Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „1842-1909“

The female of Argia tupi Calvert, 1909 (BRAZIL, Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, Cachoeira do Marimbondo (15.4330° S, 55.7198° W, 370 m), 01 xi 2015) is described, illustrated and diagnosed based on comparison with sympatric species of Argia Rambur, 1842. We also augmented the description of Argia bicellulata (Calvert, 1909) female (BRAZIL, Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimarães National Park, Rio Paciencia (15.3438° S, 55.8322° W, 280 m), 25 x 2015).

The Afrotropical species of the genus Trichodes Herbst, 1792, are revised. Descriptions and a key to the eight valid species are provided. T. pretiosus Gorham, 1883, is placed in synonym with T. lepidus (Walker, 1871); T. unimaculatus Pic, 1938, is synonymized with T. penicillatus Schenkling, 1909. Lectotypes are designated for T. aulicus Klug, 1842, and T. lepidus (Walker, 1871).

The entomological collection of László börzsöny was donated to the rippl-rónai museum (Kaposvár) in 2019. Osmylidae 2 exx. - 2 sp., mantispidae 1 ex. - 1 sp., hemerobii-dae 2 exx. - 1 sp., Chrysopidae 28 exx. - 12 sp., nemopteridae 100 exx. - 6 sp., myrmeleontidae: ascalaphinae 444 exx. - 68 sp. were identified in this collection. During the identification, 3 new synonyms were revealed namely Palparidius fascipennis(banks, 1911) (syn. n.) a new junior synonym of Palparidius capicolaPéringuey, 1910, Ululodes sinuatus banks, 1924 (syn. n.) a new junior synonym of Cordulecerus praecellens (Gers-taecker, 1885), Agrionosoma pendleburyi Fraser, 1927 (syn. n.) is a new junior synonym of Agrionosoma dohrni van der Weele, 1909. the lectotype of Suphalomitus buyssoni van der Weele, 1909 and the lectotype of Suhpalacsa donckieri navás, 1913 were designated. Several species were found as new records for the local faunas: Dielocroce chobauti (mclachlan, 1898) for Jordan; Ameropterus selysi (van der Weele, 1909) for Peru and French Guiana; Cordulecerus praecellens (Ger-staecker, 1885), Amoea arenosa (Walker, 1853) Haploglenius cuboides Jones sl. and Ululodes venezolensis van der Weele, 1909 (stat. n.) for Peru; Allocormodes junodi van der Weele, 1909 for tanzania; Ascalobyas microcerus (rambur, 1842) for belize; Protidricerus elwesii (mcLachlan, 1891) for myanmar, thailand and vietnam; Tmesibasis rothschildi van der Weele, 1907 for ethiopia; Agrionosoma dohrni van der Weele, 1909 and Agrionosoma swinhoei van der Weele, 1909 for myanmar; Encyoposis seydeli (navás, 1929) for Zambia; Glyptobasis cor-nuta Kimmins, 1949 for nepal; Libelloides sibiricus (eversmann, 1850) for mongolia; Maezous tomijankae Ábrahám, 2008 for China and vietnam; Malesianus harisi (Ábrahám, 2008) for Indonesia; Nephoneura costalis van der Weele, 1909 for Zam-bia, Ghana, Cameroon; Phalascusa vassei van der Weele, 1909 for Kenya. Zambia, namibia and Suphalomitus formosanusEsben-Petersen, 1913 for Vietnam.

The Brazilian fauna of Lestidae contains two genera (Archilestes Selys, 1862 and Lestes Leach in Brewster, 1815) with 14 species, many of which are poorly defined and/or known only by primary literature. To improve the knowledge of the Brazilian species of the genus Lestes we examined 97 specimens pertaining to 11 of the 13 described species. Additionally, a new species is described here in honor to Prof. Dr. Paulo De Marco Júnior: Lestes demarcoi (Holotype and Allotype: Brazil: Amazonas, Manaus, Reserva Adolpho Ducke, Acará trail, 02º55’46” S & 59º58’22” W, 62 m, 13.iv.2009, collected in tandem, U.G. Neiss leg. and deposited in FAAL). Diagnostic illustrations of all species are provided. Color photographs of live individuals of Lestes dichrostigma Calvert, 1909, Lestes forficula Rambur, 1842 and Lestes paulistus Calvert, 1909 are also presented.

