Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „1879-1941“

Taxonomic revision of the genus Bubastes Laporte & Gory, 1836. Thirteen new species are described: Bubastes barkeri sp. nov. (New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria), B. deserta sp. nov. (South Australia), B. dichroa sp. nov. (Western Australia), B. flavocaerulea sp. nov. (New South Wales, Queensland), B. hasenpuschi sp. nov. (Queensland), B. iridiventris sp. nov. (Western Australia), B. iris sp. nov. (Western Australia), B. macmillani sp. nov. (Western Australia), B. magnifica sp. nov. (Queensland, New South Wales), B. michaelpowelli sp. nov. (Western Australia), B. pilbarensis sp. nov. (Western Australia), B. remota sp. nov. (Northern Territory) and B. viridiaurea sp. nov. (Western Australia). The following seventeen new synonyms are proposed: Bubastes thomsoni Obenberger, 1928, syn. nov. = B. australasiae Obenberger, 1922, B. olivina Obenberger, 1920, syn. nov. = Neraldus bostrychoides Théry 1910, B. boisduvali Obenberger, 1941, syn. nov. = B. erbeni Obenberger, 1941, B. borealis Obenberger, 1941, syn. nov. = B. globicollis Thomson, 1879, B. laticollis Blackburn, 1888, syn. nov. = B. globicollis Thomson, 1879, B. simillima Obenberger, 1922, syn. nov. = B. globicollis Thomson, 1879, B. obscura Obenberger, 1922, syn. nov. = B. inconsistans Thomson, 1879, B. septentrionalis Obenberger, 1941, syn. nov. = B. inconsistans Thomson, 1879, B. viridicupraea Obenberger, 1922, syn. nov. = B. inconsistans Thomson, 1879, B. blackburni Obenberger, 1941, syn. nov. = B. kirbyi Obenberger, 1928, B. chapmani Obenberger, 1941, syn. nov. = B. kirbyi Obenberger, 1928, B. aenea Obenberger, 1922, syn. nov. = B. niveiventris Obenberger, 1922, B. saundersi Obenberger, 1928, syn. nov. = B. odewahni Obenberger, 1928, B. occidentalis Blackburn, 1891, syn. nov. = B. sphaenoida Laporte & Gory, 1836, B. persplendens Obenberger, 1920, syn. nov. = B. sphaenoida Laporte & Gory, 1836, B. splendens Blackburn, 1891, syn. nov. = B. sphaenoida Laporte & Gory, 1836 and B. strandi Obenberger, 1920, syn. nov. = B. suturalis Carter, 1915. Neotype is designated and redescribed for Bubastes cylindrica W. J. Macleay, 1888 and lectotypes are designated for Bubastes thomsoni Obenberger, 1928 and B. leai Carter, 1924. Morphological characters of the genus are presented and all species are illustrated (incl. historical types) and a key is provided for all species of the genus.

The Andean genus Rhaucus Simon 1879 is revised. Five valid species are recognized, including Rhaucus florezi sp. nov. The following nomenclatural acts are proposed. At genus level: Megarhaucus Mello-Leitão, 1941, Neorhaucus Pickard-Cambridge, 1905 and Pararhaucus Pickard-Cambridge, 1905 are considered junior subjective synonyms of Rhaucus. At species level: Neorhaucus aurolineatus Pickard-Cambridge, 1905 is considered a junior subjective synonym of Rhaucus vulneratus Simon, 1879; Rhaucus (Rhaucus) tristis Sørensen, 1932, Rhaucus (Rhaucus) muticus Sørensen, 1932 and Pararhaucus obscurus Pickard-Cambridge, 1905 are considered junior subjective synonyms of Rhaucus quinquelineatus Simon, 1879 (the latter combination is restored from current combination Flirtea quinquelineata); Flirtea paucimaculata Roewer, 1963, Rhaucus (Rhaucus) geographicus Sørensen, 1932, Metarhaucus reticulatus Roewer, 1912 and Metarhaucus fuscus Pickard-Cambridge, 1905 are considered junior subjective synonyms of Erginus serripes Simon, 1879 (that is here combined as Rhaucus serripes comb. rest.). Megarhaucus robustus Mello-Leitão, 1941 is newly combined as Rhaucus robustus (Mello-Leitão, 1941) comb. nov. Distribution maps of the species are provided. The new term multicapitate apophysis (mca) is introduced here for a special type of apophysis on coxa IV of males.

A checklist of all known Vietnamese species of the assassin bug subfamily Harpactorinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) is presented with distributional and taxonomic notes. Sixty-five species in 35 genera of the subfamily are recognized in Vietnam. Eleven genera and 32 species are reported herein for the first time from this country. Newly recorded genera are Henricohahnia Breddin, 1900, Kalonotocoris Miller, 1941, Lingnania China, 1940, Lopodytes Stål, 1853, Macracanthopsis Reuter, 1881, Sclomina Stål, 1861, Serendiba Distant, 1906, Serendus Hsiao, 1979, Vesbius Stål, 1866, Villanovanus Distant, 1904, and Yolinus Amyot & Serville, 1843. New record species are Biasticus confusus Hsiao, 1979, B. flavinotus (Matsumura, 1913), Cosmolestes annulipes Distant, 1879, C. pulcher Hsiao, 1979, Cydnocoris fasciatus Reuter, 1881, C. gilvus (Burmeister, 1838), Endochus nigricornis Stål, 1859, Henricohahnia vittata Miller, 1954, Isyndus heros (Fabricius, 1803), I. pilosipes Reuter, 1881, Kalonotocoris curvipes Miller, 1941, Lingnania braconiformis China, 1940, Lopodytes spectabilis Miller, 1941, Macracanthopsis nodipes Reuter, 1881, Sclomina erinacea Stål, 1861, Serendiba nigrospina Hsiao, 1979, S. staliana (Horváth, 1879), Serendus geniculatus Hsiao, 1979, Sphedanolestes annulipes Distant, 1903, S. gularis Hsiao, 1979, S. impressicollis (Stål, 1861), S. pubinotus Reuter, 1881, S. trichrous Stål, 1874, S. xiongi Cai & Cai, 2004, Sycanus croceus Hsiao, 1979, Velinus annulatus Distant, 1879, V. malayus (Stål, 1863), V. rufiventris Hsiao, 1979, Vesbius purpureus (Thunberg, 1784), V. sanguinosus Stål, 1874, Villanovanus nigrorufus Hsiao, 1979, and Yolinus albopustulatus China, 1940. All the species are examined with Vietnamese materials except for Agriosphodrus dohrni (Signoret, 1862), Cydnocoris russatus Stål, 1867, and Sycanus atrocoeruleus Signoret, 1862.

The identities of certain East and Southeast Asian genera and species of Reduviidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are clarified based on their type materials and taxonomic conclusions are drawn. The following new subjective synonymies and new combinations are proposed: Harpactorinae: Cutocoris Stål, 1859 = Paracydnocoris Miller, 1954, syn. nov.; Cutocoris distinctus (Miller, 1954), comb. nov. (transferred from Paracydnocoris) = Cydnocoris ventralis Hsiao, 1979, syn. nov.; Cutocoris macgillavryi (Miller, 1954), comb. nov. (transferred from Paracydnocoris); Henricohahnia wangi Ren, 2001 = H. obscara Cai & Li, 2003, syn. nov.; Pahabengkakia Miller, 1941 = Stalireduvius Tomokuni & Cai, 2004, syn. nov.; Pahabengkakia piliceps Miller, 1941 = S. nodipes Tomokuni & Cai, 2004, syn. nov.; Reduviinae: Reduvius xantusi (Horváth, 1879), comb. nov. (transferred from Velitra) = R. decliviceps Hsiao, 1976, syn. nov. Pahabengkakia piliceps is recorded from Laos for the first time.

