently published.Beneyto Pérez, J. (1939), El nuevo Estado español. El régimen nacionalsindicalista ante la tradición, Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva.— (1939), Genio y figura del Movimiento, Madrid, Ediciones Afrodisio Aguado.Blinkhorn, M. (1990), Fascists and conservatives. The Radical Right and the Establishment en Twentieth Century Europe, Londres, Routledge Edition.Botti, A. (2008), Cielo y dinero. El nacionalcatolicismo en España (1881-1975), Madrid, Alianza Editorial.Box Varela, Z. (2013), El nacionalismo durante el franquismo, en A. Morales Moya, J. P. Fusi Aizpurúa y A. de Blas Guerrero (dirs.), Historia de la nación y del nacionalismo español, Barcelona, Galaxia Gutenberg, pp. 904-913.— (2010), España, año cero. La construcción simbólica del franquismo, Madrid, Alianza Editorial. Casali, L. (1995), Fascismi: partito, societá e Stato nei documenti del fascismo, del nazionalsocialismo e del franchismo, Bologna, Clueb.Casals, X. (2016), La transición española: el voto ignorado de las armas, Barcelona, Pasado Presente.Castro Sánchez, Á. (2018), La utopía reaccionaria de José Pemartí (1888-1954). Una historia genética de la derecha española, Cádiz, Servicio de publicaciones de la universidad de Cádiz. — (2014), Ontología del tiempo y nacionalcatolicismo en José Pemartín y Sanjuán (1888-1954). Genealogía de un pensador reaccionario, Madrid, UNED.Conde García, F. J. (1942), Contribución a la doctrina del caudillaje, Madrid, Ediciones de la vicesecretaría de Educación Popular.Cuenca Toribio, J. M. (2008), Nacionalismo, Franquismo y Nacional-catolicismo, Madrid, Actas.Di Febo, G. (2004), La Cruzada y la politización de lo sagrado. Un Caudillo providencial, en J. Tusell, E. Gentile, G. Di Febo. (2015): Fascismo y Franquismo, cara a cara: una perspectiva histórica, Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva.D’Ors, E. (1943): La civilización en la historia, Madrid, Ediciones Españolas.Felice, R. de. (1974), Mussolini il Duce, I, Gli anni del consenso, Turín, Einaudi.Fusi, Aizpurúa, J. P. (1986), Franco. Madrid, Ediciones El País.Gallego, F. (2014), El Evangelio fascista, Barcelona, Crítica.— (2005), Ramiro Ledesma Ramos y el fascismo español, en F. Gallego y F. Morente, Fascismo en España, Barcelona, El Viejo Topo.García Morente, M. (1938), Idea de la hispanidad, Buenos Aires, Espasa-Calpe.Gentile, E. (2010), Contro Cesare: Cristianesimo e totalitarismo nell’epoca dei fascismi, Roma, Laterza.— (2013), Fascismo. Storia e interpretazione, Roma, Laterza.— (2009), Il culto del littorio, Roma, Laterza.Gentile, G. (1929), Origine e dottrina del fascismo, Roma, Libreria del Littorio.Giménez Caballero, E. (1938), España y Franco, Cegama, Ediciones “Los combatientes”, Fascículo doctrinal Fe y Acción.— (1934), Genio de España, Madrid, Doncel.González Cuevas, F. (1998), Acción Española. Teología política y nacionalismo autoritario en España (1913-1936), Madrid, Tecnos.Griffin R. (2007), Modernism and Fascism. The sense of a beginning under Mussolini and Hitler, Palgrave, Macmillan.— (1993), The nature of fascism, Londres, Routledge.Hegel, F. (1807) [2020], Fenomenología del espíritu, Leicester, Independently Published.— (1837) [2007], Lecciones sobre la filosofía de la historia, Madrid, Alianza Editorial.Imatz, A. (2003), José Antonio. Falange Española y el nacionalsindicalismo, Madrid, Plataforma.Juliá, S. (2015), Historias de las dos España, Madrid, Taurus.Laín Entralgo, P. (1941), Los valores morales del nacionalsindicalismo, Madrid, Aguirre.Ledesma Ramos, R. (1939), Discurso a las juventudes de España, Madrid, Ediciones Fe.— (1935) [2017], ¿Fascismo en España? Sus orígenes, su desarrollo, sus hombres, Almuzara, Edición Almuzara.Luca, G. de (1934), Idee chiare, Il Frontespizio, 4.Maeztu, R. de (1934) [2018], Defensa de la hispanidad, Londres, Amazon.— (1975), El sentido reverencial del dinero, Madrid, Editora Nacional.