Three new species are described here: Oxyagrion zielmae sp. nov. (Coenagrionidae) from one male collected at Costa Rica, Mato Grosso do Sul state; Lestes fernandoi sp.nov. (Lestidae) from a pair from Imperatriz, Maranhão state and Perithemis capixaba sp. nov. (Libellulidae) from one male from Mutum Preto, Espírito Santo state, all deposited at Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Oxyagrion zielmae is similar to O. pavidum Selys, 1876 but differs by having cerci and paraprocts the same size, pterostigma long and narrow and terminal segment of genital ligula with the two lobes larger than in O. pavidum. Lestes fernandoi is compared with L. auritus Hagen in Selys, 1862; L. bipupillatus Calvert, 1909; L. dichrostigma Calvert, 1909; Lestes falcifer Sjöstedt, 1918; L. forficula Rambur, 1842; L. minutus Selys, 1862 and L. paulistus Calvert, 1909. The new species is most similar to Lestes falcifer and L. paulistus, but differ by the peculiar color of pterothorax, caudal appendages and genital ligula. Perithemis capixaba is similar to P. mooma Kirby, 1889 but differs by having the first segment of vesica spermalis slowly rounded, in P. mooma this structure is trapezoidal. Illustrated keys to new species are included.

Resumo Este artigo é uma proposta de análise dos estudos geográficos, hidrográficos, botânicos e zoológicos elaborados pelo botânico brasileiro João Barbosa Rodrigues (1842-1909), em viagem pelo rio Capim entre os anos de 1874-1875. Esta viagem fez parte da Comissão Exploradora do vale do Amazonas, a qual foi liderada por Barbosa Rodrigues e contou com o patrocínio do Governo Imperial. Estes estudos se encontram no relatório “Exploração e estudo do Valle do Amazonas: rio Capim” publicado e apresentado em 1875 ao Ministério da Agricultura, Comércio e Obras Públicas.

Resumo Este artigo é uma proposta de análise dos estudos geográficos, hidrográficos, botânicos e zoológicos elaborados pelo botânico brasileiro João Barbosa Rodrigues (1842-1909), em viagem pelo rio Capim entre os anos de 1874-1875. Esta viagem fez parte da Comissão Exploradora do vale do Amazonas, a qual foi liderada por Barbosa Rodrigues e contou com o patrocínio do Governo Imperial. Estes estudos se encontram no relatório “Exploração e estudo do Valle do Amazonas: rio Capim” publicado e apresentado em 1875 ao Ministério da Agricultura, Comércio e Obras Públicas.

Pendant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, Lima était une ville en train de se moderniser grâce à la richesse du guano. Dans les années 1870 émerge un groupe de femmes de lettres qui s'appuient sur la presse et les institutions littéraires. Elles trouvent des espaces ouverts à leur expression artistique et à leurs idées comme les Veladas Literarias. Après la Guerre du Pacifique (1879-1883), après l'occupation de la ville de Lima par l'armée chilienne, quelques intellectuels ont évolué vers une écriture plus critique de la société. Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera (1842-1909) est la première romancière au Pérou avec une production très importante. Elle construit ses romans à partir d'un regard sociologique sur la condition de la femme, car elle croit que de cela dépend la transformation morale de la société, et par conséquent le progrès.Nous développons notre recherche en trois parties. Dans la première, nous nous occupons du contexte politique, social et culturel et de l'éducation en particulier des femmes de lettres comme Cabello. Dans la deuxième partie, nous analysons les articles et les six romans de Cabello divisés en trois périodes (les romans traditionnels, les romans de la réécriture et les romans de la transgression) ; finalement, dans la dernière partie, nous établissons une comparaison avec d'autres femmes de lettres de l'époque : Soledad Acosta, Colombienne, et Emilia Pardo Bazán, pour distinguer la singularité du réalisme péruvien, et la représentation de la femme, par rapport à la production littéraire d'autres pays hispanophones.