AbstractThe Croat Peasant Party was arguably the most important Croatian political party during the existence of the first Yugoslavia (1918–41). Under the leadership of Vladko Maček (1879–1964), it entered the most difficult period of its history: it was forced to contend with the royal dictatorship (1929–34) of King Aleksandar Karadjordjević, the Great Depression, growing nationality tensions and an increasingly volatile political climate in which the extremes of the right and left, represented in Croatia by the Ustaša and Communist parties respectively, contended for power. This article examines the contentious relationship between Maček's Croat Peasant Party and the fascist Ustaša movement between 1929 and 1941, and assesses Maček's legacy and his place in Croatia's 20th-century political history.

<p>El nombre de Antonio Flórez nos llega hoy con pertinente valor. En las dos vertientes de su quehacer como arquitecto, las construcciones escolares y la intervención en notables conjuntos patrimoniales, el dibujo desempeñó un destacado papel, cuyo alcance abordamos en este escrito.</p><p>Al interés de sus dibujos profesionales, coherentes con la idea de arquitectura que proponía, hay que añadir el valor plástico de su acción gráfica. Si en Flórez encontramos siempre el <em>dibujar del arquitecto</em> —pensamiento y acción—, se da también en él el hacer del artista (figura a la que siempre se sintió próximo y cuya formación entendía arraigada con la del arquitecto).</p><p>Aun dentro de su singularidad y de su habilidad en el dibujo y la acuarela, Flórez es claro testimonio de lo que la práctica del dibujo representó en los arquitectos formados en la Escuela de Madrid en las primeras décadas del siglo XX.</p>

Mesovelia mulsanti White, 1879 and M. zeteki Harris & Drake, 1941 are newly recorded in the Amazon River floodplain, Brazil. A key to the three known species ocurring in this region is also provided. Mesovelia mulsanti can be distinguished from M. amoena and M. zeteki by the body length larger than 2.50 mm, the head without longitudinal brown stripes near midline, and the forefemur and midfemur of the male, which have ventral rows of spines. Mesovelia amoena differs from M. zeteki in aspects of body color and in number of spinules near posterior margin of abdominal sternite VI of male.

The fauna of semiaquatic bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) from Panama has been explored mainly between the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, with few reports since then, whereas that from Colombia has been intensively studied in the last decade. Here, we describe Rhagovelia joceliae Rodrigues & Moreira, sp. nov. (Veliidae: Rhagoveliinae), from Panama. Additionally, new records from these countries are presented for Mesovelia mulsanti White, 1879, Mes. zeteki Harris & Drake, 1941 (Mesoveliidae: Mesoveliinae), Lipogomphus leucostictus (Champion, 1898) (Hebridae: Hebrinae), Hydrometra caraiba Guérin-Méneville, 1857 (Hydrometridae: Hydrometrinae), Platyvelia brachialis (Stål, 1860), Stridulivelia (Stridulivelia) raspa (Hungerford, 1929) (Veliidae: Veliinae), R. elegans Uhler, 1894, R. perija Polhemus, 1997, R. rosensis Padilla-Gil, 2011 (Veliidae: Rhagoveliinae), Euvelia advena Drake, 1957, Microvelia albonotata Champion, 1898, Mi. fantastika Padilla-Gil, 2019, Mi. mimula White, 1879 (Veliidae: Microveliinae), Metrobates laudatus Drake & Harris, 1937, Telmatometra ujhelyii Esaki, 1926 (Gerridae: Trepobatinae), Brachymetra albinervus (Amyot & Serville, 1843) (Gerridae: Charmatometrinae), Potamobates anchicaya Polhemus & Polhemus, 1995 (Gerridae: Cylindrostethinae), Limnogonus hyalinus (Fabricius, 1803), and Tachygerris opacus (Champion, 1898) (Gerridae: Gerrinae).

М. А. Великанов (1879-1964) известен как один из основоположников гидрологии суши. В 1917 г. он начал свою преподавательскую деятельность в Томском технологическом институте, затем в 1921 г. получил должность профессора в Московском межевом институте и в 1923 г. Московском техническом училище. С 1930 по 1941 гг. руководил кафедрой динамики русловых потоков в Московском гидрометеорологическом институте. В 1935 г. в Энергетическом институте АН СССР М. А. Великанов создал лабораторию физической гидродинамики (с 1947 г. - лаборатория русловых процессов ИГ АН СССР), которой руководил до 1952 г. В 1945 г. на физическом факультете Московского государственного университета организовал подготовку специалистов физики руслового потока. М. А. Великанов осуществил идею создания стоковых станций, которые впоследствии нашли широкое распространение в СССР и за рубежом. В своих научных исследованиях он уделял большое внимание закономерностям физики руслового потока и свойствам потоков высокой мутности.

SUMMARY Mail transit times from Germany to Berkeley, California, are computed for issues of the current awareness journals Botanisches Centralblatt (1880–1945) and the interdisciplinary Naturae Novitates (1879–1944). Issues of the former for 1892 to 1902 averaged 29.3 days (31.2 days if abnormal times are included) in transit from Kassel to Berkeley, with many issues (92) requiring only 20 to 25 days for intercontinental and transcontinental transit. Mail transit of Naturae Novitates from Berlin to Berkeley averaged 40.7 days (42 if abnormal times are included) per issue for 1903 to 1916 and 44 days (51.1 days) per issue for 1922 to 1941 (cumulatively averaging 42 days, or 45.9 days for abnormal times), with some issues in 1906 requiring only 11-12 days for intercontinental and transcontinental transit. A smaller sampling for Nature for 1923 and 1930 gave averages of, respectively, 21.5 and 22.4 days, with a minimum of 14 days in both years. These times are consistent with known transatlantic and transcontinental, ship and rail, mail transit times for these periods, as tabulated from various sources. For perspective, early intercontinental and transcontinental air transit times and pre-1892 intercontinental ship transit times are also tabulated.

The sensational nature of the Iranian press in the 1940s has been largely understood in political terms. In September 1941, occupying Allied armies forced Reza Shah Pahlavi (1879–1944, r. 1925–41) into exile, ending his tyrannical “twenty years” and unleashing a variety of political forces which vied with each other for public support in the press.3 The presence of Allied censors notwithstanding, so the argument goes, the Iranian press was momentarily free from effective government censorship—though not from the recurring cycle of censorship that has dominated scholarly interest in the Iranian press.4 But a closer look at the often violent and sexual political discourse in the Iranian press raises questions less about Iran's political history than about its cultural and economic history. Why was the content of the press so graphic in the 1940s? What economic and cultural trends sustained such content once it had been provoked by political events? How much did the overt sexuality of political discourse confirm or modify notions of gender in Iranian culture?