— (1927), La magia del orden, La Nación, Madrid.Maurel, M. (2005), Un asunto de fe: Fascismo en España (1933-1936), en F. Gallego y F. Morente, Fascismo en España, Madrid, El Viejo Topo.Menéndez y Pelayo, M. (1882) [2001], Historia de los heterodoxos españoles, Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.Montes, E. (1934), Discurso a la catolicidad española, Acción Española, IV, 50.Moradiellos, E. (2016), Las caras de Franco. Una revisión histórica del Caudillo y su régimen, Madrid, Siglo XXI de España Editores.Morodo, R. (1985), Los orígenes ideológicos del franquismo: Acción Española, Madrid, Alianza Editorial.Mosse, G. (2005), La nacionalización de las masas, Madrid, Marcial Pons.— (2015), Le origini culturali del terzo Reich, Milán, Il Saggiatore.Mussolini, B. y Gentile, G. (1932), La dottrina del fascismo, Roma, Enciclopedia Italiana.Nuñez Seixas, X. M. (2018), Suspiros de España. El nacionalismo español (1808-2018), Barcelona, Crítica.Orestano, F. (1939), Il nuovo Realismo, Milán, Fratelli Bocca,Pemán y Pemartín, J. M. El discurso del señor Pemán radiado anoche, ABC, Sevilla, 26 de agosto de 1936.— (1939) [2015], La historia de España contada con sencillez, Madrid, Ediciones San Román.Pemartín y Sanjuán, J. (1941), Introducción a una filosofía de lo temporal, Madrid, Espasa Calpe.— (1938): Los orígenes del Movimiento, Burgos, Publicaciones del Ministerio de Educación nacional— (1938): ¿Qué es lo nuevo? Consideraciones sobre el momento español presente, Santander, Cultura Española.Pérez Monfort, R. (1992), Hispanismo y Falange. Los sueños imperiales de la derecha española, Ciudad de México: FCE.Preston, P. (1994), Franco “Caudillo de España”, Barcelona, Grijalbo Mondadori.Quiroga Fernández de Soto, A. (2008), Haciendo españoles. La nacionalización de las masas en la dictadura de Primo de Rivera (1923-1930), Madrid, CEPC.— (2007), Los orígenes del nacionalcatolicismo. José Pemartín y la dictadura de Primo de Rivera, Granada, Comares.Redondo, O. (1932), El Nacionalismo no debe ser confesional, Libertad.Reig Tapia. (1995), Franco “Caudillo”: Mito e realidad, Madrid, Tecnos.Río Cisneros, A. del (1968), José Antonio Intímo. Textos Biográficos y epistolario, Madrid, Ediciones del Movimiento.Rocco, A. (1925), La dottrina del fascismo e il suo posto nella storia del pensiero politico, en Renzo de Felice (1971), Autobiografia del fascismo. Antologia di testi fascisti (1919-1945), Roma, Minerva Italica.— (1938), Scritti e discorsi politici di Alfredo Rocco, Milán, Giuffré Editore.Sardá y Salvany, F. (1884) [2011], El liberalismo es pecado, Barcelona, Librería y tipografía católica.— (1883), La Gran tesis española, El Correo Catalán.Saz Campos, I. (2003), España contra España. Los nacionalismos franquistas, Madrid, Marcial Pons.— (2004), Fascismo y franquismo, PUV, Valencia.— (2013), Las caras del franquismo, Comares, Granada.Scheler, M. (1936), El resentimiento en la Moral, Madrid, Espasa Calpe.Sepúlveda Muñoz, I. (2005), I. El sueño de la madre patria: hispanoamericanismo y nacionalismo, Madrid, Marcial Pons.Spengler, O. (1923) [2011], La decadencia de Occidente, Barcelona, Austral.— (1933) [2011], Los años decisivos, Madrid, Altera.Spinetti, G. S. (1933), Il concetto della natura umana, La Sapienza, 1.Tarquini, A. (2013), Il Gentile dei fascisti. Gentiliani e antigentiliani nel regime fascista, Bolonia, Il Mulino.Tomás, J. M. (2001), La Falange de Franco: Fascismo y fascistización en el régimen franquista (1937-1945), Barcelona: Plaza y Janes.— (2019), Los fascismos españoles, Barcelona, Ariel.Tovar, A. (1941), El imperio de España, Madrid, Ediciones Afrodísio Aguado.Tusell, J. (1997), Las derechas en la España contemporánea, Madrid, UNED.— (2006), La historia de España en el siglo XX: La dictadura de Franco, Taurus, Madrid.Tuñon de Lara, M. (1993), El régimen de Franco (1936-1975), Madrid, UNED.Vegas Latapie, E. (1938), Romanticismo y democracia, Santander, Cultura Española.— (1989), Los caminos del desengaño. Memorias políticas (1936-1938), Madrid, Tebas.Viñas, A. (2007), Franco, Hitler y el estallido de la Guerra Civil. Antecedentes y consecuencias. Alianza Editorial: Madrid.