À partir des données et des analyses fournies par les dépêches adressées à Paris par les attachés militaires français en poste à Constantinople (Istanbul), la présente thèse traite des forces armées et des ressources militaires de l’Empire ottoman sous le règne du sultan Abdülhamid II. Ces dépêches conservées à Vincennes couvrent une période de quatre décennies et permettent de retracer précisément l’histoire politico-militaire du règne d’un souverain controversé qui, à peine monté sur le trône, est dans l’obligation de combattre la Russie. La guerre 1877-1878 se solde par la nécessité de réorganiser les sept armées qui stationnent sur le territoire de l’Empire; des sommes considérables sont engouffrées dans l’achat de matériel et d’armes. Parallèlement, la troupe, mal nourrie, mal entraînée, rarement payée, en sous-effectifs chroniques, est mise à l’école prussienne. Le doigté de Goltz pacha, son principal mentor, fait que la germanisation de l’armée ottomane est une réussite. Les sept attachés militaires français qui se succèdent entre 1876 et 1909 amassent une foule d’informations sur le savoir-faire et sur l’état d’esprit, parfois la xénophobie, des officiers et des soldats. Ils rapportent que, malgré sa rusticité, l’armée ottomane est un instrument militaire de valeur; en témoigne notamment sa victoire de 1897 sur la Grèce. Mais, à force de devoir mater d’incessantes insurrections intérieures, au Yémen, en Macédoine, et ailleurs, l’état d’esprit des officiers subalternes s’aigrit; la discipline se relâche. En 1908, Abdülhamid II est contraint d’abandonner le pouvoir, mais il a remplit sa tâche : derrière lui, il laisse une armée solide et apte à défendre l’Empire
On the basis of data and analysis provided by the diplomatic dispatches sent to Paris by the French military attachés residing in Constantinople (Istanbul), this thesis deals with the armed forces and the military resources of the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Abdülhamid II. Those dispatches, which are kept in Vincennes, cover a period of four decades and enable one to retrace precisely the political and military history of a sovereign’s much debated reign; as soon as he ascended the throne, he felt obliged to fight against Russia. The 1877-1878 war ended in the necessity to reorganize the seven armies on the Empire’s territory; considerable sums of money were engulfed in purchasing equipment and weapons. In parallel, the army, which was malnourished, badly trained, rarely paid and chronically undermanned, was put under Prussian discipline. The tact of Pasha Goltz, its main mentor, facilitates the success of the Ottoman army’s Germanization. The seven successive French military attachés from 1876 to 1909 gathered lots of information on the officers’ and soldiers’ know-how, state of mind and sometimes even xenophobia. They reported that, although rustic, the Ottoman army was a valuable military instrument, evidenced in its 1897 victory over Greece. But, forced to quell unceasing internal insurrections in Yemen, in Macedonia and elsewhere, the subalterns’ state of mind soured; discipline slackened. In 1908, Abdülhamid II was forced to abandon power, but he had fulfilled his task: he left behind him a strong army apt to defend the Empire