O objetivo do presente trabalho é identificar e analisar as características desejáveis ao professor conforme presentes nos manuais pedagógicos escritos pelo intelectual católico Everardo Backheuser (1879-1951): Aritmética na Escola Nova (1933), Técnica da Pedagogia Moderna (1934), Ensaio de Biotipologia Educacional (1941) e O Professor (1946). As fontes selecionadas são aqui compreendidas como parte da estratégia cultural e política dos agentes católicos, no sentido de conformar a atuação dos professores e favorecer a incorporação por parte dos mesmos de um habitus desejável – que contribuiria para alavancar os valores e os interesses católicos no campo educacional. Utiliza-se como referencial teórico metodológico a análise de conteúdo de Laurence Bardin, com vistas à sistematização dos dados levantados. Como ferramentas conceituais para a interpretação dos conteúdos empregam-se conceitos de Pierre Bourdieu, notadamente, os de campo e de habitus, bem como de Michel de Certeau, destacando-se o conceito de estratégia. Verificou-se dentre os principais resultados que Backheuser, em seus manuais, prescrevia aos professores que fossem antes de tudo educadores, nos termos em que deveriam trabalhar pela formação integral dos alunos (corpo, intelecto, moral/espírito). Dentre as características por ele entendidas como desejáveis aos professores destacam-se a autoridade, o estudo contínuo, o otimismo, o “ser exemplo”, a assiduidade, a pontualidade, o diálogo, a disposição para conhecer os alunos, o espírito de cooperação e a iniciativa. As fontes dão conta de uma apropriação particular da Escola Nova empreendida pelo autor, que dialogou com as novidades da pedagogia moderna, a partir da matriz da tradicional pedagogia católica.

The family Nereididae includes more than 500 polychaete species described worldwide, and includes species common in many benthic environments, but some other species may tolerate freshwater or can even thrive in humid substrates in tropical forests. In estuarine environments, nereidid polychaetes can be abundant and relevant as a food source for resident or migratory birds. Laeonereis culveri (Webster, 1879) is a common estuarine species found in tropical and subtropical Atlantic American shores and was described from New Jersey; its median and posterior parapodia have upper notopodial ligules usually longer than the lower ones, and the latter are parallel to the notaciculae throughout the body. L. culveri distribution is from Connecticut to central Argentina; however, this wide distribution might be due to the inclusion of several other species as junior synonyms, despite that some morphological differences were found between them. One of such species is L. nota (Treadwell, 1941), that was described from Texas; its parapodia have notopodial ligules of about the same size, and the lower ones are oblique to the notaciculae. In order to clarify the differences between these two species, and to define which inhabits the Northwestern Caribbean region, topotype materials from these two species and specimens from Chetumal Bay were collected, and their morphological features were compared. Our results indicated that L. culveri and L. nota are different species and that the latter is found in Chetumal Bay. On the basis of mature specimens, L. culveri is hereby restricted to the Northern Gulf of Mexico and Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, and L. nota are reinstated and its distribution extends from Texas, in the Gulf of Mexico to Chetumal Bay, in the Northwestern Caribbean Sea. A key to identify all species in Laeonereis Hartman (1945) is also included.

A checklist of the 282 species of Arctiidae of North America north of Mexico is presented. The list reflects changes in taxonomy and additions to the fauna since publication of the Checklist of the Moths of America North of Mexico in 1983. Pagara Walker, 1856 and Neoplynes Hampson, 1900 are transferred from Lithosiinae to Arctiinae. Lectotypes are designated for Arctia incorrupta Henry Edwards, 1881, and Arctia incorrupta Henry Edwards, 1881. Two new combinations are proposed: Cisthene tenuifascia schwarziorum Dyar, 1899, and Trocodima fuscipes (Grote, 1883). Arachnis citra verna Barnes & McDunnough, 1918 is proposed as a revised status. “Afrida” exegens Dyar, 1922 is reported for North America for the first time, but its subfamily and generic placement are uncertain. Clemensia patella (Druce, 1885) is raised from synonymy with Clemensia albata Packard, 1864. Seventeen taxa are designated as new or revised synonyms: Arctia oithona Strecker, 1878 (= Grammia phyllira (Drury, 1773)); Arctia rectilinea French, 1879 (= Grammia phyllira (Drury, 1773)); Arctia conspicua Stretch, 1906 (= Grammia phyllira (Drury, 1773)); Arctia quadranotata Strecker, 1880 (= Grammia f-pallida (Strecker, 1878)); Apantesis sociata Barnes & McDunnough, 1910 (= Grammia f-pallida Strecker, 1878); Apantesis moierra Dyar, 1914 (= Grammia f-pallida (Strecker, 1878)); Apantesis mormonica Neumoegen, 1885 (= Notarctia arizoniensis (Stretch)); Arctia caja parva Rothschild, 1910 (= Arctia opulenta (Henry Edwards, 1881)); Kodiosoma otero Barnes, 1907 (= Kodiosoma fulva Stretch, 1872); Estigmene arizonensis Rothschild, 1910 (= Estigmene albida Stretch, 1874); Ecpantheria denudata Slosson, 1888 (= Hypercompe scribonia (Stoll, [1790])); Arachnis hampsoni Dyar, 1903 (= Arachnis picta maia Ottolengui, 1896); Arachnis midas Barnes & Lindsey, 1921 (= Arachnis citra verna Barnes & McDunnough, 1918); Arachnis apachea Clarke, 1941 (= Arachnis citra verna Barnes & McDunnough, 1918); Euchaetes pudens (Henry Edwards, 1882) (= Cycnia collaris (Fitch, 1856)); Arctia sciurus Boisduval, 1869 (= Cycnia tenera Hübner, 1827); Pygarctia albistrigata Barnes & McDunnough, 1913 (= Pygarctia pterygostigma Dyar, 1909); and Microdota hemiceras Forbes, 1931 (= Trocodima fuscipes (Grote, 1883)). Halysidota underwoodi Rothschild and H. fuliginosa Rothschild are removed from the North American list because their inclusion was based on

The phylogenetic relationships among selected species and genera of Mesoveliidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) were investigated in a parsimony analysis of 2858 bp of DNA sequence data from the genes encoding COI + II, 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA. The resulting phylogeny showed that Mesoveloidea williamsiHungerford, 1929, from the subfamily Madeoveliinae, was sister group to Mniovelia Andersen & J.T. Polhemus, 1980, from the Mesoveliinae, thus making the latter subfamily paraphyletic. The genus MesoveliaMulsant & Rey, 1852 also showed to be paraphyletic, since an undescribed Laotian relative of M. indicaHorváth, 1915 and M. ujhelyiiLundblad, 1933 resulted as sister group to PhrynoveliaHorváth, 1915; and M. amoenaUhler, 1894 was sister species to Speovelia maritimaEsaki, 1929. Whereas these relationships were poorly or moderately supported, the remaining species of Mesovelia formed two distinct and well-supported clades, one comprising M. horvathiLundblad, 1933, M. hackeriHarris & Drake, 1941, and two undescribed species from Nigeria and New Caledonia, and another comprising M. vittigeraHorváth, 1895, M. stysi J.T. Polhemus & D.A. Polhemus, 2000, M. ebbenielseniAndersen & Weir, 2004, M. furcata Mulsant & Rey, 1952, and M. mulsantiWhite, 1879. A large genetic difference was found between populations of M. vittigera from Europe and Africa on one side and populations from Australia and New Caledonia on the other. DNA sequence data from a Japanese “M. vittigera” obtained from GenBank placed the specimen as strongly supported sister group to a Danish specimen of M. furcata. Comparisons of the 28S rRNA sequence data between the two specimens revealed a single C/T transition, while comparison with a Chinese female of M. furcata revealed one A/G and one C/T transition, thus suggesting mislabelling of the Japanese specimen, or an unrecognized presence of M. furcata in Japan. Considerable genetic differentiation was found between specimens of M. horvathi from Australia, New Caledonia, New Guinea, and Laos, and between sympatric specimens of M. mulsanti from Honduras, thus supporting earlier ideas of species-complexes in these two clades. Samples of Austrovelia caledonicaMalipatil & Monteith, 1983 from New Caledonia and Mniovelia kuscheli Andersen & J.T. Polhemus, 1980 from New Zealand’s North Island also revealed considerable intraspecific divergences indicating genetic isolation among geographically separated populations on these ancient islands.