O presente artigo tem como objeto aspetos político-ideológicos da passagem do antropólogo e catedrático da antiga Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Coimbra, Eusébio Tamagnini pela tutela do Ministério da Instrução Pública, entre 1934 e 1936 – isto é, no lume do Estado Novo (1933-1974). Foi aquando de seu ministério que o Estado Novo deu início à depuração de docentes e investigadores, na qualidade de funcionários públicos, por motivos de ordem política e social, declarada ou suspeita, em oposição ao então recém-instituído regime tendencialmente totalitário instaurado em Portugal. O dispositivo jurídico para a legitimação da depuração destes funcionários públicos foi o Decreto-lei nº 25.317 de 1935, que esteve em vigor até a queda do Estado Novo, e cujos primeiros saneamentos vieram a ocorrer, não por acaso, na Universidade de Coimbra, berço intelectual do longevo presidente do conselho de ministros, António de Oliveira Salazar (1932-1968). Cabe também destacar o papel de Eusébio Tamagnini no Ministério da Instrução Pública, no sentido de suscitar algum aparato ideológico fascista que servisse de base para a conversão desta pasta, após seu retorno à cátedra, em Ministério da Educação Nacional, já sob a batuta de António Faria Carneiro Pacheco (1936-1940).

Giżycki deals with the problem of an interest in photography and film, shown by Polish avant-garde artists from its beginnings. According to Giżycki, photomontage, film, prints made of typographic elements, and first of all film collage were the means that were perfectly suitable for the realisation of Constructivist ideas. One of the basic aims of Constructivism – to turn towards new materials – could be put in practice through the use of finished and prefabricated elements. Giżycki traces the way in which the artworks were evolving from the „literary quality” of the early photomontages of Mieczysław Szczuka, Teresa Żarnower’s abstract and geometric compositions, Stefan and Franciszka Themerson’s films, inspired by Constructivism Pharmacy (1930) and Europa (1932) and Jalu Kurek’s (Rhytmic Calculations, 1932) into typically collage-montage films of Janusz Maria Brzeski (Sections, 1931; Concrete, 1933) or his anti-Utopian and anti-industrial series of photomontages Birth of a Robot (1934). Giżycki also points out that after a period of Utopian projects by artists relishing a regained freedom, the Constructivists expressed through art their, mostly left-wing, political beliefs. [originally published in Polish in Kwartalnik Filmowy 2006, no. 54-55, pp. 31-44]

Este artigo tem como objetivo contribuir para a história do conceito de antifascismo no Brasil, centrando o olhar na construção semântica do fascismo que foi feita por duas organizações, a Frente Única Antifascista (1933-1934) e a Aliança Nacional Libertadora (1935). A imprensa ligada a esses grupos cumpriu um papel fundamental não só na divulgação de uma caracterização particular acerca do fascismo, como também se constituiu como espaço de sociabilidade entre intelectuais de tendências políticas diferentes. Através das páginas dos jornais O Homem Livre (1933-1934) e A Manhã (1935), é possível compreender como foi feito o uso de todo um léxico, dispondo de textos escritos, imagens e charges para colocar o perigo fascista como uma ameaça obscurantista e de retrocesso civilizacional.

O Seminario de Estudos Galegos fundouse en 1923 coa intención de dotar a Galicia dunha institución de investigación multidisciplinar, capaz de abranguer todas as áreas de coñecemento. Un dos seus obxectivos foi promover a renovación da educación mediante a investigación. Con esta fin, en 1933 e 1934 establecéronse a Sección de Pedagoxía e o Laboratorio de Psicotecnia. Aínda que a súa actividade detívose co golpe de Estado de 1936, pode considerarse o momento inicial da psicoloxía escolar e infantil en Galicia. Este artigo presenta as ideas e realizacións da Sección de Pedagoxía e o Laboratorio de Psicotecnia.