Thesis (MA)-- University Stellenbosch, 1993.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Johann Theophilus Hahn, seun van die Rynse sendeling, J. -Samuel Hahn, is gebore op die sendingstasie Ebenhaeser (Lutzville) op 24 Desember 1842. As 'n seun op die sendingstasies Ebenaeser en Bethanien en Berseba in Suidwes-Afrika (Namibie), het hy geleer om die verskillende Khoisandialekte te praat. Ter wille van sy kinders se akademiese opleiding het Samuel Hahn in 1852 na Duitsland teruggekeer. Daar het Theophilus hornas uitstaande student bewys en in 1870 het hy sy doktorsgraad verwerf met die proefskrif Die - Sprache der Nama; nebst einem Anhang enthaltend Sprachproben aus dem Munde des Volkes. Terwyl hy aan die universiteit van Halle studeer het, het hy 'n aantal etnologiese artikels oor die inheemse volkere van Suidwes-Afrika (Namibie) geskryf. Met sy terugkeer na Suid-Afrika in 1871, het hy 'n handelaar in Suidwes-Afrika geword. Na sy huwelik in 1875 met Marianne Esther de La Roche Smuts het hy in Rehoboth gaan bly en aldaar 'n handelsaak begin. Hahn het Suidwes-Afrika in 1878 verlaat, nadat dit duidelik geword het dat die Kaapse regering se entoesiasme vir optrede noord van die Oranjerivier afgeneem het, as gevolg van sy militere probleme op die oosgrens, in Griekwaland-Wes en Basoetoland. Hy het daarna by sy broer Johannes, wat Rynse sendeling op Stellenbosch was, gaan woon. Aldaar het hy die eerste landkaart van Suidwes-Afrika, Original map of Namaqualand and Damaraland, voltooi. In 1881 is hy as regeringsfiloloog en bewaarder van die Grey-versameling in die Suid-Afrikaanse Openbare Biblioteek (Suid-Afrikaanse Biblioteek) aangestel. Sy aanstelling het veroorsaak dat die Hooggeregshof deur die Grey-trustees versoek is om die versameling aan hulle oor te dra en om Hahn te verbied om met die Grey-versameling in te meng. Die applikasie is deur die Hooggeregshof van die hand gewys. Terwyl hy vir die Kaapse regering gewerk het, het hy aan die Cape Native Laws and Customs Commission inligting omtrent die Nama- en Herero-kultuur verskaf. Hierdie kommissie was deur die Kaapse regering aangestel om inligting aangaande die wette en gewoontes van die inheemse volkere in te win en om verslag te doen aangaande die wesenlikheid van die instelling van 'n soort stelsel van plaaslike selfregering in die swart gebiede. Vanaf sy plaas Prospect Hill het Hahn 'n brief geskryf aan die agent van Adolf Llideritz,Heinrich Vogelsang, waarin hy waardevolle inligting oor die moontlikhede van Suidwes-Afrika gemeld het en het aan die hand gegee dat LlideritzAngra Pequena (Llideritzbaai)vir handeldoeleindes moes bekom. In 1883 het hy as regeringsfiloloog en Grey-bibliotekaris bedank en het toe die plaasbestuurder van Welmoed, in die distrik van Stellenbosch, geword. As wynboer het hy voorgestel dat n kooperasie vir die produsering van wyn gestig word, asook spoediger optrede met die bestryding van die fillokseraplaag. Met Hahn se hulp het die Kharaskhoma Exploring and Prospecting Syndicate, 'n maatskappy wat in Londen gebaseer was, in 1890 belangrike konsessies van die Bondelswart- en Velskoendraerkapteins in Suidwes-Afrika bekom. Dit was 'n monopolie vir die eksploitering van minerale, regte om handel te dryf en om spoorwee aan te le~ Na die regte van hierdie sindikaat aan die South African Territories Company .oorgedra is, het Hahn weer Suidwes-Afrika verlaat en die plaas Blaauwklip (Blaauwklippen) by Stellenbosch gekoop. Sy pogings om te boer het misluk en die plaas is na sy bankrotskap aan Cecil John Rhodes verkoop. Daarna het hy agent vir Equitable Life Assurance Society in Johannesburg geword. Terwyl hy by Markstraat 206, Johannesburg gewoon het, het hy onsuksesvol aansoek gedoen om as spioen vir die Britse Militere Regering op te tree. Hy het op 22 Januarie 1905 gesterf en is in die Braamfonteinse begraafplaas begrawe.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Johann Theophilus Hahn, son of the Rhenish missionary J. Samuel Hahn, was born at the mission station Ebenaeser (Lutzville) on 24 December 1842. As a boy at the mission stations Ebenaeser and Berseba and Bethanien in South West Africa (Namibia) he learned to speak the different Khoisan dialects. Samuel Hahn left for Germany in 1852, for the sake of his children~s academic training. There Theophilus proved himself as an outstanding student and he obtained his doctorate in 1870 on the dissertation Die Sprache der Nama; nebst einem Anhang enthaltend Sprachproben aus dem Munde des Volkes. While studying at the University of Halle he published a number of ethnological studies relating to the aborigines of South West Africa (Namibia). On his return to South Africa, he became a trader in South West Africa. After his marriage in 1875 to Marianne Esther de La Roche Smuts he settled at Rehoboth, where he started a trading business. Hahn left South West Africa in 1878, after it became clear that the Cape Government's enthusiasm for action north of the Orange River waned, as a result of its own military burdens on the eastern border, in Griqualand West and Basutoland. He went to live with his brother Johannes, a Rhenish missionary at Stellenbosch, where he completed the first map of South West Africa - Original map of Namagualand and Damaraland. In 1881 he was appointed as government philologist and custodian of the Grey Collection in the South African Public Library. His appointment as Grey custodian gave rise to an application to the Supreme Court to have the care and custody of the Grey Collection given up to the Grey Trustees and for an interdict to restrain Hahn from interfering with the Grey Collection. This application by the Grey Trustees was refused by the Supreme Court. In 1883 he provided the Cape Native Laws and Customs Commission information