The African bee subgenera Patellapis (s. str.), P. (Chaetalictus) and P. (Lomatalictus) are revised. They comprise 71 species, of which 39 species are here described as new: P. (P.) bidentata sp. n., P. (P.) bifurcata sp. n., P. (P.) braunsi sp. n., P. (P.) depressa sp. n., P. (P.) doleritica sp. n., P. (P.) gessorum sp. n., P. (P.) hakkiesdraadi sp. n., P. (P.) impunctata sp. n., P. (P.) karooensis sp. n., P. (P.) longifacies sp. n., P. (P.) mandela sp. n., P. (P.) problematica sp. n., P. (P.) pseudomontagui sp. n., P. (P.) pseudorubricata sp. n., P. (P.) reticulata sp. n., P. (P.) richtersveldi sp. n., P. (P.) rubricata sp. n., P. (Ch.) abnormis sp. n., P. (Ch.) africana sp. n., P. (Ch.) cameroni sp. n., P. (Ch.) cockerelli sp. n., P. (Ch.) drakensbergensis sp. n., P. (Ch.) eardleyi sp. n., P. (Ch.) friesei sp. n., P. (Ch.) fynbosensis sp. n., P. (Ch.) gruenebergensis sp. n., P. (Ch.) micheneri sp. n., P. (Ch.) namaquensis sp. n., P. (Ch.) natalensis sp. n., P. (Ch.) ninae sp. n., P. (Ch.) paulyi sp. n., P. (Ch.) renosterveldi sp. n., P. (Ch.) rozeni sp. n., P. (Ch.) sabinae sp. n., P. (Ch.) sakagamii sp. n., P. (Ch.) stoeberia sp. n., P. (Ch.) timpageleri sp. n., P. (Ch.) turneri sp. n. and P. (Ch.) virungae sp. n. New synonymies are proposed for P. (P.) pallidicinctula (Cockerell 1939) syn. n. = P. (P.) communis (Smith 1879); P. (Ch.) micropastina (Cockerell 1940) syn. n = P. (Ch.) pastinella (Cockerell 1939); P. (Ch.) schönlandi (Cameron 1905) syn. n., P. (Ch.) probita (Cockerell 1933) syn. n., P. (Ch.) neli (Cockerell 1937) syn. n., P. (Ch.) calvini (Cockerell 1937) syn. n., P. (Ch.) ausica (Cockerell 1945) syn. n. = P. (Ch.) pearstonensis (Cameron 1905); P. (Ch.) rubrotibialis (Cockerell 1946) syn. n. = P. (Ch.) platti (Cockerell 1937); P. (Ch.) sanguinibasis (Cockerell 1939) syn. n. = P. (Ch.) pondoensis (Cockerell 1937); P. (Ch.) atricilla (Cockerell 1940) syn. n. = P. (Ch.) vumbensis (Cockerell 1940); P. (L.) levisculpta (Cockerell 1939) syn. n., P. (L.) suprafulva (Cockerell 1946) syn. n. = P. (L.) malachurina (Cockerell 1937). The species P. mosselina (Cockerell 1945), P. pastinops (Cockerell 1941) and P. tenuicincta (Cockerell 1939) are transferred to Lasioglossum. The type material of P. katangensis (Cockerell 1934), P. rufiventris (Friese 1909), and P. volutatoria (Cameron 1905) was not retrievable. All species are (re)described, a key for species identification is provided and species distributions are mapped.

Caligus praecinctorius sp. nov. is described on the basis of females taken from the gills of Gymnocranius grandoculisValenciennes, 1830, G. euanus (Günther, 1879) and Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål, 1775), all caught in New Caledonia.The new species is characterised by having the posteromedian lobe of the cephalothorax completely covering the fourthpedigerous somite in dorsal view, and by the genital complex being 2.7 times wider than long. A second new species, C.macoloricola sp. nov., is described based on material from the gills of Macolor niger (Forsskål, 1775). It is distinguishedby the combination of a 3-segmented leg 4 with 4 spines on the distal segment, a vestigial post-antennal process, and theconfiguration of the setal elements on the exopod of leg 1. The status of a number of other Caligus species is reviewed. Itis proposed to treat C. angustatus Krøyer, 1863 as a junior subjective synonym of C. gurnardi Krøyer, 1863, C. dactylusHo, Lin & Chang, 2007 as a junior subjective synonym of C. dactylopteni Uma Devi & Shyamasundari, 1981, and C.kirtioides Ho & Lin, 2004 as a junior subjective synonym of C. jawahari Hameed & Adamkutty, 1985. Caligus bifurcatusPearse, 1952 is recognised as a junior subjective synonym of Tuxophorus caligodes Wilson, 1908. Caligus cristatusGould, 1841 is here treated as a species inquirendum in the pandarid genus Dinemoura Latreille, 1829. Caligus elevatusKirtisinghe, 1964 is discovered to be an incorrect subsequent spelling of C. clavatus Kirtisinghe, 1964. Caligus gayiNicolet, 1849 is here treated as a species inquirendum. It is proposed to treat C. oligoplitisi Carvalho, 1956, C. validusPearse, 1952 and C. mercatoris Capart, 1941 as junior subjective synonyms of C. robustus Bassett-Smith, 1898 and a listof known hosts of this species is presented. Caligus pterois Kurian, 1949 has priority over Caligus russellii Kurien, 1950,which is here treated as a junior objective synonym, since the two descriptions were based on the same material. We rejectCressey’s (1991) proposal to treat C. tenax Heller, 1865 as a synonym of C. chorinemi Krøyer, 1863 and we retain C. tenaxas a valid species. We propose to treat C. spinosurculus Pearse, 1951 as a junior subjective synonym of C. tenax. Wepropose to treat C. multispinosus Shen, 1957 as a junior subjective synonym of C. stromatei Krøyer, 1863. We note thatCaligus trichiuri Krøyer, 1863 is the oldest available name for the taxon Metacaligus uruguayensis Thomsen, 1949. SoCaligus (Metacaligus) uruguayensis Thomsen, 1949 becomes a junior subjective synonym and the valid name for this taxon is Metacaligus trichiuri (Krøyer, 1863).