regarding the Nama and Herero cultures. This commission was directed by the Cape Government to enquire into the laws and customs of the Blacks and to report on the advisability of introducing some system of local self-government in the Black territories. While living at his farm Prospect Hill, he wrote a letter to the agent of Adolf Llideritz,Heinrich Vogelsang, in which he supplied valuable information about the prospects of South West Africa and suggested that Llideritzacquire Angra Pequena (LlideritzBay) as a harbour for trading purposes. He resigned as philologist and Grey Librarian in 1883 and became the manager of the farm Welmoed, in the district of Stellenbosch. As a wine-farmer he proposed the establishing of a co-operative for the production of wine, also prompt action for combating the phylloxera disease. With the assistance of Hahn the mining company Kharaskhoma Exploring and Prospecting Syndicate, a company based in London, obtained in 1890 important concessions from the chiefs of Bondelswart and Veldskoendraers - a monopoly for the exploitation of minerals, rights to trade and to contruct railways. After the syndicate transfered its rights to the South African Territories Company, he left South West Africa and bought th farm Blaauwklip (Blaauwklippen) at Stellenbosch. His farming attempts proved a disaster and his farm was sold to Cecil John Rhodes. He became an agent for the Equitable Life Assurance Society in Johannesburg and while residing at 206 Market Street he offered to act as a spy for the British Military Government. This was declined. He died on 22 January 1905 and was buried in the Braamfontein cemetery.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de faire connaître les Jeunes-Turcs d'Égypte qui sont restés le grands oubliés du mouvement d'opposition au régime d'Abdülhamid -qui avait vu le jour en 1889 et dont le but était de rétablir la constitution ottomane de 1876. Sans être plus importante que le autres, la branche égyptienne de ce mouvement avait joué un rôle dans la préparation idéologique de la révolution de 1908, et le Caire avait été un centre important des activités et publication jeunes turques. L'Égypte dans laquelle les Jeunes-Turcs avaient trouvé refuge dans les années 1891 et la première décennie du XXe siècle favorisait, par son contexte politique particulier, l, développement de leurs activités. Sous l'occupation, l'Égypte dont le consul anglais, le khédive e le sultan se disputaient le pouvoir, offrait aux opposants d'Abdülhamid une liberté quasi-total, d'expression et d'action. Le fait d'être implanté au cœur d'une terre encore considérée comme ottomane donnait une importance stratégique à la branche égyptienne. La proximité avec l'Empire rendait les activités des Jeunes-Turcs au Caire plus inquiétantes pour Abdülhamid que celles qui avaient lieu en Europe. En Égypte, les Jeunes-Turcs n'étaient pas les seuls à critiquer le régime despotique d'Abdülhamid, il y avait les libéraux arabes, des syro-libanais, qui partageaient leurs idées et poursuivaient le même objectif qu'eux. À travers cette étude, on peut découvrir qui étaient les Jeunes-Turcs d'Égypte, comment ils étaient organisés, quelles étaient leurs activités, mais également quelles étaient les principales idées qu'ils véhiculaient et ce qu'ils pensaient de question comme l'ottomanisme, le panislamisme, le califat, le nationalisme et le matérialisme. Les Jeune, Turcs étant à l'origine de ce qui s'appelle la révolution de 1908 dans l'Empire ottoman, il étai nécessaire de se pencher sur la conception qu'ils se faisaient de la révolution en général et de voir quelle évolution idéologique de leur mouvement les avait amenés de l'opposition pacifique al régime despotique d'Abdülhamid au choix de l'action armée pour rétablir la constitution en juillet 1908
The purpose of this thesis is to make known the Young Turks of Egypt who remained the big forgotten of the opposition movement to the regime of Abdülhamid which had been born in 1889 and the aim of which was to restore the Ottoman constitution of 1876. Without being more important than the others, the Egyptian branch of this movement had played a role in the ideological preparation of the revolution of 1908, and Cairo had been an important center for Young Turks' activities and publications. Egypt in which the Young Turks find refuge in the 1890s and the first decade of the XXth century facilitates, by its particular political context, the development of their activities. Egypt under occupation in which the British consul, the khedive and the sultan fight over the power offers to the opponents of Abdülhamid a quasi-total freedom of expression and action. The fact of being implanted in a country still considered as an ottoman province gives a strategic importance to the Egyptian branch. The nearness with the Empire makes the activities of the Young Turks in Cairo more disturbing for Abdülhamid than those that take place in Europe. In Egypt, the Young Turks are not the only ones to criticize the despotic regime of Abdülhamid, there are the Arabic liberals who share their ideas and pursue the same objective as them. Through this study, we can discover who the Young Turks in Egypt were, how they were organized, what their activities were, but also what they wrote and thought about questions like ottomanism, panislamism, caliphate, nationalism and materialism. Because the Young Turks are at the origin of what is caIled the revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman Empire, it is important to see which conception they had of the revolution generally and which ideological evolution of their movement had brought them of the peaceful opposition to the regime of Abdülhamid to the armed action as a way to restore the constitution

Simon Somerville Laurie was born in Edinburgh on 13th November 1829. He was the eldest son of James Laurie, who was at the time chaplain to Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and Jean Somerville, herself the daughter of a presbyterian minister. Laurie was educated at the Edinburgh High School and subsequently at Edinburgh University. He graduated from Edinburgh University in 1849 and spent five years as a private tutor before returning to Edinburgh to take up, in 1855, the post of secretary to the education committee of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. He held this post for fifty years and added to it two other official posts: visitor and examiner for the trustees of the Dick bequest, from 1856 until 1907, and professor at the University of Edinburgh, as the first holder of the Bell Chair in the Theory, History and Art of Education, from 1876 until 1903. Laurie was also invited to write reports for the Merchant Company of Edinburgh pointing the way to reform of their endowed schools, to give evidence to a number of royal commissions and parliamentary inquiries, and to act as secretary to one royal commission, the Colebrooke Commission, and to the Association for the Promotion of Secondary Education in Scotland. He also wrote books and articles and gave numerous lectures, many of which were subsequently published. Laurie was thus both a leading theorist and closely concerned with almost all of the practical developments in the provision of education in Scotland for half a century. In an anonymous obituary published in 1910 the author described Laurie as ‘a singularly attractive personality’ and suggested that a full account of his influence should be written. With the exception of a brief chapter on Laurie in Alexander Morgan’s book, The Makers of Scottish Education published in 1929, this never happened. There is, however, a doctoral thesis lodged in the special collections of Edinburgh University library on Laurie which was submitted in 1949 by H. M. Knox entitled The Educational Writings of Simon Somerville Laurie MA, LLD, FEIS, FRSE (1829-1909) First Bell Professor of The Theory, History, and Art, of Education in the University of Edinburgh (1876-1903). It is evident from even this very brief sketch of Laurie's work that he was a man of considerable energy with an appetite for hard work. This work can be conveniently divided into three interdependent categories. As a philosopher he published three major philosophical works: Ethica, under the pseudonym ‘Scotus Novanticus’ in 1885, Metaphysica Nova et Vetusta, under the same pseudonym, in 1889 and Synthetica: being meditations epistemological and ontological in 1906. He wrote many books and articles on educational topics, some theoretical and some commentaries on the issues of the day. And as an administrator he was practically involved with the inspection of schools, the running of training colleges and the writing of reports and memorials to government.