Mokyklos Lietuvoje atsirado dar XV a., tačiau mokinių sveikatos apsaugos klausimai pradėti kelti tik XVII a. Pvz., Kėdainių mokyklos, atidarytos 1631m. liepos 29 d., įstatuose buvo paliesti kai kurie mokyklinės higienos klausimai, įvestas fizinis mokinių ugdymas, nuo 1651 m., atsižvelgiant į higienos reikalavimus, egzaminai vykdavo du kartus į metus: sausio ir rugsėjo mėn. Nežiūrint to, vis dėlto iki XIX a. mokinių sveikatos apsauga oficialiai niekas nesirūpino. Apie tai, kokia žema buvo mokyklų sanitarinė būklė, liudija išlikę Fomos Platerio (1499 – 1582) laiškai – prisiminimai, o XVIII a. – Edukacinės komisijos atliktų mokyklų patikrinimų protokolai (1773 – 1794). Didžiulį vaidmenį, gerinant mokyklų sanitarinę priežiūrą ir vaikų higieninį auklėjimą Lietuvoje, suvaidino J. P. Franko mokslinė ir praktinė veikla, ypač jo darbas „Apie mokinių sveikatos apsaugą ir mokymo įstaigų sanitarinę priežiūrą“. Nemažai tam, kad šie darbai būtų įdiegti praktikoje, turėjo paties J. P. Franko įsidarbinimas Vilniaus universitete. Jo iniciatyva Vilniaus universitete 1805 m. pradėtas skaityti higienos ir medicininės policijos (dabar – sveikatos apsaugos organizacija) kursas, kuriame nemenkas vaidmuo teko mokyklinei higienai. Taigi, mes turime pagrindą J. P. Franką laikyti mokyklinės higienos Lietuvoje pradininku. Oficialios vyriausybinės instrukcijos mokyklų sanitariniės-techninės priežiūros klausimais pasirodė tik 1871 m. (Vilniaus apygardoje), o „mokyklinės higienos“ terminas pirmą kartą pavartotas 1899 m. „Kauno gubernijos žiniose“. Pirmieji mokyklos gydytojai buvo paskirti Vilniuje ir Kaune 1879 – 1880 m. Tuo metu Lietuvoje veikė “Viešosios globos įstatymas“, pagal jį gubernijose buvo įkurtos tarybos (komisijos), į kurių sudėtį įėjo mokyklų direkcijos viršininkas ir medicinos inspektorius. Jie svarstė ir svarbesnius mokyklinės sanitarijos klausimus. 1887 m. išleistas caro įstatymas, lietęs ir Lietuvos – Kauno, Vilniaus ir Gardino – gubernijas, kur nurodyta, kad „Medicinos statuto“ pagrindu kiekvienoje apskrityje turi dirbti apskrities gydytojai, o didesniuose valsčiuose nors felčeriai. Nurodytiems asmenims kartu su kitais klausimais buvo pavesta ir sanitarinė mokyklų priežiūra. Bet praktiškai jie labai retai užsiimdavo mokykline higiena ir sanitarija. Tokia tvarka išsilaikė iki Didžiosios Spalio socialistinės revoliucijos. 1919 m. Lietuvoje įkurta Tarybų valdžia iškart pradėjo spręsti sveikatos apsaugos klausimus. 1919 m. kovo 1 d. buvo įkurtas Sveikatos apsaugos komisariatas, o jo sudėtyje – mokyklinės sanitarijos skyrius. Taip buvo pradėta valstybės lygiu rūpintis vaikų sveikata. Bet šie dideli uždaviniai nebuvo įvykdyti, nes baltalenkių armija užėmė Vilnių, ir Lietuvos buržuazija, padedama interventų, likvidavo tarybų valdžią Lietuvoje. Buržuazinės Lietuvos, o Vilniuje – buržuazinės Lenkijos vyriausybės sveikatos apsaugai „vadovavo“ pagal caro įstatymus ir mokinių sveikatos apsaugai skyrė labai mažai dėmesio. 1940 m., atkūrus Tarybų valdžią Lietuvoje, vėl buvo organizuota tarybinė mokinių sveikatos apsaugos sistema. Bet neilgam: 1941 m. ją sugriovė vokiškieji fašistiniai okupantai. Tik 1944 m., išvijus okupantus, vėl buvo atkurta mokyklų ir mokinių medicininės – sanitarinės priežiūros organizacija, kuri per 15 metų pilnai save pateisino. Lietuvos mokyklinės sanitarijos ir higienos raidos istorinė apžvalga akivaizdžiai rodo, kad mokinių sveikatos priežiūra ir sanitarinė mokyklų priežiūra pirmiausia priklauso nuo politinės santvarkos: feodalizmo ir kapitalizmo sąlygomis ši veikla vos gyvavo ir vystėsi tik atskirų progresyvių mokslininkų, kurių balso negirdėjo valdžia, iniciatyva. Tik Tarybų valdžia turi galimybę sukurti vieningą mokinių sveikatos apsaugos sistemą ir organizaciją, pagrįstą medicinos ir pedagogikos mokslo laimėjimais.

This paper, dedicated to search for identification methods of genera of Salticidae (Araneae), presents prototype of a “Handbook of Jumping Spiders Identification”, based on morphology of palps, spermathecae and ducts, as well as some other easily noticeable characters. It includes diagnostic drawings of representative species of each genus, additional survey of diversity of these characters in 4800 recognizable species is available instantly, by hyperlinks provided to parallel Internet "Monograph of the Salticidae (Araneae) of the World 1995-2016".Part I "Introduction to alternative classification of Salticidae" by Prószyński (2016a), accessible at: http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/Subfamilies/ [too large to be published whole as a PDF]. The work contains methodological suggestions on how the proposed system could be improved and further developed. Partial revision of the present taxonomic system of Salticidae is included.The paper provides diagnoses and diagnostic drawings to genera of Salticidae, grouped to facilitate identification into morphologically coherent, informal groups of genera. There are following provisional groups proposed: AEURILLINES, AMYCINES, AMYCOIDA VARIA, ASTIAINES, BELIPPINES, CHRYSILLINES, COCALODINES, COLONINES [= former Thiodininae], DENDRYPHANTINES, DIOLENINES, EUODENINES, EUOPHRYINES, EUPOAINES, EVARCHINES, HABRONATTINES, HARMOCHIRINES, HELIOPHANINES, HISPONINES, HYLLINES, ICIINES, LAPSIINES, LIGONIPEINES, LYSSOMANINES, MENEMERINES, MYRMARACHNINES, NOTICIINES, PELLENINES, PSEUDICIINES, SIMAETHINES, SITTICINES, SPARTAEINES, THIRATOSCIRTINAE, YAGINUMAELLINES, YLLENINES. There is also temporary UNCLASSIFIED group and display of exemplary FOSSILS. The proposals of grouping and delimitation have working character, pending further research and tests.The following synonyms and combinations (new, corrected or reinstated) are listed in the paper together with their documentation and/or discussions. They have been accumulated during 22 years of work on database, but are printed for the first time only now (location of their documentation in the text below can be quickly found using computer searching facility).Aelurillus stanislawi (Prószyński, 1999) (male from Israel) = Rafalus stanislawi Prószyński, 1999, Aelurillus stanislawi Azarkina, (2006) (nec Prószyński, 1999) = Aelurillus minutus Azarkina, 2002, Amphidraus manni (Bryant 1943) = Nebridia manni Bryant 1943, Amphidraus mendica (Bryant 1943) = Nebridia mendica Bryant 1943, Amphidraus semicanus (Simon, 1902) = Nebridia semicana Simon, 1902, Bianor incitatus Thorell, 1890 (in part) = Stichius albomaculatus Thorell, 1890, Bryantella smaragdus (Crane, 1945) = Bryantella smaragda (Crane, 1945), Chinattus undulatus (Song & Chai, 1992) (in part, male) = Chinattus szechwanensis (Prószyński, 1992), Colyttus kerinci (Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012) = Donoessus kerinci Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012, Colyttus nigriceps (Simon, 1899) = Donoessus nigriceps (Simon, 1899), Colyttus striatus (Simon, 1902) = Donoessus striatus (Simon, 1902), Cytaea severa (Thorell, 1881) (in part) = Cytaea alburna Keyserling, 1882, Euophrys minuta Prószynski, 1992 ) = Lechia minuta (Prószynski, 1992 ), Laufeia daiqini (Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012) = Junxattus daiqini Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012, Laufeia kuloni (Prószynski & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012) = Orcevia kuloni Prószynski & Deeleman-Reinhold 2012, Laufeia keyserlingi (Thorell, 1890) = Orcevia keyserlingi (Thorell, 1890), Laufeia eucola (Thorell, 1890) = Orcevia eucola (Thorell, 1890), Laufeia perakensis (Simon, 1901) = Orcevia perakensis (Simon, 1901), Laufeia proszynskii Song, Gu & Chen, 1988 = Orcevia proszynskii (Song, Gu & Chen, 1988), Laufeia squamata ( Żabka, 1985 ) = Lechia squamata Żabka, 1985, Maevia C. L. Koch, 1846 (in part) = Paramaevia Barnes, 1955, Maevia hobbsae Barnes, 1958 = Paramaevia hobbsae Barnes, 1958, Maevia michelsoni Barnes, 1958 = Paramaevia michelsoni (Barnes, 1958), Maevia poultoni Peckham & Peckham, 1909 = Paramaevia poultoni (Peckham & Peckham, 1901),Maratus anomaliformis (Żabka, 1987) = "Lycidas" anomaliformis Żabka, 1987, Metaphidippus felix (Peckham & Peckham, 1901) = Messua felix (Peckham & Peckham, 1901), Monomotapa principalis Wesolowska, 2000 = Iranattus principalis (Wesolowska, 2000), Myrmarachne exasperans (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) = Emertonius exasperans Peckham & Peckham, 1892, Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839 (in part) = Myrmarachne ramosa Badcock, 1918, Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839 (in part) = Myrmarachne contracta (Karsch, 1880), Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839 (in part) = Myrmarachne albicrurata Badcock, 1918, Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839 (in part) = Myrmarachne lateralis Badcock, 1918, Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839 (in part) = Myrmarachne providens Simon, 1901, Myrmavola globosa (Wanless, 1978) = Toxeus globosus (Wanless, 1978) (self-correction), Omoedus albertisi (Thorell, 1881) = Zenodorus albertisi (Thorell, 1881), Omoedus arcipluvii (Peckham, Peckham, 1901) = Zenodorus arcipluvii (Peckham, Peckham, 1901), Omoedus asper (Karsch, 1878) = Ascyltus asper (Karsch, 1878), Omoedus bernsteini (Thorell, 1881) = Zenodorus bernsteini (Thorell, 1881), - Omoedus brevis Zhang J., Maddison, 2012 = Zenodorus brevis (Zhang J., Maddison, 2012), Omoedus cyanothorax (Thorell, 1881) = Pystira cyanothorax (Thorell, 1881), - Omoedus durvillei (Walckenaer, 1837) = Zenodorus durvillei (Walckenaer, 1837)- Omoedus danae (Hogg, 1915) = Zenodorus danae Hogg, 1915, - Omoedus darleyorum Zhang J., Maddison, 2012 = Zenodorus darleyorum (Zhang J., Maddison, 2012),Omoedus ephippigerus (Simon, 1885) = Pystira ephippigera (Simon, 1885), Omoedus karschi (Thorell, 1881) = Pystira karschi (Thorell, 1881), Omoedus lepidus (Guerin, 1834) = Zenodorus lepidus (Guerin, 1834), Omoedus metallescens (Koch L., 1879) = Zenodorus metallescens (Koch L., 1879), Omoedus meyeri Zhang J., Maddison, 2012 = Zenodorus meyeri (Zhang J., Maddison, 2012), Omoedus microphthalmus (Koch L., 1881) = Zenodorus microphthalmus (Koch L., 1881), Omoedus nigripalpis (Thorell, 1877) = Pystira nigripalpis (Thorell, 1877)]. Omoedus obscurofemoratus (Keyserling, 1883) = Zenodorus obscurofemoratus (Keyserling, 1883), Omoedus omundseni Zhang J., Maddison, 2012 = Zenodorus omundseni (Zhang J., Maddison, 2012), Omoedus orbiculatus (Keyserling, 1881) = Zenodorus orbiculatus (Keyserling, 1881), Omoedus papuanus Zhang J., Maddison, 2012 = Zenodorus papuanus (Zhang J., Maddison, 2012), Omoedus ponapensis (Berry, Beatty, Prószyński, 1996) = Zenodorus ponapensis Berry, Beatty, Prószynski, 1996, Omoedus semirasus (Keyserling, 1882) = Zenodorus semirasus (Keyserling, 1882), Omoedus swiftorum Zhang J., Maddison, 2012 = Zenodorus swiftorum (Zhang J., Maddison, 2012), Omoedus tortuosus Zhang J., Maddison, 2012 = Zenodorus tortuosus (Zhang J., Maddison, 2012), Omoedus versicolor (Dyal, 1935) = Pystira versicolor Dyal, 1935, [Unrecognizable species of Zenodorus: Omoedus jucundus (Rainbow, 1912) = Zenodorus jucundus (Rainbow, 1912), Omoedus juliae (Thorell, 1881) = Zenodorus juliae (Thorell, 1881), Omoedus marginatus (Simon, 1902) = Zenodorus marginatus (Simon, 1902), Omoedus niger (Karsch, 1878) = Zenodorus niger (Karsch, 1878), - Omoedus pupulus (Thorell, 1881) = Zenodorus pupulus (Thorell, 1881), - Omoedus pusillus (Strand, 1913) = Zenodorus pusillus (Strand, 1913), Omoedus rhodopae (Hogg, 1915) = Zenodorus rhodopae (Hogg, 1915), Omoedus syrinx (Hogg, 1915) = Zenodorus syrinx Hogg, 1915, Omoedus variatus (Pocock, 1899) = Zenodorus variatus (Pocock, 1899), Omoedus varicans (Thorell, 1881) = Zenodorus varicans Thorell, 1881, Omoedus wangillus (Strand, 1911) = Zenodorus wangillus Strand, 1911], Pellenes ostrinus (Simon, 1884) (in part) = Pellenes diagonalis Simon, 1868, Pseudicius alter Wesolowska, 1999 = Afraflacilla altera (Wesolowska, 1999), Pseudicius arabicus (Wesolowska, van Harten, 1994) = Afraflacilla arabica Wesolowska, van Harten, 1994, Pseudicius bipunctatus Peckham, Peckham, 1903 = Afraflacilla bipunctata (Peckham, Peckham, 1903), Pseudicius braunsi Peckham, Peckham, 1903 = Afraflacilla braunsi (Peckham, Peckham, 1903), Pseudicius datuntatus Logunov, Zamanpoore, 2005= Afraflacilla datuntata (Logunov, Zamanpoore, 2005), Pseudicius elegans (Wesolowska, Cumming, 2008) = Afraflacilla elegans (Wesolowska, Cumming, 2008), Pseudicius eximius Wesolowska, Russel-Smith, 2000 = Afraflacilla eximia (Wesolowska, Russel-Smith, 2000), Pseudicius fayda Wesolowska, van Harten, 2010 = Afraflacilla fayda (Wesolowska, van Harten, 2010), Pseudicius flavipes Caporiacco, 1935 = Afraflacilla flavipes (Caporiacco, 1935), Pseudicius histrionicus Simon, 1902 = Afraflacilla histrionica (Simon, 1902), Pseudicius imitator Wesolowska, Haddad, 2013 = Afraflacilla imitator (Wesolowska, Haddad, 2013), Pseudicius javanicus Prószynski, Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012 = Afraflacilla javanica (Prószynski, Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012), Pseudicius karinae (Haddad, Wesolowska, 2011) = Afraflacilla karinae (Haddad, Wesolowska, 2011), Pseudicius kraussi Marples, 1964 = Afraflacilla kraussi (Marples, 1964), Pseudicius mikhailovi Prószynski, 1999 = Afraflacilla mikhailovi (Prószynski, 1999), Pseudicius mushrif Wesolowska, van Harten, 2010 = Afraflacilla mushrif (Wesolowska, van Harten, 2010), Pseudicius philippinensis Prószynski, 1992 = Afraflacilla philippinensis (Prószynski, 1992), Pseudicius punctatus Marples, 1957 = Afraflacilla punctata (Marples, 1957), Pseudicius refulgens Wesolowska, Cumming, 2008 = Afraflacilla refulgens (Wesolowska, Cumming, 2008), Pseudicius reiskindi Prószynski, 1992 = Afraflacilla reiskindi (Prószynski, 1992), Pseudicius roberti Wesolowska, 2011 = Afraflacilla roberti (Wesolowska, 2011), Pseudicius spiniger (Pickard-Cambridge O., 1872) = Afraflacilla spiniger (Pickard-Cambridge O., 1872), Pseudicius tamaricis Simon, 1885 = Afraflacilla tamaricis (Simon, 1885), Pseudicius tripunctatus Prószynski, 1989 = Afraflacilla tripunctata (Prószynski, 1989), Pseudicius venustulus Wesolowska, Haddad, 2009 = Afraflacilla venustula (Wesolowska, Haddad, 2009), Pseudicius wadis Prószynski, 1989 = Afraflacilla wadis (Prószynski, 1989), Pseudicius zuluensis Haddad, Wesolowska, 2013 = Afraflacilla zuluensis (Haddad, Wesolowska, 2013), Servaea incana (Karsch, 1878) (in part) = Servaea vestita ( L. Koch, 1879), Sidusa extensa (Peckham & Peckham, 1896) = Cobanus extensus (Peckham & Peckham, 1896), Sidusa Peckham & Peckham, 1895 (in part) = Cobanus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1900, Sidusa Peckham & Peckham, 1895 (in part) = Wallaba Mello-Leitão, 1940, Stagetillus elegans (Reimoser, 1927) = "Padillothorax" elegans Reimoser, 1927, Stagetillus taprobanicus (Simon, 1902) = "Padillothorax" taprobanicus Simon, 1902, Telamonia besanconi (Berland & Millot, 1941) = Brancus besanconi (Berland & Millot, 1941), Telamonia fuscimana (Simon, 1903) = Brancus fuscimanus (Simon, 1903), Telamonia longiuscula (Thorell, 1899) = Hyllus longiusculus (Thorell, 1899), Telamonia thoracica (Thorell, 1899) [="Viciria"thoracica: Prószyński, 1984 = Hyllus thoracicus (Thorell, 1899), - Thiania sundevalli (Thorell, 1890) = Nicylla sundevalli Thorell, 1890, Thiania spectrum (Simon, 1903) = Thianitara spectrum Simon, 1903, Thiania thailandica (Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012) = Thianitara thailandica Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012, Viciria albocincta Thorell, 1899 = Hyllus albocinctus (Thorell, 1899), Yaginumaella striatipes (Grube, 1861) (in part) = Yaginumaella ususudi Yaginuma, 1972.