This thesis examines the biographies and intellectual and cultural works of Elias Haddad, Stephan Stephan and Tawfiq Canaan, Arab writers who lived in Jerusalem in the late Ottoman and British Mandate periods, a time when Palestinian identity was in a state of flux and when Ottoman, British and Zionist interests impacted upon Palestinian Arab society, economy and politics. Informed by ideas about colonial and postcolonial relations, the impacts of context and power on the development of texts, and theories of networks and entanglements, it argues that even in the absence of comprehensive biographical knowledge about individual actors, we can locate them in their intellectual and political environments. It also argues for the importance of using non-elite genres – including language manuals, travel guides and translations – in researching intellectual history, and for understanding debates and discourses within colonial societies. Drawing on my historical research into the lives of Haddad, Stephan and Canaan, and combining it with textual analysis, this thesis makes the argument for more diverse ideas of Palestinian identity than are often discussed for the Mandate period, and for the need to include a wider range of contributors than prominent intellectuals and politicians in our assessment of the discourses in play in this key period of Palestinian history.

Situated at the crossroads of literary studies, ecocriticism and political theory, Active Enchantments explores a strain of thought within American literature that understands life in all of its forms to be generated not by self determined identities, but by interconnectedness and self abandonment. I argue that this interest led American writers across the nineteenth century to develop theories of subjectivity and of politics that not only emphasize the entanglement of the self with its environment, but also view this relationship as structured by self overcoming. Thus, when Emerson calls such interconnectedness "active enchantment," he means to signal life's inherent ability to constantly surpass itself, to never fully be identical with itself. My dissertation brings to the fore the political and ecological stakes of this paradox: if our selves and communities are molded by self abandonment, then the standard scholarly account of how nineteenth century American literature conceptualized politics must be revised. Far from understanding community as an organic production, founded on a teleological and harmonizing principle, the writers I study reconceive it around a sense of a commonality irreducible to fixed identity. The politics emerging out of such redefinition disposes with the primacy of individual or human agency, and becomes ecological in that it renders inoperative the difference between the social and the natural, the human and the non human, ourselves and what comprises us. It is the ecological dimension of what seems like a properly political question that brings together writers as diverse as Emerson and Sarah Orne Jewett, Margaret Fuller and Henry and William James. I argue, for example, that in Jewett's The Country of the Pointed Firs, racial minorities emerge from geological strata as a kind of natural archive that complicates the nation's understanding of its communal origin. When she sets her romances on Native American shell mounds in Maine, or makes the health of a New England community depend on colonial pharmacopoeia and herbalist healing practices of the West Indies, Jewett excavates from history its silent associations and attunes us not only to the violent foundation of every communal identity, but to this identity's entanglement in a number of unacknowledged relations. Her work thus ultimately challenges the procedures of democratic inclusiveness that, however non violent, are nevertheless always organized around a particular notion of identity. The question of the self's constitutive interconnectedness with the world is as central to Margaret Fuller's work. Active Enchantments documents how Fuller's harrowing migraines enabled her to generate a peculiar conception of the "earthly mind," according to which the mind is material and decomposable, rather than spiritual, incorruptible or ideal. This notion eventually led her to devise a theory of the self that absolves persons from self possession and challenges the distinctiveness of personal identity. My concluding chapter argues that Henry James's transnational aesthetics was progressively politicized in the 1880s, and that what scholarship celebrates as the peak of his novelistic method develops, in fact, out of a network of surprising and heretofore unexplored influences, William James's concurrent theories of corporeal emotion, Mikhail Bakunin's anarchism, and Henry James's friendship with Ivan Turgenev, which inflamed James's interest in British politics, the Russo Turkish War, and the Balkan revolutions.