The article deals with the life path and research activities of the founder of resuscitation science (intensive care) Vladimir A. Negovsky. He was born in 1909 in the city of Kozelets, Ukraine. After graduating from university in 1933, Negovsky worked as a researcher in the pathophysiological laboratory of the Central Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion in Moscow, where he worked for about a year with Professor S.S. Bryuchonenko, the creator of one of the world’s first heart-lung apparatus and where, apparently, his scientific interests were finally formed. In 1936, Negovsky wrote a letter to the Prime Minister of the USSR V.M. Molotov, in which he substantiated the prospects and importance of research in the field of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and asked for help in creating a research laboratory on this problem. Surprisingly, his request was granted — in the same year an order was issued on the organization of a special-purpose laboratory on the problem: ‘Restoration of life processes in phenomena similar to death”. Such a scientific research laboratory was created for the first time in the world. V.A. Negovsky and his collaborators modified the resuscitation method proposed by F.A. Andreev (1879–1952) and included the injection of Ringer-Locke’s solution with adrenaline into the carotid artery towards the heart (centripetally, i.e. against the blood flow). This method was improved by Negovsky and the Laboratory staff by using the radial and brachial arteries as an access for centripetal blood injection, which made it possible to simplify the technique for use in clinical practice and was supplemented by artificial lung ventilation by forced air injection into the lungs with bellows, as they have shown that intra-arterial pumping alone without mechanical ventilation is often ineffective. In the years before the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR (1938–1941), V.A. Negovsky and his colleagues carried out a series of experimental studies devoted to the resuscitation of animals with lethal blood loss, as well as to the problem of extinction and restoration of brain functions, the results of which were published in several articles. In 1942, V.A. Negovsky defended his PhD on the topic “The relationship of respiration and blood circulation in the process of dying of animals from blood loss and in the subsequent period of restoration of vital functions”. During World War II, Negovsky organized a front-line medical teams, with which he went to the front line and where, in 1943, the developed complex of resuscitation measures was first used for wounded soldiers. In his dissertation on medicine “Restoration of vital functions of an organism in a state of agony or a period of clinical death” defended in 1943, he outlined the main provisions of the pathophysiology of terminal states and the principles of a complex method of resuscitation; the dissertation was published in a book in the same year. In 1945–1946, V.A. Negovsky publishes reports in the journals “JAMA” and “Nature” about the clinical experience of using the developed method of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the importance of developing this problem of medicine, thus providing a priority in creating a new scientific direction. In 1946, using the experience gained in the war, the Laboratory staff continued their clinical work, starting to provide medical care to dying patients at the Institute of Thoracic Surgery of the USSR of the Academy of Medical Sciences, thus creating their own clinical resuscitation unit. In 1947, V.A. Negovsky was awarded the title of professor. Despite the successes achieved, Negovsky and his colleagues had to overcome stubborn misunderstanding and expressed resistance from many representatives of the medical community. An interesting fact in the biography of V.A. Negovsky was his participation in 1953 in the CPR (chest compression and administration of pharmacological drugs) of Joseph Stalin. In 1952, the Laboratory team created the first instruction, which was published by the USSR Ministry of Health for use in clinical practice “On the introduction into medical practice of methods for restoring the vital functions of an organism in a state of agony or clinical death”, which was republished in 1955, 1959 and 1963 with the introduction of changes to the CPR algorithm. In 1959, on the initiative of V. \A. Negovsky, the first prototype of the intensive care unit in the USSR was organized, which was named “Center for the Treatment of Shock and Terminal States”. In 1961, he reported about creating a new medical science — resuscitation science, the subject of which is nonspecific general pathological reactions of the body, pathogenesis, therapy, and prevention of terminal states, life support in critical states. In 1972, in the first issue of the newly created journal “Resuscitation”, V.A. Negovsky published an article “The second step in resuscitation — the treatment of the ‘post-resuscitation’ disease”, in which he outlines the pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of post-resuscitation changes in the body. A special topic is overcoming the “iron curtain” and acquaintance of V.A. Negovsky with the American founder of the first Intensive Care Units (ICU) P. Safar, who laid the foundation for many years of scientific interaction and personal friendship. In 1985, on the basis of the Laboratory, Negovsky organized the Research Institute of General Reanimatology of the USSR of the Academy of Medical Sciences, which now bears his name. Vladimir Negovsky loved classical music, especially I.S. Bach, painting — Sandro Botticelli, Francisco Goya, always found time and energy for skiing. He died on August 2, 2003, and is buried in Moscow.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Carte Rouge is one of the most notorious Hungarian ethnographical maps to date. The map was planned and executed by Count Pál Teleki (1879&amp;ndash;1941) in 1918. Teleki, who was the chief secretary of the Hungarian Geographical Society, later served as the prime minister of Hungary twice within his political career. The first edition of this particular map was published on the 21st of February in 1919. Teleki played a central role in arranging, ascribing and allocating Hungarian geographical works for the peace-negotiations following the First World War. The term “Carte Rouge”, derives from the French; critiquing the subjective colouring of the map. During this period of time, political correspondents and those in power were responsible for planning such maps in order to support their own political programs with regards to their respective national ties and territorial claims.</p><p>The red pockets on the map signify areas which designate nationality, ethnicity, and language claims, on the part of both the locals and/or the author of the map. Particularly of note, is that this map was viewed and used by the leading politicians of the Entente-powers.</p><p>On the 16th of January in 1920, the day on which the Hungarian delegations received the peace terms of the First World War, Albert Aponyi gave a speech of significant weight in front of the Entente representatives in Paris, after the peace terms were received. Aponyi (1846&amp;ndash;1933), who was the head of the Hungarian delegation, showed this particular map to those present at this meeting following his speech, as justification and proof of his points. Apponyi sent the map to Teleki and to the members of various delegations. Isaiah Bowman (1878&amp;ndash;1950), for example, also had a private copy of the map. Bowman's critique of Teleki's ethnographical map is most significant in this discussion:</p><p>„<i>This idea has occurred to me since examining a map by Count Teleki which gives altogether a wrong impression of the distribution of Magyars in Transylvania that we ought to keep a fairly good collection of propaganda maps, of which I have here several very striking examples, and sometime after I return I should like to write a little paper on the various types of lies and liars that I met in this form of cartography. It would be good popular education, because so many people regard what appears on a map as gospel truth, and almost none of the people, who print maps, understand map technique sufficiently well to distinguish between the various principles followed in the construction of maps. (…).</i>”</p><p>It is not certain as to whether Bowman was indeed writing about this particular map, however Teleki had at that point and time-edited no other ethnographical map. Others, for example, the Austrian Randolf Rungaldier (1892&amp;ndash;1981) had a very positive opinion about the Carte Rouge.</p><p>In total, and to the best of my knowledge, the Carte Rouge has 12 editions and 27 various versions.</p><p>In the following analysis, I will consider how the Carte Rouge can be compared to other, similar international examples of the region, based on archival research I conducted in Paris, London, Budapest and Milwaukee. For instance, Emmanuel de Martonne (1873&amp;ndash;1955), who also adopted a critical approach to the Carte Rouge, planned a comparable ethnographical map of Romania. This map used another method of cartographic representation; nonetheless, the various territorial concepts designated by the colour-selection, the borders and the represented (and not represented) territories are facets that have similar features.</p><p>Later Teleki &amp;ndash; as member of the Mossul-Commission &amp;ndash; designed an ethnographical map of the Turkish-Iraqi border-area, which afforded him international professional recognition. The method of cartographic representation was the same, as was utilized in the creation of the Carte Rouge.</p><p>Resultantly, the Carte Rouge inspired the production of other ethnographical maps in Hungary as well as in other countries. In Hungary, Ferenc Fodor (1887&amp;ndash;1962) &amp;ndash; as the member of the Hungarian Peace-Preparation Office (Béke-előkészítő Iroda) &amp;ndash; edited a manuscript map about Central-Europe using the same "representing-method". This map was published under the name of G. Bery in 1938. A part of this map was also reused as a propaganda poster. Later, during the Second World War Imre Jakabffy (1915&amp;ndash;2006) continued this form of mapping with a slightly modified version of this method of cartographic representation at the Institute of Political Science (Államtudományi Intézet) in Budapest. Subsequently, other ethnographical maps were edited using this method of cartographic representation by the French and by Romanians.</p><p>In sum, this map was a typical product of the period, as it supported a particular territorial concept. The opinions about the map &amp;ndash; not independent from the political context &amp;ndash; were very differential in form. Regardless, this method of cartographic representation had an extended international carrier in the fields of geography and cartography for years to come afterwards.</p></p>

RESUMENLos balnearios-sauna castreños del noroeste peninsular son monumentos con horno con una arquitectura muy original, posiblemente asociada a los diversos modelos termales. Se conocen cerca de tres decenas, distribuidos por el noroeste peninsular. La arquitectura compleja de estos monumentos se organiza estructuralmente hacia posibilitar baños de sauna y baños de agua fría. Las dos áreas son divididas por una estela, monolítica, normalmente ornamentada – la pedra formosa. El papel simbólico que tendrían en el seno de la sociedad castreña de la Edad del Hierro del noroeste peninsular permanece por aclarar y envuelto en gran misticismo, fruto de una posible sacralidad. Este entorno, referido por diversos autores a lo largo de los tiempos, está posiblemente asociado al culto de los dioses de las aguas y a la sacralidad del baño purificador, medicinal, que se refleja en las decoraciones frontales de las pedras formosas, cuya maestría de los escultores que las insculpieran, tipología decorativa, interpretación simbólica y semiótica estudiamos, como objetivos primordiales, a lo largo de este trabajo de investigación.PALABRAS CLAVE: Protohistoria, monumentos con horno, decoración pétrea, interpretación simbólica / semiótica.ABSTRACTThe Iron Age sauna-baths of the northwest peninsular are monuments with an oven with very original architecture, possibly associated with the diverse thermal models. There are about three dozen known sauna-baths spread over the northwest peninsular. The complex architecture of thesemonuments is structurally organized to allow for cold water baths and sauna baths. The two areas are divided by a tectiforme stele, monolithic, usually ornamented, known as pedra formosa (beautiful stone). The symbolic role that they would have had in the heart of the Iron Age “castreña” society in the northwest peninsular remains unclear and shrouded in mysticism, the fruit of a possible sacredness. This environment, referred to by various authors throughout the ages, is possibly associated with the worship of the water gods and the sacredness of the medicinal and purifying bath, which is reflected in the frontal decorations of the pedras formosas, whose masterful sculpting, decorative typology, symbolic interpretation and semiotics we studied as primary objectives of this research work.KEYWORDS: Protohistory, monuments with oven, stone decoration, symbolic / semiotic interpretation. BIBLIOGRAFIAAlmagro-Gorbea, M. e Álvarez Sanchís, J. R. 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L'oeuvre d'Emile Nelligan (Montréal, 1879 - Montréal, 1941) est saturée de références synesthésiques. L'article cherche à montrer comment Nelligan hérite de cette préoccupation à travers ses lectures de poètes européens de langue française et créé en même temps une poétique singulière des synesthésies. En remontant aux correspondances de Baudelaire et à leur lien fondamental avec l'idée de modernité développée par le poète parisien, l'article tente de saisir l'écriture synesthésique de Nelligan selon la double perspective du circonstanciel et de ce qui le dépasse.